مجید آقایی

Based on empirical studies, in addition to the natural resources curse and the negative impact of natural resources income on the economic growth and development in resource-rich countries, some of these countries face various other issues. These issues include political and social problems, high levels of poverty and inequality, low levels of education, economic growth fluctuations, low institutional quality, and political instability (Sachs & Warner, 2001). In this context, one of the challenges in resource-rich countries, especially in developing countries, when compared to countries without natural resources, is the low level of financial development. Financial development has failed to play an effective role in the economic growth of these countries (Albadawi and Soto, 2012; Gelb, 2010; Samargandi et al., 2014; Frenkel, 2012).  On the other hand, considering studies such as those by Pendergas et al., (2011), in most resource-rich countries that have managed to overcome the resource curse, a reasonable level of financial development is observed. Therefore, the first question that arises is whether there is a relationship between financial development and the abundance of natural resources in these countries. Given the role of the financial system in the optimal allocation of resources, what impact will the financial system have on the abundance of natural resources in resource-rich countries?Iran is a country abundant in oil resources that has struggled to overcome the challenges and obstacles on the path to development, such as unemployment and economic growth fluctuations. Issues related to natural resources still persist in this country. Given the importance of the relationship between the financial sector and the abundance of natural resources for necessary policymaking on the path to economic growth and development, this study aims to examine and investigate the relationship between the abundance of natural resources and financial development in Iran using various financial development indicators and different econometric methods.

In order to investigate and empirically analyze the long-term and short-term dynamic relationship between variables, this research employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounding test approach. The ARDL Bounding test method was developed by Pesaran and Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001). This method offers advantages over other conventional and previous cointegration methods, such as the Johansen and Toda-Yamamoto approaches. Some of its advantages include applicability regardless of considering the order of cointegration between variables, its ability to handle cases where variables are I (0) or I (1), suitability for limited sample sizes, obtaining efficient estimates without the risk of over-specification of the long-run model relationships, and presenting a reduced-form single-equation form rather than a systemic one for the long-run relationship.The ARDL model estimates the short-term and long-term linear relationship between variables and cannot estimate non-linear relationships between the variables. Therefore, in this study, considering the possibility of a non-linear and asymmetric relationship between resource rents and financial development, the non-linear ARDL model, developed by Shin et al. in 2014, was employed to estimate the model. The NARDL model is a specific form of the ARDL model developed by Pesaran et al., (2001). It allows for the investigation of asymmetry in the long-term and short-term relationships between variables. The advantage of the NARDL method over other cointegration techniques is its superior performance in models with limited observations. Furthermore, this approach is applicable when the explanatory variables in the model are endogenous (Alam and Quazy, 2003).

  Results indicate that impact of natural resource abundance on the banking development index is not significant in the short term, while the lagged values of natural resources have a positive and significant impact on the banking development index in Iran. Considering the long-term estimation of the model, it can be concluded that the effect of natural resource abundance or, in other words, resource rents on banking sector development in Iran is positive and significant. Based on this result, the hypothesis of resource curse in the banking sector during the examined period in Iran is confirmed. Beck (2011) found that in natural resources rich countries, banks have better capitalization and profitability, but they provide fewer credits to the private sector and have less inclination towards financial development. Therefore, it appears that due to the bank-oriented nature of the financial system in Iran and the substantial injection of oil resources into banks, it has managed to foster the development of this sector.The results of estimating the stock market development model indicate that natural resource abundance has a positive impact on stock market development in both the short and long terms, although it is not statistically significant. Therefore, it is not possible to make a clear statement about the presence or absence of the resource curse in the stock market. Based on studies like Asif et al. (2020) and Ali et al. (2022), the inclusion of various companies related to natural resources in the stock market can help finance these companies in their high-cost extraction and refining operations. Consequently, it can create various job opportunities and boost economic activities, leading to economic growth and development. Therefore, income derived from natural resources through an efficient stock market can contribute to economic growth.The impact of natural resource abundance on the overall financial development index in the long term is positive but not statistically significant. Therefore, the hypothesis of the resource curse in Iran is not confirmed. Considering that the Iranian financial system is influenced by the banking system, and resource rents have been confirmed in the banking sector, this result can be justified as indicative of the greater flow of oil revenues into the Iranian banking system. However, this result may also indicate the dominant role of the government in the allocation of natural resource revenues and the weakness of the private sector and the capital market in the proper allocation of these revenues. The results of estimating the overall financial development index, which is obtained by combining stock market development and banking development, highlight the importance of financial integration and the utilization of the entire financial system's capacity to transform resource rents into a resource blessing.Top of Form.

