فهرست مطالب محمد جواد زارع

 Priming seed with nutrients may improve crop growth and yield. Nutrient seed priming is an easy, efficient, potential technique adopted widely by farmers and researchers to improve seedling growth, standing establishment and grain yield as well as quality of crop plants. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Zn-seed priming and P application on Zn and P content in ‎grains of a winter wheat under rain-fed condition.‎

The present study consisted of two main treatments: seed priming (Hydro priming and seed priming with Zn) and P fertilizer level (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha-1). The experiment was a 2×4 factorial combination of priming and P fertilizer. Experiment carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Yield and yield components and nutrient (Zn and P) concentration in seeds were evaluated in response to Zn-priming and P fertilizer. Field experiment conducted under dryland farming during wheat growing season (2021-2022) in Ilam province. Seeds were primed with water (hydro-priming) or 0.3% (W/V) ‎ZnSO4.7H2O solution (Zn-seed priming) for 10 h. P fertilizer was applied to the soil before seed sowing. Control treatment received no P application.

Seed priming with ZnSO4.7H2O solution for 10 hours resulted in a significant increase in total zinc content of primed seeds compared to non primed group. Priming seeds for 10 h significantly increased (16-fold) primed Zn content in seeds as compared to hydro-primed seeds. Seeds priming and P fertilizer had a significant effect on grain yield of the wheat cultivar (Rijaw) tested in the present study. The number of spike plant-1 was not significantly affected by Zn-priming treatment. Priming seeds with Zn significantly enhanced thousand-grain weight. Seed number per spike was also significantly affected by Zn priming treatment. Plant grown from Zn-primed seeds exhibited higher number of seed per spike. Harvest index was significantly affected by Zn priming. Zn-primed plants showed higher harvest index than control plants. Yield components were also affected by dose of P fertilizer application. Grain weights, seed number per spike and harvest index were increased due to applied P fertilizer. P application of 60 kg per ha was the best in terms of enhanced seed weight, seed number per spike and harvest index. However, spike number was not significantly affected by P application rate. Result of the present study showed a significant interaction between Z priming and P application for seed number per spike, grain yield as well as Zn and P content in seeds. Application of 60 kg P ha-1 resulted in increase in seed P content and grain yield. Application of P fertilizer, especially at the highest rate (60 kg ha-1), significantly reduced Zn concentration in grains. The maximum grain yield was achieved by application of 60 kg P ha-1 and Zn-seed priming. Plants grown from Zn-primed seeds had lower P content in grain. Results showed that applied Zn via seed priming increased Zn content in grain.

Results of the present study showed that the benefit effects of priming with Zn depend on the P application rate. P application at higher rate significantly reduced Zn content in grain and increase P concentration in seeds. Zn priming has a promoted effect on elevation Zn content in wheat cultivars. However, applied P, especially at the highest rate, decreased Zn concentration in seeds.

Sulfur (S) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and serves numerous biological functions in plants. To investigate the role of sulfur in drought stress protection, two experiments were conducted under greenhouse and growth ‎chamber conditions in 2021 Also, to evaluate ‎the influence of foliar application of sulfur on the expression of Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, )P5CS)‎, proline concentration, and antioxidant enzyme activities‎, the plants of wheat Sardari and Ivan cultivars were exposed to two levels of water regimes. Plants under well-watered irrigation and drought stress conditions showed different P5CS expression levels and accumulated proline. The P5CS expression level in the Ivan cultivar was significantly increased by foliar application of S, while the same application had no significant effect on P5CS expression in the Sardari cultivar. Plants exposed to drought stress and foliar-sprayed with S showed a higher proline accumulation The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), catalase, ‎glutathione peroxidase (GP), and glutathione reductase , were increased by 134 %, 40.4 %,  45.4 %, and 77.4 %, respectively, in plants exposed to drought stress. POD and GR ‎were ‎significantly increased‎ by 19.6 % and 51.8 %, respectively, ‎due to S application. Drought-induced plants that were foliar-sprayed with S exhibited a significantly lower rate of ion leakage and higher leaf-relative water content than those of control plants. Based on the results of the present research, it was revealed that S substantially enhances the expression rate of the P5CS gene, leading to proline accumulation, and activates defense reactions in water-stressed wheat.

The present study aims to investigate the changes in some physiological characteristics and water use efficiency of two ecotypes of Thymbra spicata L. in response to changes in water stress and plant density. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as a split factorial based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in two growing seasons (2016 and 2017). The highest content of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b was observed in the treatments of non-stress and mild stress and at a density of 6 and 8 plants per m2. The highest content of total chlorophyll was observed in the treatment of non-stress and mild stress and at a density of 8 plants per m2 during the first year of the experiment. Increased plant density and intensity of water stress led to a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. The highest content of carotenoids was observed at the treatment of mild water stress and a density of 8 and 12 plants m2 during the first year of the experiment. The highest content of anthocyanins was observed at the treatment of mild water stress and a density of 8 plants per m2. The highest content of total phenol and flavonoids was observed at the treatment of severe water stress and a density of 12 plants per m2. Finally, the highest amount of proline in the plant was observed in the second year of the experiment at the treatment of severe water stress and a density of 12 plants per m2.

