فهرست مطالب مجید شهبازی

Today, facades play a decisive role in both aspects of energy optimization and providing comfort to users. The penetration of sunlight through the openings of the façade, in addition to providing the lighting of the spaces, also plays a fundamental role in the health of the environment for the people inside the building. The use of smart moving facades, due to purposeful movement, provides the possibility of more efficiency of daylight for the residents. The present research seeks to provide a method to create a smart shell with the aim of increasing the amount of natural lighting and reducing the resulting glare in office spaces in Tabriz city. The dimensions of the mobile shell under study vary based on the distance of the residents from the surface of the window, in this regard, the type of office layout and the orientation of the users are among the most important things that result in different results by changing the location. For this purpose, 14 days of the year with an interval of 15 days and for 10 hours, with different layouts in three types T, U and II office space have been simulated. Analysis and simulation have been done with Readiness simulation engine and Honeybee and Ladybug interface software. The findings of the research show that the presented method for creating a smart shell has resulted in more daylight use than traditional methods such as curtains.

In the realm of positive psychology, well-being serves as a cornerstone of positive performance, fostering personal growth and enhanced capabilities. Academic well-being, a state characterized by enthusiasm, energy, and a deep commitment to academic pursuits, plays a crucial role in shaping the educational experience. Numerous studies have explored the factors influencing academic well-being, with hope emerging as a compelling element. Snyder's theory of hope offers a comprehensive framework for understanding this concept. According to Snyder, academic hope encompasses the belief in one's ability to formulate effective strategies to achieve goals, the motivation to utilize these strategies, the capacity to sustain positive emotions, and the perseverance to persist in the face of challenges and complete academic endeavors. Students who possess academic hope tend to experience lower levels of distress and psychological stress, contributing significantly to their academic success. Beyond the direct impact of hope, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanisms through which it influences academic well-being. Snyder's theory (1995) suggests a close association between hope and self-regulation. Motivational self-regulation refers to the intentional adjustments individuals make to their motivation to engage in tasks, accomplish goals, or reach specific objectives. Comprehending the role of motivational self-regulation in the relationship between hope and academic well-being is essential for a comprehensive understanding of this complex phenomenon. Given the multifaceted nature of factors affecting academic well-being, a unidimensional and linear approach is insufficient to unveil the underlying processes. Instead, a deeper exploration that considers indirect relationships among variables is paramount. Investigating mediating factors, such as motivational self-regulation, provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of academic well-being. Thus, the primary objective of this research is to examine the mediating role of motivational self-regulation in the relationship between academic hope and academic well-being. By examining this indirect pathway, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of the processes through which hope fosters academic well-being and contributes to overall academic success.

The present study employs a correlational research design to investigate the structural relationships between the variables using the method of structural equation modeling. The statistical population comprises all students from the first secondary school in Marvdasht who were enrolled in the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample size for this study was determined to be 393 individuals, selected via a random cluster sampling method. Consequently, out of the 13 first secondary schools in the city, 4 schools (comprising 2 girls' schools and 2 boys' schools) were randomly chosen, and a majority of the students from these 4 schools participated in the study. The sample size was determined based on Kline's (2016) recommendation, which suggests that the appropriate sample size for a structural equation modeling test should be 10 to 20 times the number of parameters in the research model. The inclusion criteria for the study were informed consent from the participants and enrollment in the specified academic year, while the exclusion criteria were a history of specific physical and mental illnesses (based on self-reporting by the subjects) and incomplete questionnaires. Ethical considerations in this study included informing the participants about the purpose of the research, ensuring their complete freedom to participate or not participate in the research, obtaining informed consent, and guaranteeing confidentiality. The participants' age range was between 13 and 15 years, with a mean and standard deviation of 13.45 and 0.97 years, respectively. The sample consisted of 205 female participants (52.16%) and 188 male participants (47.84%).

The research model demonstrated a good fit with the collected data, indicating that the proposed relationships between the variables were supported by the empirical evidence. Moreover, the direct effects of academic emotion of hope on both motivational self-regulation and academic well-being were significant, suggesting that higher levels of hope were associated with enhanced self-regulation and academic well-being. Similarly, the direct effect of motivational self-regulation on academic well-being was also significant, highlighting the role of self-regulation in promoting academic well-being. Notably, the effect of academic emotion of hope on academic well-being was significantly mediated by motivational self-regulation. This finding underscores the mediating role of motivational self-regulation, suggesting that hope indirectly influences academic well-being through its impact on self-regulation. In essence, the results indicate that motivational self-regulation serves as a crucial pathway through which academic emotion of hope contributes to enhanced academic well-being.

The objective of this study was to examine a causal model concerning the mediating role of motivational self-regulation in the relationship between the academic emotion of hope and academic well-being, utilizing structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that the academic emotion of hope had a direct and positive influence on academic well-being. This finding can be interpreted as the academic emotion of hope being related to learners' cognitive expectations of achieving desirable outcomes, such as securing favorable opportunities and life skills. Consequently, learners with high levels of hope set goals, identify the means to attain them, and generate the necessary motivation to achieve these goals. Additionally, the research found a positive and significant effect of the academic emotion of hope on motivational self-regulation. Other findings include the positive impact of motivational self-regulation on academic well-being, both directly and as a mediator. In summary, the results underscore the importance of the variables of academic excitement, hope, and motivational self-regulation in predicting academic well-being. Given that this research employed a correlational design, it is not possible to draw causal inferences from it. It is recommended that the model of this study be examined among students and learners from different cultural contexts to enhance the generalizability of the results.