Based on the empirical results, the hypothesis of the presence of resource cures in the banking sector in Iran was confirmed, given the significant positive relationship between banking sector development and natural resource abundance during the study period. However, regarding the resource curse in the stock market, it is not possible to make a clear statement due to the insignificance of the coefficients.According to the estimation of the NARDL model and the significant positive impact of positive shocks from natural resource rents on the banking development index on one hand, and the negative (although insignificant) impact of negative shocks on the other hand, the results of the NARDL model can be seen as confirming the findings of the ARDL model. Therefore, the hypothesis of resource blessing in the banking sector is cautiously confirmed based on this model.In the case of the stock market, the NARDL results also do not provide conclusive evidence regarding the hypothesis of a resource curse in Iran's stock market due to the insignificance of the coefficients related to resource rents in the estimation of the stock market development index.The results of the NARDL estimation in the overall financial development index model indicate that positive shocks from resource rents have a significant positive impact on the overall financial development, while negative shocks have a negative impact, although they are not statistically significant. Considering these results, the dominant role of the banking system in Iran's financial system is confirmed, and thus, special attention from the government to the capital market as one of the most effective components of the financial system seems necessary.Top of Form

Despite relative development in financial institutions, and the abundance of financial resources (income from oil sales), Iran has still struggled to experience high and sustainable economic growth rates, even experiencing  negative growth rates in recent years. Therefore, investigating the influential factors in the relationship between financial development and economic growth is crucial. Accordingly, this study examines the role and significance of oil resources (oil course) on the relationship between financial development and economic growth through investment channels using the ARDL bounding test during the period from 1980 to 2020. The findings indicate that while financial development positively and significantly impacts investment, the oil curse weakens this relationship, suggesting an indirect negative impact of the oil curse on the financial development-economic growth nexus via investment channels in Iran.  The interactive variable of financial development and the oil curse also had a negative and significant impact on investment during the examined period, indicating the financial system's inability to allocate resources effectively towards productive investments. Based on these results, it can be stated that the oil curse has affected the functioning of the financial sector in the Iranian economy and, by making this sector inefficient, has had a negative impact on investment, thus weakening the relationship between economic growth and financial development.

Financial development is one of the effective factors on economic growth in different countries. The relationship between financial development and economic growth is influenced by various parameters and the economic structure of countries. One of the factors that can affect this relationship is the natural resource abundance and the degree of dependence on them. According to economic literature, natural resource abundance can impact financial efficiency, capital accumulation, and the optimal allocation and effectiveness of financial resources, thereby influencing the relationship between financial development and economic growth in resource-rich countries. This study aims to explore the impact of natural resource abundance on the relationship between economic growth and financial development through productivity in Iran.

In order to investigate and empirically analyze the long-term and short-term dynamic relationship between variables, this research employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounding test approach. The ARDL Bounding test method was developed by Pesaran and Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001). This method offers advantages over other conventional and previous cointegration methods, such as Johansen and Toda-Yamamoto approaches. Some advantages include applicability regardless of considering the order of cointegration between variables, its ability to handle cases where variables are I(0) or I(1), suitability for limited sample sizes, obtaining efficient estimates without risk of over-specification in long-run model relationships, and presenting a reduced form single-equation form rather than a systemic one for the long-run relationship.

Based on the results obtained from the research, financial development has not shown a significant impact on economic growth in Iran during the study period. This suggests that institutions and financial entities, particularly the banking system, have not effectively channeled financial resources towards productive investments and market stimulation. However, the abundance index of natural resources has demonstrated a positive and significant influence on economic growth.Considering the substantial portion of Iran's GDP that is attributed to oil revenues, such a finding is not unexpected. The per capita capital impact on economic growth is also positive and statistically significant. Among the effective factors on economic growth in this study, this variable has exerted the most considerable impact, indicating that capital plays a crucial role in boosting economic growth in Iran. Estimating the factors affecting total factor productivity (which is calculated using the Solow method) also indicates that financial development has had a positive impact on total factor productivity during the study period. However, the ultimate impact of financial development on productivity is influenced by oil revenues, as per the estimated model. The negative and significant coefficient of the interaction variable between financial development and  natural resource abundance suggests a negative effect of oil revenues on the relationship between financial development and productivity in Iran. This result could imply an indirect impact of resource abundance on the financial development-economic growth relationship through the productivity channel during the study period in Iran.Furthermore, it signifies that the heavy dependence on oil, one of the most vital avenues for economic growth, has eroded the relationship with financial development. Hence, the research hypothesis, suggesting that the abundance of natural resources (oil dependence) weakens the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran due to its negative impact on productivity, is validated, and the "resource curse" hypothesis is confirmed for the study period in Iran.