Environmental stresses such as salinity are one of the major threats to the sustainability of crop production. Climate change has increased the intensity of these environmental tensions in different regions of the world. Drought and salinity are the critical environmental stresses in arid and semi-arid regions. In recent decades, various strategies have been introduced to reduce the effects of salinity stress on crops. The use of beneficial soil microorganisms is one of these methods.

In the present study, the effect ofAzospirillum bacteria and Piriformospora indica fungus in separate and combined inoculation was investigated to identify the role of these above-mentioned plant growth-promoting microorganisms in the modulation of the molecular, biochemical, and physiological aspects in wheat under salt stress conditions. A 2×2×2 factorial experimental design was implemented in a completely randomized block design with three replications under greenhouse conditions in 2022. The experiment was conducted in the pot. The main treatments included salt stress imposition, inoculation with and without Azospirillum zaea, and endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica application. Salinity was induced using calcium chloride (65 mg) and sodium chloride (0.375 g) to achieve a salinity level of 12 dS/m. Saline water irrigation was performed 21 and 28 days after wheat germination. Normal water with a salinity of 0.3 decisiemens per meter was used for the control treatment. The wheat cultivar Pishgam was used for this experiment. Twenty-four hours after applying the second salinity treatment, leaf sampling was conducted to extract total RNA and study the expression of the delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase gene. The changes in leaf proline content and the expression of the gene responsible for proline synthesis (pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase), malondialdehyde production, ion leakage, leaf relative water content, nitrogen content, and chlorophyll pigment levels in response to applied microorganisms under both salinity and non-salinity conditions were investigated. Additionally, succinate dehydrogenase activity and root colonization rate with fungus were measured under the influence of salinity and inoculation with Azospirillum.

The percentage of fungal colonization in wheat roots of cultivar Pishgam was 24.9%. Inoculation with Azospirillum increased the root colonization rate by 3.17%. Salinity had no significant effect on succinate dehydrogenase, but inoculation with Azospirillum significantly increased succinate dehydrogenase. The plants inoculated with P. indica and Azospirillumhad a higher relative water content in leaves under salt stress. Plants inoculated with bacteria and fungus also had higher nitrogen content. Salinity increased the amount of ion leakage, but inoculation with fungus and bacteria prevented it from increasing. Salinity did not cause a significant change in the amount of chlorophyll pigments, although inoculation with P. indicaand Azospirillum increased the amount of chlorophyll a. The effect of salinity, P. indica, Azospirillum, and their interaction on the expression level of the delta-pyrroline-5 carboxylate synthase gene was significant. Control plants showed higher levels of gene expression, while the inoculated plants with P. indica and Azospirillum had lower gene expression levels. Additionally, the interaction between Azospirillum and P. indica on the expression level of the delta-pyrroline-5 carboxylate synthase gene was significant and it caused a greater decrease compared to the plants that were only inoculated with P. indica. The effect of salinity, P. indica, and bacteria, as well as their mutual effects on leaf proline concentration, was significant. Under salt stress, the amount of proline in the plants inoculated with P. indica was lower than that of the control plants. A similar trend was observed in plants inoculated with bacteria, showing lower levels of proline under salt stress. The expression trend of the delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase gene was consistent with the trend of proline accumulation under salt stress, indicating the effect of salt induction on the expression of this gene.

The inoculated plants with P. indica and Azospirillum were less affected by induced salt stress than the control plants. The inoculated plants exhibited a lower rate of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage, as well as a higher level of chlorophyll pigment and leaf-relative water content. Additionally, P5CS gene expression and proline accumulation in inoculated plants were lower than in control plants.

Introduction:

  Heat and dry stress events during the wheat-growing season, particularly during wheat grain filling, are among the prevalent environmental constraints that adversely affect wheat growth and productivity worldwide. Because people in developing countries are highly dependent on cereal-based diets, they are prone to Zn-related diseases. The situation becomes worse when the crop is grown in soil with low Zn content. Studies have shown that the application of Zinc (Zn) successfully increased wheat grain yield and grain Zn content and improved wheat tolerance to drought. The present studies are designed to provide a better understanding and further information on the response of wheat to Zn application under drought conditions. 

 The present study included two experiments: a preliminary experiment that aimed to elucidate the effect of the application of Zn via foliar or seed priming on wheat tolerance to drought stress and a field study that was designed to investigate the effect of exogenous proline and foliar application of Z on wheat yield and grain nutrient. A preliminary experiment detected the effects of the Zn application method on the biochemical and molecular characteristics of drought-stressed wheat. Proline-biosynthesis-related gene [Δ1-pyrroline-5-‎carboxylate reductase (P5CS)] expression, proline accumulation, and malondialdehyde content were determined four days after drought stress was imposed. A subsequent field experiment (Experiment 2) was also conducted to elucidate the effect of foliar application of Zn [0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% (w/v)] individually and in all possible combinations with proline (0 and 15 µ mole) on wheat performance under post-anthesis drought stress condition. The foliar application was applied at anthesis. All plants were exposed to drought stress by withholding irrigation for 21 days. The field experiment was conducted in 2021/22 during the wheat-growing season at a commercial wheat-grown farm. The experiment site is located in Sirvan County, Ilam Province. A durum wheat cultivar, ‘Saji’, was used in both experiments. Result: Zn application, mainly when applied via foliar, increased P5CS mRNA accumulation and proline content and decreased malondialdehyde content in the leaf compared to the control treatment.