Urbanscape, as the first field that the observer encounters in the city, is one of the most influential factors in urban design. One of the symbolic elements in the urbanscape is the presence of mosques in Islamic cities. The physical effect of these spaces in some periods of history was to the extent of giving identity to the urbanscape and giving meaning to the environment, and it made it readable and oriented. But the changes created in the architectural structure and contemporary urban planning have given another shape and image to the place of today's mosques. In this research, which has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors analyze the position of traditional and contemporary mosques in the urbanscape of contemporary cities with the aim of improving the visual and semantic quality of urbancapes and relying on semiotics and attention to the design of mosques is emphasized in urban legibility. The statistical population of the research consists of 78 architecture and urban planning students of Zanjan Islamic Azad University in 2021-2022. The statistical sample, which was 65 people according to Cochran's formula, was randomly selected from the statistical population. In the descriptive part, the information was collected in a library and documentary manner about the selected contemporary mosques in Tehran, and the statistical data was done by completing a researcher-made questionnaire, which was prepared with an emphasis on the semiotics approach about modern urban signs and mosques. The mosques studied in the research are: Tehran University Mosque and Tarbiat Modares University (traditionalist), Al-Ghadir Mosque and Zarabkhaneh Mosque (historical), Al-Javad Mosque and Shahrak-e- Gharb (Modernist) and Imam Reza and Amir-alMominin mosques (transcendent).The evaluations are based on the semiotics approach in the form of three dimensions "physical", "functional" and "semantic" with 16 criteria, through t-test statistical tests and multivariate regression. The criteria investigated in the research are: color of materials, type of materials, form and shape of the building, size and scale of the building, visibility of the building, combination of the building with the adjacent texture (physical dimension), intensity of use, type of use and time of use, age group of users, User group (functional dimension) and collective memories, behavioral location, sense of place, spatial identity (semantic dimension). Surveys show that, from the point of view of the statistical community, the degree of realizability of contemporary mosques as a sign in the current situation is at a medium or even low level; So that the "physical" dimension with an average of 3.19 has more realizability compared to other dimensions (functional dimension, 2.98 and semantic dimension 2.74). Among the criteria, the criteria of "shape and form of building" with an average of 3.524 and the criterion of "place identity" with an average of 2.014 have the highest and lowest levels of realizability, respectively. The results of this research show that in the process of modernization of cities, mosques are of secondary importance as elements of identity and by losing their relationship with the structure of the city and neighborhoods, their function is also changing.

Today, the importance of the Cityscape and City Image on the one hand and the developments of the last few decades in the materials and the variety of styles and the speed of construction on the other hand, have made it more necessary to pay attention to the facade and the organization of urban facades among contemporary architects and urban planners. Considering the tendency of citizens towards neoclassical style and the prevalence of so-called Roman facades in metropolises, especially Tehran metropolis, the current research aims to evaluate such facades and examines their impact on the quality of the Cityscape and City Image in Niavaran neighborhood of Tehran. This research, which is an applied research, based on library studies, observation and field observations, was prepared by a survey method. The analyzed indicators in two objective and subjective dimensions and functional, perceptual and visual components have been provided to the statistical sample in the form of questionnaires. The data analysis shows the impact of the research indicators on the quality of the Cityscape and City Image. This effectiveness in the objective dimension is much higher than the subjective dimension, so that the average ranking of the indicators of the objective dimension, except for the safety index (2.91), have all obtained values higher than (3). However, among the indices of the mental dimension, this value fluctuates between the numbers (3.2) and (3.6), and only the "balance and symmetry" index with an average rating of (4.3) has the highest score have given. The results of this research show that the view and appearance of the residents of the neighborhood and observing citizens have a greater impact on the quality of the Cityscape and City Image than what they conjure up in their minds. Therefore, paying attention to lighting, decorations, color, form and complexity of the facade is in the priority of their importance, and the indicators of identity and meaning, balance and symmetry, understanding of composition and harmony of the facade are placed in the last ranks of importance. But what seems essential in improving the quality of the Cityscape and City Image in Niavaran neighborhood is the need to simultaneously emphasize the functional, perceptual and visual components.

Kindergarten is one of the places where children's creativity is nurtured. One of the solutions that increases the growth of creativity in children; Creating an interactive and flexible environment in kindergartens. Therefore, by identifying the characteristics of interactive spaces in kindergartens, the present research seeks to achieve how they affect the development of creativity in children.

In this research, which is descriptive-surveillance in terms of practical type and method, three important characteristics of the child's space, including: "curiosity", "play" and "imagination", and three important characteristics of the interactive space, including: "flexibility”, "Complexity and Diversity", "Movability", with 23 components have been surveyed through a researcher-made questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale, it has been surveyed in 2022. The statistical population of the research is the teachers of 35 selected kindergartens in Niavaran, Tehran, with the number of 426 teachers, which according to Cochran's formula, the statistical sample is equal to 202 people. Data analysis has been done after collecting the information obtained from the distribution of questionnaires and entering them into SPSS software using a sample t-test.