The results of this study indicate that financial development had a positive and significant impact on total factor productivity in Iran. However, ultimately, it did not have a significant impact on economic growth. This is due to the abundance of natural resources (oil revenues) leading to a reduction in the positive influence of financial development on total factor productivity. As a consequence, it weakens the relationship between financial development and economic growth during the examined period in Iran. Based on these findings, it is plausible to confirm the hypothesis of the "resource curse" during the examined period in Iran.The findings can encompass a set of policy recommendations for the Iranian economy. Firstly, the government should be aware of the indirect negative impact of oil dependence on the financial system and, consequently, on investment activities. It is logical for the government to maintain the degree of oil dependence at the lowest possible level, enhance economic diversification, and increase the contribution of other sectors to GDP growth. Additionally, the financial system should engage more in productive investment activities to strengthen its role in improving economic growth. In this regard, policymakers should pursue measures that facilitate improvement of banking intermediation efficiency.Furthermore, one of the most significant mechanisms of the resource curse in oil-dependent economies is the mismanagement of these resources and neglect of human development. Easy access to oil revenues might exempt the government from investing in human capital development, which could potentially have a negative impact on the performance of the financial sector and other sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers prioritize the necessary prerequisites for enhancing human development, which plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity and investment efficiency.

governments worldwide are actively optimizing budget efficiency. This research aims to examine the relationship between government budget deficits and economic growth, emphasizing developed and developing countries, particularly the D8 group, during the period from 2010 to 2021, using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM). The results show that in developed and developing countries, especially the D8 group, the negative coefficient of the budget deficit on economic growth can be attributed to concerns such as the effect of congestion, high interest rates, or a decrease in trust in the economy due to financial imbalances and support for the neoclassical approach. In addition, there is an almost one-to-one positive effect between past economic growth and the current level of economic growth. However, this research helps to understand the sustainable impact of budget deficits on current economic conditions in developed and developing countries. Regarding the findings, policymakers should consider adopting contraptions that promote sustainable economic growth while exercising caution in budget deficit management.

Considering the role of renewable energy sources in the sustainable development process of countries and the significance of economic and political stability in financing renewable energy projects, this research utilizes the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model in various separate models to investigate the impact of systematic risk (including political, economic, and financial risks) on the relationship between financial development (stock market development and banking sector development) and the development of renewable energy technologies (RET) in oil-producing countries (including developing and developed oil-producing countries) during the period from 2000 to 2021. Using nonlinear behavior detection tests, the existence of a nonlinear relationship between financial development and the development of renewable energy technologies was confirmed. The systematic risk variable was chosen as an appropriate transition variable, and a nonlinear panel regression model with a two-regime logistic transition function with a one-time transition was considered as the proposed pattern for this relationship. The overall results of the model estimations indicate that the relationship between financial development and the development of renewable energy technologies varies depending on the level of systematic risk in countries. An increase in the numerical index of risk from its threshold value and entry into the second regime, indicating a reduction in risk levels in countries, enhances the positive impact of financial development on the development of renewable energy technologies. The findings also suggest that in the first regime and at higher risk levels (before the threshold), the banking sector, compared to the capital market, has a greater impact on the development of RET in oil-producing countries. However, in the second regime where the risk level is lower (after the threshold), both the banking sector and the capital market have a positive impact on the development of RET. Additionally, the results show that different indicators of financial development and risk have varying effects on the development of RET in developing and developed oil-producing countries.

Today, moving away from the linear economy towards a circular economy has been considered by many countries and advanced companies in the world. Circular business models are among the tools that are very effective in implementing the principles of circular economics. In this study, a framework for evaluating circular business models is provided and a model for the Iranian steel industry is presented. To this end, based on Systematic Literature Review and meta-synthesis method, which is a type of meta-study methods, 562 English articles were collected and reviewed using Critical Appraisal Skills Program, and finally 28 articles were selected. The research findings showed that the evaluation framework of circular business models in the steel industry is based on reduce, reuse, regenerate, recycling and maintenance strategies. Also, in line with the mentioned strategies, the circular economy actions were localized using the fuzzy Delphi method. At the end of the research, it is recommended that managers, officials and those involved in the steel industry need to pay more attention to these strategies and actions within a circular business model for more profitability and for adhering to the principles of sustainability.