Results:

 of the field experiment showed that the combined application of Zn and proline successfully biofortified field wheat with Zn and could ameliorate the adverse effect of post-anthesis drought stress. Under field conditions and compared with the control plant, treated plants with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% ‎(w/v‎)‎ of ZnSO4.7H2O solution significantly increased grain yield by 1.7%, 7.24%, and 3.62%, respectively. Compared with the control treatment, exogenously applied proline increased grain yield by up to 4.4%. Results showed that the foliar application of Zn at 0.2% (w/v) in combination with proline (15 mM) had a more significant effect on increased grain yield. Foliar-applied Zn at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% ‎(w/v‎)‎ of ZnSO4 solution decreased grain P content by 8.3%, 14.7% and 18.1%, respectively, as compared with the control. Foliar Zn application of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% ‎(w/v‎)‎ of ZnSO4.7H2O solution increased Zn content in grain by 6.3%, 11.9%, and 19.1%, respectively, to control plants.

 Regarding the cost for farmers, foliar application of Zn at a concentration of 0.3% at the anthesis stage can be suggested as the best treatment to improve both the quantity and quality of wheat.

Following climate change, drought stress has become the most important limiting factor for crop production and. Plants become under dry when the water available to the roots is limited or the water loss through transpiration is very high. Decreased photosynthetic active radiation absorption, impaired light consumption efficiency and reduced harvest index are the most important factors reducing yield in soil moisture deficit conditions. On the other hand, the adverse effects of the use of chemical drugs in recent years have led to much attention to the cultivation of medicinal plants, which with the increase in their use requires the development of cultivation, management and proper planning. Bio-fertilizers as an alternative in some cases and in most cases as a complement to chemical fertilizers can help to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems.

 The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of nitroxin biological fertilizer on ecotypes of black cumin under drought stress. The experiment was conducted as a split-split plot with three replicates at Ilam University during growing season of in 2018. Drought stress levels including no stress (Irrigation based on 100% of plant water needs), moderate stress (Irrigation based on 50% of plant water needs) and severe stress (Irrigation based on 35% of plant water needs) as main plot, nitroxin fertilizer treatments including no nitroxin (control) and application of 1 liter ha-1 nitroxin as sub plot and ecotype treatments including Neyshabour, Mashhad, Semirom and Isfahan Sub-plots were considered as sub-plots. Measured traits included plant height, number of sub-branches, yield, grain yield components (number of follicle and number of seeds per follicle), relative leaf water content, ion leakage and photosynthetic pigments.

 The results showed that the main effect of drought stress, nitroxin and ecotype on all treats were significant (p≤0/01). The highest plant height and the first sub-branch height of Mashhad ecotype were obtained under Irrigation based on 100% of plant water needs conditions under moderate stress. The highest number of branches per-plant of Neyshabur ecotype was obtained under nitroxin under drought stress conditions. The highest number of capsules per plant was obtained from Mashhad ecotype treatment with no nitroxin and Irrigation based on 100% of plant water needs. The highest number of seeds in main capsule, seed yield and harvest index were obtained from Semirom ecotype under nitroxin under Irrigation based on 50% of plant water needs. The highest biological yield was obtained in Isfahan ecotype, nitroxin consumption and Irrigation based on 50% of plant water needs.The results of this study showed that drought stress caused a significant reduction (p≤0.01) in the values of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll traits and relative moisture content of leaves Meanwhile, the use of nitroxin biological fertilizer in most cases improved these traits in different ecotypes, which can be due to the positive effects of biological fertilizer in helping to better absorb water and nutrients under drought stress and reduce the negative effects of water deficiency on Physiological traits of the plant.

 Since better absorption of nutrients depends on the existence of an extensive root system, it seems that the lack of expansion of the plant root system under drought stress and the lack of use of chemical fertilizers, the ground for the activity of microorganisms. This has led to the improvement of the root system and consequently better absorption of water and nutrients needed by the plant in conditions of moisture stress. In general, the results of this study indicate that the application of biological fertilizers may have had a positive effect on improving the yield and quantitative properties of the herbicide under drought stress conditions, however, this issue needs further investigation. From the results it can be concluded that moderate drought stress can be applied in weather conditions Ilam province in addition to reducing water consumption will lead to better outcomes.