Data analysis was done using one-sample t-test. The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the three important features of interactive spaces and the development of children's creativity, so the research hypothesis that "the creation of interactive spaces affects the development of children's creativity" is proven.

The results show that the use of spaces that are flexible and causes the child's curiosity, stimulation of the five senses, the use of various materials such as tires, cut tree trunks in the play space, the use of different colors in the floor, ceiling, and bodies. and furniture, the use of water in the form of fountains, fountains, water walls and atmosphere around the children's play space, creating belonging and paying attention to the individual and collective experiences of the audience in the design of the interactive environment to increase the interaction of the child, the environment, the development of the child's creativity and Making the environment interactive will help.

Romiplastim is a fusion protein that has the same function as thrombopoietin in the body and thereby, stimulates bone marrow to produce more platelets. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that controls the production of platelets. Romiplastim is used in the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) when other drugs like corticosteroids and immunoglobulins or splenectomy have not treated them. The aim of this study was cloning and optimization of gene expression conditions and purification of recombinant Romiplastim peptibody in Escherichia coli bacteria.

In this practical study, the independent variables used included the amount of ODs (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2) at a wavelength of 600 nm, IPTG concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) and the type of culture medium (LB, TB, M9). The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used in the form of central composite design with Design-Expert 12 software to predict independent variables on the amount of romiplastim production.

OD equal to 0.8, IPTG concentration equal to 1 mM and LB culture medium were optimized for the production of recombinant Romiplast peptibody.

Since the optimal production of peptibody was desired, cloning and optimization of conditions of gene expression and purification of Romiplastim peptibody in BL21 strain of Escherichia coli bacteria were done with the most optimal conditions which were done by RSM. Also, for correct folding of the protein, the refolding step was used at the beginning of the purification. Medicinal proteins play an important role in modern molecular medicine treatments.

Letter to Editor

The historical-cultural district of "Hosseiniyeh," as the primary origin of Zanjan, has a unique place in the spatial and functional structure. However, due to the physical deterioration, its integrity and originality have been endangered despite its numerous reconstruction efforts in this district. This study aims to evaluate the revitalization and recreation situation of Hosseiniyeh district to evaluate the feasibility of the principles, dimensions, and criteria of recreation and integrated protection in this district. "Integrated Recreation" is based on the conceptual framework presented by Hanachi and Fadaei Nejad (2011); it includes various types of physical, functional, and socio-cultural regeneration that, in order to achieve integration and balance, must be related to the criterion of "economic vitality." Effective and determining factors in "integrated protection" also include originality, which is the integrity and relative value concerning the criterion of "prominence" in relation to the interaction. As a result, in order to form an "integrated conservation and regeneration framework," the criteria of "prominence" and "economic viability" must be interacted and balance with each other.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey and inferential in terms of nature and method. The statistical population is residents over 20 years old in Hosseiniyeh district who were randomly selected from 180 people for sampling. The number of samples is determined using Cochran's formula and according to the research time constraints. The descriptive section is done in a historical background by studying the sources, documents, and plans above, as well as field studies and navigation of the study area. Evaluations were done by completing a questionnaire, and in order to ensure the proper reliability of the questionnaire questions, Cronbach's alpha (0.7 <0.782) was calculated. In the analytical section, after confirming the validity of the questionnaire by experts and specialists in urban remediation, the correlation of research criteria has been estimated through a one-sample t-test and multivariate regression.

The results of field studies and their adaptation to the goals of regeneration projects in Hosseiniyeh district show the fact that the unique requirements and conditions of this district and the particular identity of its social, economic, and physical structures prevent the full realization of the principles of regeneration and integrated protection in this district. In other words, the measures taken to recreate the Hosseiniyeh district have yet to meet the residents' demands at the expected level due to differences in objectives. The results of a one-sample t-test to examine the status of the principles of prominence and economic vitality in the historical-cultural district of Zanjan Hosseiniyeh show that the level of significance obtained for all criteria is less than 0.05, and the results can be generalized to the statistical community. Surveys show that from the statistical community point of view, the feasibility of the principles of integrated regeneration in this district is in the current situation at a moderate level so that the principle of economic vitality with an average of 3.058 has more feasibility than the principle of prominence with an average of 2.97. Among the studied dimensions, functional and relative values with an average of 3.256 and 2.74 have the highest and lowest feasibility, respectively.According to the citizens' opinion analysis, among the criteria related to the principle of prominence, the criterion of originality in performance, with an average of 3.19, has the highest score, and the criterion of visual integrity, with an average of 2.98, has the lowest score among other criteria. Examination of the obtained values shows that the average scores of most criteria are lower than the average level of 3; in other words, from the citizens' point of view in the process of recreating this district, the principle of prominence at the intermediate level and even lower than the average level needs to be reconsidered. Among the dimensions studied, the functional dimension, with an average of 3.256, has the highest score, and the physical dimension, with an average of 2.851, has the lowest score.