The revenues generated from natural resources can serve as a catalyst for economic growth and development in different countries. Among the various channels through which the income derived from natural resources can impact the economic growth and development, stock market development plays a significant role. Historical experiences of some developed countries endowed with natural resources reveal that the income from natural resources has led to substantial stock market development only when these countries have had a favorable level of institutional quality. With this in mind, this study examines the role of institutional quality in the effect of natural resource income on stock market development in selected rich in such resource’s countries, during the period from 2000 to 2020, using Panel Generalized Method of Moments (Panel GMM) estimations. The research findings indicate that natural resource income has a positive impact on stock market development in the selected countries and that the positive influence of this variable will increase further if institutional quality improves in these countries. Furthermore, based on the results of the Panel Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, a two-way causality between stock market development and the interactive variable is established. Furthermore, based on the results of the Panel Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, a two-way causality between stock market development and the interactive variable is established.

Classification of cancer subtypes is very important task for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. In recent years, deep learning methods have gained considerable popularity for this reason; however, it is difficult to determine the structure of the neural network because the function of the deep network depends largely on its structure. In addition, the high number of genes in the gene expression database and the imbalanced data between different classes have a direct effect on the complexity and performance of cancer subgroup classification models. To address the problem of unbalanced data, a convolution neural network (CNN) model using a cost-sensitive strategy is proposed to increase the model's accuracy in identifying minority classes. On the other hand, the fisher ratio technique is used to reduce genes in the preprocessing stage. In techniques the cost-sensitive method, a cost matrix is created based on the distribution of classes, and then this matrix is used in the CNN network cost function step to calculate the amount of error. Two sets of cancer datasets are used to evaluate the proposed method. The results show that selecting the appropriate genes for classification along with the use of cost-sensitive learning can increase the performance of the proposed method compared to the CNN model without selecting the feature and cost-sensitive learning about 11%, 10% and 18% in terms of three criteria of accuracy, recall and precision, respectively.

This analytical-descriptive research work intends to clarify anthropological criminology in the area of initial victimology in Qisas (retaliation) punishment with an emphasis on Imam Khomeini’s views. The paper clarifies resorting to rational choice and victim precipitation theory, rule of action and instigation, greater contribution of perpetrator than accessory under certain circumstances stipulated in religious rules, and victimization of passive, faultless and instigating victims in view of Imam Khomeini. Depending upon an intention to commit a crime, murder without Qisas punishment, unprotected outlaw, be it absolute or relative, such as right of self-defense, killing wife in other man’s bed, father-child incest, consent of the victim in murder case, lack of equality between delinquent and victim in view of reason and religion are all effective in victimization in Qisas. The difference between Auguste Comte’s anthropological criminology and theological views in Imamiya and Islamic jurisprudence, reflected in Imam Khomeini’s views, lies in mere determinism and empiricism where Comte considers man a one-dimensional creature while Islam focuses on religious anthropology and says Quran and traditions are compendiums of knowledge and the Imams from among men are infallible.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ICT improvement on the effect of financial intermediaries on economic growth in Iran's provinces. For this purpose, according to the classification of the Information Technology Organization, the provinces are divided into two groups of provinces with the development of information and communication technology Higher and lower than average. Then, gather information and data required during two five-year periods 2006-2010, 2011-2015 and in the context of dynamic panel models using estimators GMM , the role of ICT in the effectiveness of financial intermediaries on economic growth in the two groups Provinces were tested and checked. The results of this study indicate that, first; the effect of financial intermediaries on the growth in both periods and in both groups of provinces is negative. Secondly: the level of ICT development reduces the negative effect of financial intermediaries on economic growth. Also, according to the results, the impact of the inflation rate and government size on economic growth in both groups of provinces was negative.