Plant nutrition management and soil fertility are among factors that determine crop productivity and sustainability under agro-ecosystems conditions. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of vermicompost provided from sugarcane bagasse and foliar application of microalgae extract of Spirulina on growth parameters, grain yield and yield attributes of rapeseed. The experiment was a factorial combination of Spirulina extract and bagasse vermicompost arranged in a complete randomized block design with four replications. Plants were foliar sprayed with three different concentrations of Spirulina extract (i.e., 0, 2, 4, and 6 %v/v) and application of five vermicompost mixtures based on mass percentage of bagasse and buffalo manure (i.e., 0%, 75% bagasse + 25% buffalo manure, 50% bagasse + 50% buffalo manure, 25% bagasse + 75% buffalo manure, and 100% buffalo manure). Spirulina extract and vermicompost interaction effects on the length of root, root weight, leaf area, chlorophyll pigments, 1000-seed weight, protein and oil content in seed, grain yield and harvest index were significant. The highest seed oil content (43.35%) and seed protein content (36.85%) were recorded in plants foliarly sprayed with 6% Spirulina extract. Application of vermicompost resulting from a mixture of buffalo manure + bagasse with the higher ratio of buffalo manure to bagasse gave better seed and oil yield as compared to other vermicompost treatments.

This paper aims at evaluating the effects of putrescine and 24-epibrasinolide on altering the activity of antioxidant enzymes to tolerate drought stress in basil. The plan has been implemented as factorial split plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the cropping years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University. Experimental treatments include drought stress at three levels (40, 80, and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) as the main plots, putrescine foliar application at three levels (0, 0.5, and 2 (mM) and 24- Epibrassinolid foliar application at three levels (0, 0.5, and 2 μM) as subplots. Results show that the highest amount of proline in 120 mm occurs during the first year of the experiment and the use of putricin (2 mM) and 24-epibrasinolide (0.5 μM) also cause a further increase in proline. The highest amount of catalase has been observed in the 120 mm evaporation treatment and the application of 2 mM putrescine. The interaction of drought stress, putrescine, and 24-epiprasinolide also show that the highest levels of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase belong to the treatment of 120 mM where the highest concentrations of putrescine (2 mM) and 24-epibrasinolide (2 μM) is observed. Under optimal irrigation conditions (40 mm), the combined application of lower concentrations of putrescine (0.5 mM) and epibrasinolide (0.5 μM) and under drought stress conditions (80 and 120 mm), higher concentrations of these two substances (2 mM putrescine and 2 μM epibrasinolide) increase the enzyme guaiacol peroxidase. Multiple interactions of year, drought stress, putrescine, and 24-epibrasinolide have had a significant effect on total flavonoids and essential oil percentage of basil. In both experimental years, application of 2 mM putrescine and 2 μM 24-epibrasinolide at all levels of drought stress 120 mm cause a further increase in these two traits which has been greater in the first year than the second one. Concomitant use of 2 mM putrescine and 2 μM epibracinolide due to increased proline synthesis and antioxidant enzymes is the best treatment to reduce the effects of drought stress in basil, indicating a synergistic relation between the two. The substance boosts the growth of basil, increasing the percentage of its essence.

Current estimates indicate that 25% of the world's agricultural lands are affected by water stress. Iran, with an annual 240 mm of rainfall, is classified as a dry region of the world. Wheat is one of the main cereal crops, cultivated to the demands of the population for human feeding. Winter wheat, the most important food grain produced in Iran, is grown on some 6 million ha. Production of wheat typically requires intensive use of chemical fertilizers. In addition to nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), phosphorous (P) is also one of the essential macronutrients required for the growth and development of wheat. P is usually applied to the soil in the form of phosphate fertilizers. However, a large portion of soluble inorganic phosphate applied to the soil as chemical fertilizer is immobilized rapidly and becomes unavailable to plants. Soil microorganisms can contribute to the enhanced availability of soil P through mineralization of organic P or solubilization of inorganic P resulting in the reduction of P fertilization. Beneficial free-living rhizobacteria, which have been shown to improve plant health or increase yield, are usually referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic fungus, has been under research for more than a century. Inoculation of plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may be effective in improving crop production under drought conditions. Improved productivity of AM plants was attributed to enhanced uptake of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus, zinc, and copper. In addition, other factors associated with AM fungal colonization may influence plant resistance to drought. These include changes in leaf elasticity, improved leaf water, and turgor potentials, maintenance of stomatal opening and transpiration, increased root length and depth, and development of external hyphae. Therefore the main goal of this study was to find the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi on yield, yield components, and its association in two dryland wheat cultivars. 

In order to find the effects of the phosphorous deficiency and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Mycorrhiza fungi on grain yield and associated traits, an experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University (46*28' N, 33* 37 E; elevation 1174 m) during 2013-2014 cropping season. Experiment factors consisted of two dryland wheat cultivars (bread (Keras Sabalan) and durum wheat (Saji)) and phosphorous deficiency, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and Mycorrhiza fungi treatment including (without application of phosphorous, 100% consumption of phosphorous fertilizer, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Mycorrhiza fungi, phosphate solubilizing bacteria + Mycorrhiza fungi, 50% of phosphorous fertilizer + phosphate solubilizing bacteria + Mycorrhiza fungi, 50% of phosphorous fertilizer + phosphate solubilizing bacteria, 50% of phosphorious fertilizer + Mycorrhiza fungi). At full maturity, agronomic traits such as spik.m-2, spikelet.spike-1, grain.spike-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, spike length, spike weight, and plant height were recorded using a sample of ten random guarded plants from the middle ridges of each plot. The data were analyzed statistically by the SAS program, and the data means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). 