Despite the protection measures and urban management done in the regeneration plans in line with the plans of the worn-out texture headquarters in Hosseiniyeh District, the feasibility of integrated regeneration principles and criteria in this district is moderate and, in some dimensions, is below average. The results of one-sample t-tests in assessing the status of principles, dimensions, and criteria of regeneration and integrated protection also confirm the unfavorable situation of this district in terms of success and achievability of the goals of regeneration projects. Although the mentioned principles and criteria have been observed to some extent in these projects and attempts have been made to observe the principle of reversibility, minimal intervention, and preservation of originality and integrity, studies show its lack of compliance with the principles and criteria of regeneration and integrated protection and failure of projects in dimensions. It has a physical and textural integrity that has been implemented in a purely protective manner without regard to other dimensions and indicators of regeneration. In this regard, strategies such as strengthening indigenous architectural elements and patterns in the surrounding texture, preserving the urban landscape in accordance with the environment and district, preservation of the body and the historical structure of the texture, defining the historical-cultural axis as a part of the historical-tourism axis of Hosseiniyeh and integrating, regeneration and restoring the historical structure of the district, can have the most significant impact on maintaining and counting the originality and integrity of this historical district.

In tunnel drilling operations using tunnel boring machine (TBM), a relatively large concentrated load is applied by the device jacks to the prefabricated parts or segments of the tunnel cover. This load leads to significant tensile stresses in the segments. One of the most important parameters affecting the tensile stresses in the segments is the geometry of the loading plates of the trust jacks. In this study, with the aim of reduction of the values of tensile stresses in the segments, the innovative changes in the geometry of the loading plates of the propulsion jacks have been evaluated experimentally and numerically.

IntroductionThe subject of urban appearance is the dominant face of the city body and contains the first messages in the eyes of the citizens. This issue has wide and important dimensions due to its close relationship with the category of identity and characteristics of the city (Abbasi, 2016). Nowadays, the improvement of facades with the help of technological tools has caused them to assume a more active role in the relationship between the inside and outside of the building. Among these technological tools is the use of kinetic facade. As one of the examples of smart facades, this type of facades is dynamic and has the ability to change its form, shape and openings against changing environmental conditions, so that while reducing energy consumption, it can also be a good choice for facades from an aesthetic point of view. One of the important issues that needs attention in the design of kinetic facade is their geometry, which on the one hand should be able to open and close, and on the other hand, have aesthetic values (Mohaghegh et al., 2021). Although understanding the geometric feature of the work and its creative application can help to revive the authentic Iranian identity in architectural works, but the transition from the traditional system to the modern system is highly dependent on the spread of technologies (Attia et al, 2018). In the meantime, considering that the development of appropriate policies for the dissemination of technologies is dependent on the correct knowledge of the factors affecting them, and without considering the obstacles and problems of its development, it is practically impossible to conduct in-depth studies to investigate the problems and provide suitable solutions to overcome them. , it becomes necessary.MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation research in terms of working methods. Its statistical population consists of citizens of Tabriz. The statistical sample size was determined based on Cochran's sampling formula with an error level of 0.05 in the number of 384 people by simple random method. Data collection has been done in library and field with questionnaire tool. The research questionnaire with 26 questions is derived from the Davis questionnaire, in which questions 1 to 4 are related to individual characteristics, and questions 5 to 23 are specific questions of the TAM model, and questions 24 to 26 are also related to the advertising variable. All specific questions were prepared based on a five-point Likert scale and provided to the statistical community. The study sample in this research is the suburban area of Khavaran settlement in Tabriz, which is known as the most modern residential settlement in Iran. The construction pattern of this settlement is different from the overall texture of Tabriz city and the residential units are built in the form of villas in areas above 320 meters.Results and discussionIn order to find answers to the research questions and to ensure the correct measurement of hidden variables and to determine the existence of meaningful relationships between variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. Surveys show that due to the lack of knowledge of citizens living in Khavaran town about the technology of moving facades, there is not a very positive attitude towards this type of facades among the statistical population. This lack of sufficient knowledge and awareness of technology can be caused by weak advertising and lack of proper information. Therefore, in response to the first research question, it can be stated that the level of acceptance of facade technology and the willingness of citizens to use them is at a low level. Regarding the relationship between the variables, the findings show that the positive attitude of the citizens towards the modernization of facades has a close relationship with their perception of the features and benefits of the facades in question in the building. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between people's awareness and their understanding of the ease and usefulness of technology and the level of technology acceptance.ConclusionIn the current research, after presenting the problem and the main concern of the research while emphasizing the integration of technology and Islamic geometry in moving facades, the factors affecting the tendency of citizens to modernize the facades in Khavaran settlement of Tabriz have been examined. In order to advance their goals, the authors of this research defined an optimal model to investigate the effective factors in technology acceptance by adding the "advertisement" variable to Davis's "technology acceptance" model.In the surveys conducted regarding the use of moving facades with Islamic geometry and motifs, the amount of favorable opinions increased greatly, and this shows that the desire of the residents of Khavaran town to modernize the facades while preserving the Islamic identity is more than the use of traditional or modern facades. Therefore, it is considered that modeling Islamic motifs and geometry in the design of kinetic facades can create a balance between technology and tradition in urban facades, especially in peri-urban areas, while modernizing facades and helping to improve visual quality. Finally, according to the results of the present research, it is suggested that contemporary architects and designers, while being aware of the way of designing Islamic geometric motifs, should try to use them in modern kinetic facades, in order to take an important step in preserving the Islamic identity while contemporizing the facades. The planning and implementation of these projects can be done from new towns and peri-urban areas that are being built at a faster pace today. Also, in the field of academic studies and research, it is suggested that in future researches, patterns inspired by geometry and Islamic motifs should be designed and examined in terms of aesthetics as well as the function of energy light.