This paper aims to examine the effects of access to information and communication technology (ICT) on income distribution in Iranian provinces, with an emphasis on the per capita income and education. Using economic theories, the relationship between access to ICT and income distribution was evaluated within a dynamic panel model by use of Generalized method of moments (GMM) during 2010-2015. The results indicate that access to ICT significantly reduces income inequality. In addition, education as a complement factor for ICT, strengthens the positive impact of access to ICT on reducing income inequality.  This impact is greater among provinces having lower GDP per capita than nation-wide GDP per capita. Furthermore, inflation rate leads to an increase in income inequality, and government spending is not an influential factor in the proper distribution of income in the provinces of Iran.

Iran's banking industry has faced a wide range of changes during recent years and its banks' performance has been affected by these changes. On the one hand, the entry of private banks to the industry has made various changes in the industry's concentration and the market share of banks, on the other hand, banking technologies and strengthened competitive environment have led banks to increase efficiency and improve their performance. Given the importance of competition and efficiency in different components of the economy, the present study aims to investigate the competitiveness of private banks over the period 2005 to 2017. For this purpose, according to Panzar-Rosse model in the framework of panel data models, required data are collected from all private banks, then the competitiveness of private banks is calculated using the Panzar-Rosse model. According to the results, markets of Iran’s private banks are involved in monopolistic competition during the underlying time period.

Assessment of different aspect of the relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth seems to be necessary in order to make the appropriate economic policies. In this study, the importance and the role of financial development in the relationship between oil revenue volatility and economic growth volatility in OPEC countries will be investigated. The modeling in this research have done based on a dynamic panel model with annual data 2005-2016, and the relationship between variables is estimated by the system generalized method of moments technique. The findings indicate that oil resource abundance volatility leads to economic growth volatility in OPEC members. Also, the research shows that financial development dampens the effect of oil abundance volatility in OPEC members.

The importance of renewable energies in sustainable development, greenhouse gas reduction and increase energy supply security on the one hand, and required high level of financing for Renewable energy projects, on the other hand, have enhanced the role and importance of financial development in renewable energy deployment. Due to the importance of this issue, this study tried to evaluate the impact of financial development in the stock market, credit market and whole financial markets on renewable energy technologies (in the four energy sectors including; biomass, hydropower, wind and solar) over the period 2002 till 2015, based on Tobit regression in developed and developing countries. Based on the Results, financial development has a significant effect on renewable technology development regardless of which kind of renewable energy was used. It also led to a reduction in environmental pollution and climate changes, especially in developed countries. The results also indicated that stock market development, credit market development and whole financial market development has the most impact on the renewable technology installation capacity development of solar, biomass, wind and hydropower energies in developed countries, respectively. While financial market development has the most impact on technology installation capacity development of wind, biomass and solar energies in developing countries. JEL Classification: G2, Q43, C23

Violence of spectators is a global problem that is growing in Iran, and law enforcement has a significant role in controlling it. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the role of law enforcement in controlling the violence of football spectators with a criminological approach. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature is a causal-correlation survey. The statistical population consisted of the audience in the Azadi Stadium in 8 matches of the Football League of 2017-2018, which according to their high number, 386 people were selected by stratified random sampling from the audience based on Morgan's table. A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 48 items was used for data collection. The content validity and content validity was confirmed by 12 professors and experts and its reliability was verified by Cronbach's alpha test and its value was 87. To evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaire, the measurement model in the software P. L S and for other analyzes Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, simple and multiple linear regressions were used. The findings of this study showed that all criminal procedures carried out by a criminological approach significantly reduce the violence of football fans, and preventive measures have the most effect on reducing the violence of spectators (P> 0.05). According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that, with the emphasis on preventative measures, law enforcement can play a role in reducing the violence of spectators.

Tax evasion is one of the main characteristics of the informal economy. Today it is considered a major challenge for countries and an important problem for tax systems. This study tries to estimate the tax evasion in Iran using by multiple-cause-multiple causes (MIMIC) method, and investigate its main causes and effects during the period of 1979-2015. The results oftax evasion time series show that despite some fluctuations, the tax evasion in Iran has been generally increasing over the period, it has moved up from 12.6% of GDP in 1357 to 33.11% of GDP in 1394. The results also indicate that inflation, tax burden, per capita income and official exchange rate have a significant positive effect on tax evasion, and the economic openness index, government size and unemployment rate have a negative effect on it. According to the findings, per capita income has the most significant impact on the tax evasion andon the other hand, tax evasion hasthe most impact on the growth of money demand.