Results indicated that the interaction effect between cultivar×bio-fertilizer had a significant effect on the spike.m-2, spikelet.spike-1, grains.spike-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, spike length, spike weight, and plant height. The use of bio-fertilizer had a positive and significant effect on total studied traits in two dryland wheat under dryland conditions so that Saji cultivar and Using of bio-fertilizer had the highest grain yield with 62% to check treatment (without using of phosphorous chemical fertilizer and f bio-fertilizer) and also Increasing of 36% observed to 100% of using of phosphorous chemical fertilizer. There was a significant difference between cultivars to the response of Using phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi so Sji cultivars had the best response to mycorrhizal fungi. Therefore with, regard to the cultivation of wheat is facing terminal stresses (drought and heat), indicating that the Saji cultivar and Using of mycorrhizal fungi can be the best result under dryland conditions. 

This study indicated that phosphate solubilizing bacteria (HSB) and Mycorrhizal fungi had a positive effect on grain yield and associated traits and grain yield was higher in the presence of inoculation with Mycorrhizal fungi and HSB. In general, using bio-fertilizers and managing integrated nourishment quantitatively and qualitatively is one the efficient ways to improve plant production, and the environment would have a better condition if chemical fertilizers consumption reduce. Recent studies indicated that using bio-fertilizers also improves soil physiological structure and also increases organic matter content and P available to the coexistent plant. Of course, before it is recommended for massive production and wide application, it is necessary to implement and replicate this experiment in different regions.

77Germinated grains are a rich source of minerals, water-soluble vitamins, enzymes, and soluble sugars that can be applied by foliar spraying on the foliage of crop plants where photosynthesis takes place. A field experiment was conducted during the rice-growing season of 2020 to evaluate the effect of grass pea sprout extract on the growth and yield of two common local varieties of rice (Anbarbou and Shamshiri). The experiment was the 2 × 2 factorial combination of grass pea extract spray (2%) and rice cultivar. (based on the randomized complete block design with three replicates. Irrespective of foliar spray with grass pea extract, a significant difference between the two cultivars was observed for seed phosphorus and zinc content, and phytic acid concentration. Plants sprayed with the grass pea sprout extract significantly displayed greater net photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Grain yield, panicle number, grain number, grain weight, fresh and dry matter accumulations, and panicle length of plants at harvest increased up to 7.4%, 23.91%, 7.39%, 4.44%, 18.49%, 16.85%, and 26.5%, respectively, due to foliar application with the grass pea extract. Grain P content sprayed with the grass pea extract increased up to 65.38%, irrespective of the type of cultivar. Also, foliar spraying improved grain Zn content from 10.54 µg g-1 to 29.75 µg g-1. Although, the grain phytic acid increased from 4.86 mg g-1 to 6.71 mg g-1 by foliar spraying of the grass pea sprout extract, however, the ratio of phytic acid to Zn content in the grain decreased from 46.11 to 22.55%. Foliar spraying increased grain Zn content in Anbarbou by 1.2-fold as compared to Shamshiri. On the other hand, foliar spraying increased grain phytic acid concentration in Shamshiri by 1.65-fold as compared to Anbarbou. It seems that spraying the rice plants with the grass pea sprout extract was beneficial in terms of agronomic and physiologic characteristics and nutrients such as Zn and P. Also, Anbarbou responded better to the sprout extract than the Shamshiri cultivar.

In all major genera and species in the mint family, different types of organic compounds or metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbates, and carotenoids with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects are produced through metabolic processes. Research studies in this field have established that planting distance can have a significant effect on essential oil yield as well as quantity and quality of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The main purpose of spacing between plants is also to provide a suitable mix of environmental factors (i.e. water, climate, light, and soil) to achieve optimum quality performance.

The present study was conducted using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Ilam University Research Farm, Iran, during 2016-2017. Planting density treatments at three levels (that is, 20, 14, and 10 plants per m2) were determined based on changes in plant spacing on rows (i.e. three distances of 20, 30, and 45 cm). Two ecotypes were accordingly included: Malekshahi and Sumar. The characteristics measured were photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), total phenol and flavonoid content, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil content and yield.

The results of this experiment revealed that the amount of antioxidant compound, photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), anthocyanin, and essential oil yield had been significantly affected by ecotype and plant density. Therefore, the highest amounts of total phenol (91.64 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (5.20 mg QUE/ g DW) were observed at 20 and 30 cm row spacing. Total phenol and flavonoid also decreased by 7.2% and 12% as plant density was reduced. Moreover, row spacing of 30 cm increased the amount of chlorophyll a/b by 14 to 16% and carotenoid by 10%. The highest amount of anthocyanin (2.5 μg/g FW) was noticed at 20 cm row spacing. As well, the highest yield of the essential oil was spotted at 20 cm row spacing (91.38 kg/ha) and for Malekshahi ecotype (87.5 kg/ha). Compared with Sumar ecotype, the Malekshahi had higher content of photosynthetic pigments, total phenol and flavonoid, carotenoid, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil yield content and yield.