Lighting is one of the physical factors of work environments that play an important role in protecting visual health and preventing work-related accidents. The current study aims to optimize the received daylight and the desirability of office space lighting to evaluate the lighting status of the rooms of a four-storey office building in Tehran. This research, which is an applied study, has been conducted on the employees of the mentioned building in a quarterly period. The research method is a combination of analytical method with the use of software simulation and modeling. In the field section, at the same time with the staff survey, the brightness of the study environment in real conditions was measured using a light meter. The results of field assessments and surveys show that in more than half of the rooms of this building, the local light intensity is higher than the recommended standard values and this has caused users to be dissatisfied with the lighting situation and visual comfort. The authors' suggested solution is to use a kinetic façade system to make optimal use of daylight and efficient lighting in the interior. This system reduces the visual damage caused by non-standard ambient lighting by controlling the amount of light received and adjusting the glare of the light in the environment. In this process, using the findings of space modeling in Rhino software and Diva plugin, the existing technology in the country was used to design a functional kinetic façade. The results show that the application of a shell responsive to a particular variable (daylight), the possibility of controlling the light entering the building based on the change as a result of the application and the degree of glare (DGP) for annual analysis reliably.

In recent decades, along with the growth of technology and its entry into the construction industry, the smartening of buildings has increased in developed countries. Yet, despite targeting the country's development plans in Iran, investors have not shown much interest in working in this field. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the tendency of investors toward building technology-based construction and use the TAM model to investigate the relationship between technology acceptance and the amount of investment in the intelligent building industry. This research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. Data were collected using the library method and questionnaire tools. The research population included activists in the field of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. After confirming the validity and reliability, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among 160 members of the research population. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Pearson correlation parametric test in SPSS25 and AMOS software. The findings confirmed the existence of a significant relationship between the "trust" variable and "perception of usefulness," "perception of ease," and "attitude" variables in the research model. Given respondents' lack of trust in intelligent building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the research population. Given the lack of trust of respondents in smart building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the statistical community. This has led to their unwillingness to accept this technology in the construction industry, as building intelligence has a minimal share of construction in the coastal areas of Māzandarān, which can be due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of intelligent building technology and lack of proper information.

One of the problems faced by contemporary cities is the existence of inefficient urban structures, which often cause instability in various dimensions and make urban neighborhoods encounter serious challenges. Despite the existence of "theoretical foundations", unfortunately, the "comprehensive approach and attitude" in dealing with these spaces has not been able to provide a basic solution to organize the chaotic and disturbed faces of these urban neighborhoods. Perhaps, the lack of processing theoretical bases in addition to security has distorted their historical and architectural identities to a great extent. Considering the necessity of reviving these types of spaces, the current study aimed to improve the environmental qualities of such neighborhoods and find effective quality criteria in reviving inefficient spaces.

In this applied research, which was prepared using a descriptive-analytical method, the five "physical", "social", "functional", "economic" and "management" factors were evaluated by surveying the residents of the studied neighborhood and performing a one-sample T-test. Then, they were prioritized by using the factor analysis test. The research statistical population included the residents of Bisim Neighborhood in Zanjan and the statistical sample consisted of the 20-year-old residents of this neighborhood.

The results indicated the low level of environmental quality in Bisim Neighborhood and the residents' dissatisfaction with its poor condition. Thus, improvement of this situation required attention to the residents' preferences and their mental perceptions. The evaluations also showed that the "economic" factor with a weight of 0.621 was the first priority; the "functional" and "physical" factors with a weight of 0.592 were in the second place; and the "managerial" and "social" factors with the weights of 0.583 and 0.507 were in the next ranks, respectively. From the points of view of the residents of Bisim Neighborhood, the components of "housing price", "presence of spaces", "repair and maintenance of buildings", "spatial organization and permeability", and "access and spatial communication" respectively had the greatest impacts on improving the environmental quality of this neighborhood.

Since paying attention to the physical, social, economic, functional, and management dimensions are necessary and complementary to each other in order to improve the condition of inefficient tissues, in this research, the effective factors in improving the environmental quality in inefficient urban spaces were extracted from the theoretical bases and research literature. They were investigated after being implemented in the Bisim Neighborhood of Zanjan City. The results of the assessment of these factors indicated the residents' dissatisfaction with the poor condition of Bisim Neighborhood. The values ​​obtained from the results of the one-sample T-test also showed the fact that this neighborhood was at a low level of environmental quality and improving this situation required paying attention to the residents' preferences and their mental perceptions.