Despite the importance of the relationship between financial system stability, energy consumption, economic growth and Environmental quality in economic policies, in economics literature in the country has not been examined. For this purpose, for this purpose, in this study is an endeavor to examine the impact of financial stability, renewable and non- renewable energy consumption and economic growth on Environmental quality (co2 emission) in Iran.  Autoregressive distributed lag bounding test has been used to estimate the short run and long run relationship between these variables, in the framework of the multivariate time series model, over the period 1359-1395. Also, Toda-Yamamato causality is employed to investigating causality relationship between these variables. The results indicate that financial stability have no significant impact on environmental quality in Iran, while economic growth, population density and non-renewable have a negative and significant impact on environmental quality. In addition, the results show a positive and significant impact of renewable energy consumption on improving environmental quality in Iran. Also, the results support the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis during the underlying study period in Iran considering the variables of financial stability and energy consumption. According to the results, a set of financial, economic, demographic and energy supply policies is necessary to reduce the negative impacts of Environmental pollution by policymakers.

Considering the importance of financial development in reducing inequality based on the economic literature , importance of income distribution and fair division of resource and facilities between various social groups and elimination of inequality in Iran’s provinces, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and income distribution in Iran’s provinces, based on the dynamic panel models and using Generalized Method of Moment(GMM) estimator in the time period of 2006 - 2015. The underlying provinces are divided into three groups as developed, less developed and undeveloped based on the index of Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The results indicate that there is a negative and linear relationship between financial development and inequality in all groups of provinces, so it can be said that the higher level of financial development reduces inequality. It should be noted that the impact of financial development on reducing inequality in provinces has an inverse relationship with their development level so that this effect in undeveloped provinces is more than two other groups. On the other hand, results show that there are not enough evidences supporting the non-linear inverted U-shaped hypothesis between financial development and inequality in Iran’s provinces in the period of study.

Considering the health importance in development process of countries, this study investigates factors affecting various types of dental care services participation and related expenditures as one of the most important aspects of oral health. For this reason, a sample of almost 40000 Iranian households in 2016 is selected and the impact of the mentioned factors analyzed using Heckman’s two-stage model. Results indicate that household’s income and education are two importance factors that affect the choice of dentist services and their related expenditure especially in Luxury dental services such as orthodontics and Gum regenerations. Income elasticity of root canal, Inspection and dental extraction are computed 1.04 and 0.0004 respectively. Finally, insurance coverage elasticity of root canal is 0.6, while the same elasticity for inspection is computed about 0.1 and -1 for dental extraction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the failure-aggression theory of violence among spectators from Esteghlal and Persepolis teams ofTehran from a criminological point of view. In this semi-experimental study 386 independent supporters of Tehran's Independence and Propulsion method were selected randomly. The research data were a questionnaire. he researcher has been compiled in two parts of individual information and practice with 30 questions.In two levels descriptive and non-analytic statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient) are used. the PASS version19 was used at the significant level of P = 0.05.The findings of this study emphasized the overcoming of violence in the verbal dimension and subjects such as failure to attend the stadium the popular team's defeat inadequate judging of the referee and the inappropriate play of the popular team the violence of football fans is effective. Overcoming the variable of the defeat of the popular team and the judge's inadequate judgment.

As one of the vital needs of the human community, the health of food and drink has always attracted the attention of legislators. Because unhealthy nutrition has adverse effects and consequences such as the spread of disease, physical and psychological disturbances will be addressed to the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the legal measures for the prevention and counteraction of crimes and violation of food and drink in Iran’s legal system. In this review study with library method, materials were collected by taking notes and they were analyzed, using descriptive-analytical method and logical deduction. To respond to what the crimes and violation of food stuff field are and what the measures of legislator are to confronte and prevent these crimes, primary legitimate criminal policy of Iran in food stuff and drink field and its dimensions, as well as important institutions for dealing with these crimes and violation were expressed. Then the measures that legislators in anticipation and prevention of these crimes and incidents have predicted, depending on the current rules, were investigated. Finally, these challenges and solutions in this field and the ways to egress have been mentioned.

In this study we investigate the impact of economic and commercial sanctions on Iran's trade relations and their major trading partners in framework of generalized gravity model with using panel data econometric model and annual data during 1375_1394. results show that weak sanctions has less negative impact on Iran's export and import values, but strong sanctions has considerable negative impact on Iran's commercial goods export and import values. So actions taken for the purpose of decrease or removing sanctions against Iran such as joint comprehensive plan of action (JCPOA) will able to lead Iran's trade relations with their major trading partners to the economic boom.