As plant density is enhanced to an optimum level, competition increases for absorption of water, nutrients, and quantity and quality of light received by leaves due to branching density and moderated penetration into canopy. As a result, the rate of cell division and leaf area development is reduced and the content of photosynthetic pigments is diminished following the destruction of chloroplast structure and inhibition of biosynthesis of new chlorophylls. secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanin are produced in the plant in response to environmental conditions in order to protect it against environmental stresses. It was observed that the content of photosynthetic pigments had diminished after increasing the density, but the content of carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol and flavonoid, as well as essential oil yield had improved in the wild thyme.

In this study, various agricultural and industrial organic wastes were mixed with cow manure (CM) as the main raw material to compare their properties for the production of vermicompost and as feed material for earthworms. Cow manure, alone and in mixed with sugarcane bagasse (BG), date palm wastes (DW) and grape waste (GW) at the ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 were used for culturing of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Total number, final biomass and the final length of earthworms and resulting vermicomposts were analyzed for their properties and chemical compositions after 70 days. Results showed that the growth of the earthworms in terms of the total number, final biomass and final length in CM mixed with GW at the ratio of 3:1 were significantly greater than those in other mixture treatments probably due to the neutral pH condition (pH = 7.1). The mixture of cow manure and bagasse resulted in the highest rate of vermicompost production that was 24.6 Kg m-3. The mixture of CM and GW provided the best conditions for E. foetida growing. CM mixed with GW produced the best results in terms of the chemical composition of the resulting vermicompost. Results of this study showed that vermicomposting was an adequate process for the degradation of sugarcane bagasse, grape waste and date fruit waste. The aforementioned organic wastes could be mixed with cow dung to produce quality vermicompost.

In order to investigate the effect of nitoxin biofertilizer on black seed (SN) under different levels of water stress, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of Ilam University using a split-split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 1398-1399. The main plots were water stress treatment at three levels including no stress, moderate and severe stress based on 100, 50 and 35% of plant water requirement. The sub-plots and sub-sub plots were biofertilizer treatments (at two levels) and four black seed ecotypes (Isfahan, Semirom, Mashhad and Neyshabour), respectively. Based on the results, the highest amounts of chlorophyll a, b and total pigments were 0.711, 0.523 and 1.235 mg g-1 FW from control and the highest levels of anthocyanin (14.69 μmol g-1 FW), catalase (0.0152 U min-1 g-1 P or units per minute per gram of protein) and proline (5.84 micromoles per gram of fresh leaves) were obtained in the severe water stress treatment. Results also showed that the highest amount of proline (0.0152 units per minute per gram of protein) and chlorophyll pigments including chlorophyll a, b and total with 0.711, 0.523 and 1.235 mg per gram of fresh leaves, respectively, were obtained in the control. The use of nitroxin biofertilizer increased the levels of anthocyanin and catalase. Among the tested ecotypes, Semirom had the highest amount of chlorophyll b pigment (0.39 mg g-1 of fresh leaves) and the highest amount of catalase activity (0.0087 U min-1 g-1 P). Neyshabour and Isfahan ecotypes had the highest anthocyanin content (9.21 μmol g-1 fresh leaf) with the highest proline concentration (4.4 μmol g-1 fresh leaf) and total chlorophyll a. Based on the analysis of variance of the data, the triple interaction of water stress × nitroxin × ecotype on all measured physiological traits except catalase activity and chlorophyll a pigment was statistically significant at 5% probability level. Decreased chlorophyll indicates susceptibility to drought stress and increased anthocyanin, catalase and proline indicate plant response to stress. Examining the physiological characteristics of black seed under drought stress indicated that black seed is almost sensitive to drought stress. The results showed that there was a difference between black seed ecotypes in terms of response to dehydration and biofertilizer was able to improve the plantchr('39')s response to stress to some extent.

Oral health is one of the most important aspects of public health and people with mental health problems are at higher risk of oral diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health status of adults aged 30-75 years with some mental health problems in a sample of Iranian population.

This cross-sectional study was performed using Persian cohort baseline data in Shahedieh, Yazd. In this study, 2287 people aged 30 to 75 years with a history of some mental problems (depression, learning disabilities, memory disorders, other psychiatric disorders) who were gradually included in the study between 12/5/2015 and 21/9/2017.  In this study, data related to the DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) index and the status of oral health behaviors were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the basic characteristics of the participants and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate the difference between the mean DMFT index in demographic variables. The significance level of the test was considered 0.05.

Most of the participants (70%) were female and their mean age was 48.17 ± 9.17. The mean and standard deviation of DMFT score among all participants (with and without dentures) was 20.99± 8.4. The mean and standard deviation of missing, decayed and filled teeth were 1.13 ±11.12, 1.96 ±3.15 and 3.9 ± 4.66, respectively. Of the subjects, 23.7% used teeth floss, 1.8% used mouthwash and 24.9% once, 3.5% twice, 1.3% three times a day, 19.2% did not brush at all and 22% did not brush because of dentures. There was a significant relationship between DMFT (p <0.001) and the variables of number of brushing times, flossing, age, social class, level of education, marital status.

DMFT index is undesirable among people with some mental problems and this index is associated with most demographic variables and oral health behaviors. Training and raising the level of awareness in these people is recommended.