In hot and dry climates, protecting the building from receiving light and heat energy from the sun is one of the first measures to optimize energy consumption and create thermal comfort for residents. The present study, which has been done by software simulation method, with the aim of determining the most suitable facade in terms of energy consumption, investigates the thermal behavior of facades of an office building in the climate of Tehran. In order to achieve the best option, the thermal behavior of the four facades "single skin with fixed canopy "Double Skin Façade with glass", "Double Skin Façade with movable canopy" and "kinetic facade" on both north and south fronts are evaluated. Findings from calculations show that the annual energy consumption, including: cooling, heating and electric lighting is less on the south side than on the north side. Also, assuming other operating conditions are stable, "movable" awnings perform better than "fixed" awnings. In terms of the type of facade, the "kinetic facade" with the ability to adjust its components such as direction of rotation, opening and closing, has a good performance in reducing the amount of energy consumed by the building compared to other facades. So that this facade with the ability to reduce the amount of energy consumption of the building by 42.3% compared to the conventional single-skin facade, the most optimal facade is determined in this research.

The central yard, as an efficient and responsive device, has done its job well in protecting residents from environmental, social and cultural conditions in different regions of Iran. The physical typology of the central courtyard in different regions of the country, especially the buildings related to the first Pahlavi period, is a topic that this research seeks to answer. For this purpose, traditional houses with courtyards from different cities of the country have been selected as study samples. This research aims to investigate the physical structure, patterns and various types of the central courtyard in traditional houses, to study the typology of these houses. In order to carry out the research, more than 60 examples of traditional houses in the historical area of different cities of Iran were identified and 23 houses that had complete information and documents were selected for classification. According to their nature, research data has been collected by referring to library sources and field observations. The results of the classification of the location of the courtyard in the building show that one construction front (with the building mass on the northern side of the courtyard) has the most and buildings with two courtyards on both sides of the building have the lowest frequency among the samples studied. Also in In the longitudinal classification, 15.1-25 has the highest frequency, while in the transverse classification, the maximum frequency belongs to 15.1-20. Yards with an area of 100 to 400 square meters have the highest frequency among the samples studied. In the classification of proportions, the highest frequency is related to the proportions of 1.1 and the lowest is related to 1.5, which indicates the stretching of the yards towards the square. After the classification and comparison, Tousizadeh house has been chosen as the representative of the species with the highest abundance and Ganjalizadeh house as the representative of the species with the least abundance in the study context.

Today, one of the problems faced by contemporary cities is the existence of lost and abandoned spaces in urban areas, which has often caused instability in various dimensions and has faced urban neighborhoods with serious challenges. Considering the necessity of reviving this type of spaces and turning them into a space appropriate to the needs of today's society, the present study aims to improve the environmental quality in neighborhoods, to find effective quality criteria in reviving lost spaces. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its statistical population consists of residents over 20 years of age in the Bisim neighborhood of Zanjan. After identifying the factors affecting the environmental quality of the neighborhood five physical, social, functional, perceptual and managerial factors were selected as the main factors of the research. In the next stage, the status of these factors in the Bisim neighborhood was assessed and the residents' satisfaction with the environmental quality of the neighborhood was measured. Finally, the effective components in improving the quality of lost spaces were prioritized from the residents' point of view. Factor analysis and linear regression tests were used to extract the main factors of this research and one-sample t-test was used to perform its evaluations. Findings show that considering the residents' dissatisfaction with the quality of the neighborhood and the number of lost spaces in this neighborhood Components of "space organization and permeability" and "control and supervision", "management and maintenance" as well as "providing visual and environmental comfort" it is one of the components that are in the first ranks of residents' preferences in order to improve the quality of the Bisim neighborhood. Among social and functional factors, the components of "social interactions", "compatibility and homogeneity" and "accessibility" have been prioritized over other components, respectively.

Architecture in commercial spaces plays an imperative role in potential success. Functional efficiency in the interior spaces of commercial centers is one of the most important criteria that guarantee the success of commercial complexes from an economic point of view. The distribution of interior spaces, taking into account the relationship between them, is one of the factors affecting the spatial configuration characteristics of commercial centers and their functional efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate how space organization of commercial centers, intermediate spaces can improve the functional efficiency of the complex. The statistical population in this study is three commercial centers in Qazvin, which have been studied based on two variables "location" and "occupancy rate" of mid-spaces. The measurement tool for analyzing the performance of commercial centers is the spatial syntax technique. In this field, spatial relations have been studied by using graphs, mathematical relations and space syntax software. The strategy used in the research will be quantitative. By evaluating the obtained information, a suitable model was obtained to determine the position of the mid-spaces in order to improve the functional efficiency of commercial centers and increase the social communication of users. Findings of the research indicate that the research can be an effective guide in the process of designing business centers and explain the effective factors in order to analyze the social logic governing these centers.

Reading the space organization of selected commercial centers based on the position of the mid-space in the city of Qazvin based on the space syntax technique. Explaining the optimal model in terms of how the mid-spaces in commercial centers are located in order to improve the functional efficiency of the complex.

Research questions:

How can the element of mid-space as one of the main elements in the physical-spatial structure of commercial centers affect the improvement of its functional efficiency? Considering the two indicators of "occupancy level" and "location" of mid-space in commercial centers, which mid-space pattern creates a more appropriate functional efficiency?