To investigate the effects of planting date (March 20 and April 21), full fertilizer (PLANTFEED) (zero and two per thousand), and harvest time (8 am, 12 noon, and 19 pm) on the quantitative and qualitative yield (leaves and stems dry weight, stems to leaves ratio, yield and percentage of essential oil, and carvacrol percentage) of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. Based on the results, all the mentioned traits except the stems to leaves ratio were affected by planting date and full fertilizer treatment. The planting date of April 21 and the application of full fertilizer increased all the studied traits except the carvacrol percentage and the stems to leaves ratio. The morning harvest time treatment increased the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage of carvacrol (93.66%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × full fertilizer (two per thousand) × harvest time (evening) and the lowest one (82.77%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × no fertilizer application × harvest time (morning). The results showed that in the planting date of April 21 treatment, the application of full fertilizer caused better results in most of the mentioned traits. Also, the morning and evening harvest treatments caused the highest percentage and essential oil yield and carvacrol percentage. To investigate the effects of planting date (March 20 and April 21), full fertilizer (PLANTFEED) (zero and two per thousand), and harvest time (8 am, 12 noon, and 19 pm) on the quantitative and qualitative yield (leaves and stems dry weight, stems to leaves ratio, yield and percentage of essential oil, and carvacrol percentage) of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. Based on the results, all the mentioned traits except the stems to leaves ratio were affected by planting date and full fertilizer treatment. The planting date of April 21 and the application of full fertilizer increased all the studied traits except the carvacrol percentage and the stems to leaves ratio. The morning harvest time treatment increased the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage of carvacrol (93.66%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × full fertilizer (two per thousand) × harvest time (evening) and the lowest one (82.77%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × no fertilizer application × harvest time (morning). The results showed that in the planting date of April 21 treatment, the application of full fertilizer caused better results in most of the mentioned traits. Also, the morning and evening harvest treatments caused the highest percentage and essential oil yield and carvacrol percentage.

To investigate the role of putrescine and 24-epibrassinolide on the morphophysiological changes of Ocimum basilicum L. in the water deficiency tolerance, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, Ilam University during 2017-19 crop years. The experimental treatments included the drought stress at three levels (40, 80, and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in the main plots and putrescine foliar application at three levels (Put0: 0, Put1: 0.5, and Put2: 2 mM) and 24-epibrassinolide foliar application at three levels (Br0: 0, Br1: 0.5, and Br2: 2 μM) factorially in the subplots. The results showed that the multiple interaction of year, drought stress, putrescine, and 24-epibrassinolide had a significant effect on the traits including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and basil essential oil percentage, so that the foliar application of 2 mM putrescine and 2 μM 24-epibrassinolide at all levels of drought stress, especially 80 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan, caused a further increase in these traits in both years of the experiment, which was higher in the first year than the second one. The optimal irrigation treatment (40 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) with application of 2 mM putrescine and 0.5 μM 24-epibrassinolide and drought stress treatments (80 and 120 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) with application of 2 mM putrescine and 2 μM 24-epibrassinolide had more leaves and secondary branches. The results of this study showed that the drought stress had an important role in reducing the basic factors in basil growth. In general, according to the results obtained, the foliar application of 2 mM putrescine with 2 μM 24-epibrassinolide to improve the physiological activities and increase the essential oil content, and 2 mM putrescine with 0.5 μM 24-epibrassinolide to increase the seed yield could be recommended in basil under drought stress conditions.

A field experiment under dryland farming, was designed to investigate the grain yield response of three bread wheat cultivars to sowing date as well as Azospirillum inoculation.

The experiment was a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Tested factors consisted of three wheat cultivars (Zagros, Kohdasht and  an indigenous cultivar ), sowing date (29th Nov and 14th Dec) and Azospirillum (inoculated and non-inoculated). The experiment carried out in Abdanan, located in the south of Ilam Province, Iran, during 2018-19 growth season.

Grain yield, yield attributes and harvest index responses of three wheat cultivars to Azospirillum inoculation were found to be various and were affected by the type of wheat species and sowing date. Among three types of wheat cultivars tested in this experiment Zagros, sowing on 29th Nov,  gave the best grain yield response (2763 kg.ha-1) to Azopirillum inoculation as compared to the two other wheat types. Response of the indigenous wheat to Azospirillum was found to be negative. Delayed wheat sowing resulted in reduction grain yield of three wheat cultivars and this reduction was not offset by Azospirillum. Indigenous cultivar on 14th Dec produced higher grain yield. 

Overall, based on the obtained results from this study it can be concluded that positive response to plant growth promoting bacteria is depend on the plant species and may be affected by the sowing date.