Preserving the level of calcium concentration in the blood is a dynamic process that is carried out through the interaction of several organs such as the intestine, kidney, and parathyroid glands. Human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) increases blood calcium level by increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing renal excretion. Therefore, this hormone is used for the treatment of osteoporosis and diseases of the disorders in parathyroid gland function. In this research, the plasmid pUC 57 and strain of E.coli DH5α are used for cloning and the plasmid pET 32a (+) and strain of E.coli BL21 are used for protein expression. In this study, protein production was carried out in a 1 L batch Erlenmeyer and in a 10 L fed-batch mixed bioreactor. The results of this research showed that the amounts of biomass and recombinant human parathyroid hormone were about 6.5 g/l and 1.7 g/l in shake flasks after 16 h. Also, our results showed the amounts of biomass and recombinant human parathyroid hormone were about 81 g/l and 22 g/l in the fed-batch bioreactor after 12 h, respectively. Finally, the production of recombinant human parathyroid hormone was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses. However, in this research, the presence of a protein band in the 37 kDa region indicates the correct expression of the parathyroid hormone. According to the successful production of human parathyroid hormone in this study, as well as the advantages of Escherichia coli as a host, it seems that this method can be a good alternative to producing this valuable drug.

Urban regeneration in order to revive historical structures and monuments by emphasizing the preservation of cultural values ​​and protection of indigenous wealth can, in addition to preserving and strengthening the main ossification of the city, lead to economic growth and urban development and appropriate economic groups to promote and generate municipal revenues. On the other hand, the Iranian-Islamic city is a reality that exists and it is necessary to formulate and specify its rules and regulations according to its attributes, values ​​and language of design. In this research, which is an applied research based on documentary studies following a survey-descriptive method, while explaining the criteria and indicators of the Iranian-Islamic city, an attempt has been made to study the current situation in Hosseinieh and Nayeb-Agha neighborhoods in Zanjan. Factors involved in urban regeneration that are in accordance with the characteristics of the Iranian-Islamic city have been identified, followed by criteria for the regeneration of historical sites, which will be more compatible with the principles of Iranian-Islamic city. Findings indicate that in the study area, preservation of the historic tower and fortifications of the city and reliance on Tekyeh Hosseinieh as the main principles representing the Iranian-Islamic city should be a priority. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the characteristics of the Islamic Iranian city is a vital step in recreating the city model.

1. Familiarity with the principles of architecture of Iranian and Islamic cities.
2. Finding desirable criteria for recreating historical sites based on the principles of Iranian-Islamic cities.

Research questions:

1. What are the criteria and characteristics of an Iranian-Islamic city?
2. In urban regenerations, can the pattern of Iranian-Islamic cities be chosen as the design pattern?

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Its characteristic is an increase in blood sugar in the patient. The long-term complications of this disease is cardiovascular, renal failure and neurological activity. The use of herbal medicines for the treatment of diabetes is increasing day by day and this has made it more important to recognize the effective herbal medicine. Herbal remedies have been taken into consideration because of fewer complications, reasonable prices, and availability of chemical drugs. The Momordica charantia (Linn Family: Cucurbaceae), whose fruit is known as Karela or bittergourd, is an important anti-diabetic plant. One of the anti-diabetic agents of Karela is Polypeptid-P (p- insulin), a 172 amino acid. The content of polypeptide-P in cultivated plants is relatively low so gene cloning and expression of this polypeptide in microorganism is a quick and useful alternative for solving such problem. The probiotic host has the advantage that after the production of target protein, it is not necessary to purify it but producing recombinant protein in other expression hosts need to be purified. Therefore, in this study p- insulin gene was optimized and expressed in probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. In this research, the sequence of p- insulin gene was optimized for both codon bias and secondary structure of mRNA to effectively express in the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. The optimized gene was cloned into the pESC expression vector under Gal10 promoter and transformed to competent cell. Recombinant yeast was extracted DNA then the PCR reaction was done by p- insulin specific primers. Recombinant yeast was induced by galactose and production of P-insulin protein in the recombinant yeast cytoplasm was verified by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. A 350 base pair production was amplified by p-insulin specific primers in the polymerase chain reaction. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis pattern was compared host S. boulardii and transformed S. boulardii carrying pESC/p-insulin construct. Electrophoresis results showed that the 18.5 KD molecular weight p- insulin protein differential band was expressed just in the recombinant yeast and also mass spectrometry results confirmed differential band as a p- insulin protein. In this study, probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii was used as a successful host to producing p- insulin protein for the first time. This research showed that probiotic yeast S. boulardii can used as a suitable host cell to producing other products in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Considering the importance of the issue of professional judgment in auditing, the purpose of this study is to design a model for auditor's professional judgment, considering the environmental characteristics, attributes and conditions surrounding the audit profession in Iran.

This researchused a qualitative research method and a grounded theory approach. By reviewing the opinions of 18 experts in the audit profession, the factors affecting the professional judgment of the auditors were examined and, finally, the "integrated model of professional judgment," including the causal conditions, intermediary factors and the context, as well as strategies related to professional judgment and their implications are presented. The results of the research led to the formation of a paradigmatic model of research.

The model resulted in the identification of 13 categories of causal conditions, 5 categories of phenomena/context, 8 categories of intervening conditions, 4 categories of action strategies and 5 categories of consequences related to the main phenomenon of research (professionalism of judgment).

This model can define the variables used in future research by referring to the literature of the auditor's professional judgment. Since the professional judgment of independent auditors has a complex and multifaceted nature, and in addition to the personal characteristics and performance of the auditors, they are influenced by the attributes of the company, the stakeholders, legal and regulatory environment, thus, for a more comprehensive examination of the subject, the modeling of auditor's professional judgment have review from different aspects.

Diabetes is a disease that the body loses its ability to control blood sugar also it is directly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Synthetic hypoglycemic drugs can cause serious side effects. Herbal drugs have potential therapeutic applications because they are effective, have fewer side effects and are of relatively low cost. The Momordica charantia (Linn Family: Cucurbitaceae), whose fruit is known as Karela or bittergourd. Karela is one of the famous vegetables of South Asia, India and is grown in the Amazon, East Africa, Islands in the Caribbean and South America to provide food and medicine. An anti-diabetic agent Polypeptide-P, a 172 amino acid polypeptide isolated from MC seeds. The content of Polypeptide-P in cultivated plants is relatively low and varies widely with tissue, variety, origin and harvest season. Due to impurities such as polysaccharides, the effective ingredient will be less. Gene cloning and expression of this polypeptide in microorganism is a quick and useful alternative for solving such problems. Therefore, in this study the sequence of p-insulin gene from Karela was detected by RT-PCR then sequenced.

RNA was sampled on ripen and unripen fruit from pericarp, seed aril, and seed. Quantification and qualification of extracted RNA was done by spectrophotometer and electrophoreses respectively. Then the RT-PCR reaction was done by p-insulin specific primers and purified by gel electrophoresis and cloned in T-vector plasmid. The recombinant plasmid was extracted and verified to carry p-insulin gene. Then, the recombinant plasmid was done to sequence the p-insulin gene. The 3D structure of p-insulin protein was evaluated by Phyre 2.0 (www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/) software.

The electrophoresis of extracted RNA from Karela tissues showed the two 18SrRNA and 28SrRNA bands. A 750 base pair RT-PCR product was amplified by p-insulin specific primers. Also, the RT-PCR result depicted that the p-insulin gene was expressed in aril tissue more than other parts of the fruit. The result showed that the cloning process of p-insulin gene consist of purification of p-insulin PCR production, the ligation reaction and transformation of it’s into the E. coli was successful. Then, the Karela isolated p-insulin gene was sequenced for the first time in Iran. Blasting the plant insulin protein sequence in uniprot database (www.uniprot.org) detected the most important candidate domains including FDA-binding monooxygenase at the N terminal and Prolipoproteindiacyl glyceryltransferase at C terminal of protein.

The low expression of p-insulin and the presence of polysaccharide impurities in Karela reduces the effect of a blood glucose-lowering agent. Therefore, in this study, p-insulin gene of Karela was isolated and sequenced. The sequencing of p-insulin gene will allow its heterologous expression in microorganisms and pure production of p-insulin protein. Key words: Momordica charantia, Diabetes, Cloning, Sequencing, Bioinformatics

Preeclampsia is a condition associated with systemic disorders in the mother and the fetus. However, the exact causes of preeclampsia are unknown, but several genetics and environmental factors play role in development of this disease. Major histocompatibility complex role is very important during pregnancy through which the fetus is not rejected by mother’s immune system.

In this study, we investigated the relationship of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1*0102/HLA-DQB1*0602 polymorphism with preeclampsia.

Genomic DNA of 181 pregnant women with a history of preeclampsia as the case group and 228 pregnant women with no history of preeclampsia as the controls were extracted. The HLA-DQA1*0102/HLA-DQB1*0602 polymorphisms of all DNA samples were identified by the SSP-PCR method. Frequencies difference of variables between case and control groups were calculated by Chi-square test. The ethnic origin of the participants in this study was extracted from their medical records.

There was a significant association between preeclampsia and Sistani ethnic group (p=0.031). Moreover, there was a significant association between preeclampsia and frequencies of allele HLA-DQB1*0602 (p

It seems that immune incompatibility may have an important role in preeclampsia predisposition. According to our results, the lack of locus HLA-DQB1*0602 may be a risk factor for preeclampsia

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) and its receptor express in developing follicles, fetal and reproductive tissues. The serum G-CSF concentration significantly increases during the ovulatory phase in comparison with other phases, so G-CSF may have an important role in ovulation and the early cross-talk between mother and conceptus in both human and animal models. This study was done to evaluate the Effect of exogenous G-CSF on ovulation and pregnancy rate in NMRI mice.
In this experimental study, 40 mature female and 10 male NMRI mice were randomly allocated into the control and treatment groups. All Ovaries were stimulated with intraperitoneal injections (IP) of 10 IU PMSG and after 48 hour by 10 IU hCG per mouse. The treatment group were recieved G-CSF (50mg/kg i.p.), at the time of PMSG administration, while the control group had the same volume of normal saline instead of G-CSF at the same time. 16-18 hours post-hCG administration, twenty female mice of both groups were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and ovulated oocytes were assessed. On day 16 post coitus, the rest of female mice of both groups were scarificed for withdrawing their fetuses to determine the effect of G-CSF on pregnancy rates.
The ovulation rate in the treatment group (18.5±1.25) were significantly more than that of control (12.1±1.32) (P This study demonstrated that exogenous G-CSF may affect on folliculogenesis and ovulation but the following pregnancy outcome was not impressed.