Modification of planting season from spring to autumn in order to use green water, has been introduced as an effective and consistent agronomic strategy with climate change. For this purpose and in order to increase the cultivation of autumn sugar beet as a strategic crops in increasing the self-sufficiency of sugar in the country, it is necessary to implement research programs including determining the appropriate growth period duration, that recognition of them is needed to achieve optimal yield. Therefore, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Darreh shahr, Ilam, Iran, in 2015-2016 growing seasons. Investigated factors were three planting dates (5 October, 19 October, 16 November) and two harvest dates (8 May and 17 June) in main plots and sub plots respectively. Results of the study showed that white sugar yield in the range of early- to late October and harvested in late June (Growth period 255 and 240 days) showed increase about %73 compared with cultivation in November and harvest in early June(Growth period duration 192 days). Results of this research were recounted the dramatic role of duration growth elongation in improving white sugar yield of autumn sugar beet followed by increasing root yield increase (%69), pure sugar percent (%23), sugar content (%12) and reduction of molasses (%37). More attention to crop management in sugar beet production under autumn swoing can play a key role in increasing sugar beet production in these areas.

Drought stress is one of the important environmental factors in arid and semi-arid regions of the world that causes a number of physiological and metabolic changes in plants. Drought stress causes the formation of reactive oxygen species in plant chloroplasts and also causes peroxidation of membrane lipids and destruction of cell membranes. In this regard, an experiment aimed at investigating the role of growth regulators, putrescine and brassinosteroids on the control of oxidative stress and physiological changes in water deficiency tolerance in basil in the form of factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in The research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Ilam University was implemented during 2017-2018 crop seson. Experimental treatments included drought stress at three levels (40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) as the main agent and putrcin foliar application at three levels (zero, 0.5 and 2 mM) and solution. Brassinosteroid spraying was performed at three levels (zero, 0.5 and 2 μM) factorially in subplots. According to the results obtained in this study, the amount of chlorophyll a and b, total flavonoids and CO2 concentration under the stomata in the treatment of application of 2 mM follicle application of putricin and 2 μM brassinosteroid compared to the control treatment (no foliar application) And brassinosteroids) in the conditions of non-drought stress 74.06, 64.07, 45.68 and 19.5%, in moderate stress 61.4, 33.9, 3.6 and 10.3% and in severe drought stress 1 62.68, 68.6, 33.1 and 15.7% showed an increase. The rate of photosynthesis decreased under drought stress, but the treatment of 0.5 mM putrescine and 2 μM brassinosteroid compared to the control treatment (lack of foliar application of putricin and brassinosteroid) in moderate and severe drought stress increased by 76.59 and 83.33%, respectively. Photosynthesis rate. Application of foliar application of 2 mM putrescine and 0.5 μM brassinosteroid reduced ion leakage under all levels of drought stress. The percentage of essential oil in the treatment (concentration of 2 mM putrescine and 0.5 μM brassinosteroid) in severe drought stress, moderate drought stress and lack of drought stress, respectively, 66.5, 39.5 and 50% compared to the control treatment (no solution) Spraying of putrescine and brassinosteroids was increased. In general, it seems that consumption of high concentrations of putrescine and brassinosteroids (2 mM putrescine and 2 μM brassinosteroids) in drought stress conditions can improve the physiological parameters of basil.

In order to study the effect of Pseudomonas putida and Glomus mosseae on accumulation of nutrient elements residual on root, straw and soil in wheat under dryland conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University and Sarableh Agricultural and Research, Recources Center during 2013-2014 cropping season. Experiment factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Keras Sablan and Saji) and fertilizer sources treatment including of 1- without application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer, 2- 50 kg ha-1 P, 3- Pseudomonas putida (PSB), 4- Glomus mosseae (GM), 5-PSB+GM, 6-PSB+GM+25 kg ha-1 P, 7- PSB+ 25 kg ha-1 P and 8- GM+25 kg ha-1 P. Results indicated that interaction effect between cultivar× fertilizer sources had significant effect on accumulation of nutrients elements residual in root, straw and soil in dryland wheat at 1% probablity level. Application of PSB and GM caused increased in N, K, Fe and Cu in soil and the lowest N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg were obtaind in root and straw. The highest N, K, Fe and Cu in soil belonged to Saji cultivar× GM+25 kg ha-1 P. Root and straw had the highest N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg in root and straw in Keras Sabalan×check treatment (without feriilizer sources).

In order to investigate the effect of growth promoting bacteria on yield and yield components and some nutrients of durum wheat, an experiment was carried out at the research farm of Ilam University in 2015-2016. An experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors included three levels of growth stimulating bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum and non-inoculation), moisture conditions in two levels (supplementary irrigation and rainfed) and two durum wheat cultivars (Saji and Dehdasht). The results showed that supplementary irrigation increased yield and yield components and nutrients content of durum. The effect of Bio-fertilizer on yield and yield components and nutrients of durum wheat was significant but Azospirilum was superior to Azotobacter. Finally, the highest concentrations of nitrogen (20.71 %), phosphorus (13.1 %), potash (3.7 %), and maximum grain yield (2923 kg.ha-1), biological yield (8566 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (42.39 %) were obtained from two cultivars under irrigation conditions in inoculation with growth promoting bacteria.

Currently, as a result of research on laboratory animals, abundant information has been obtained on the impact of various environmental factors on the occurrence of congenital malformations, but there is still no comprehensive information on the causes of congenital heart malformations (CHD) in human populations. Congenital heart defects (CHDs) constitute the major class of congenital anomalies. Although the incidence of CHDs is close to one percent of live births, its prevalence in the fetus is higher. The prevalence of CHDs is 0.5-0.8% in the live-term neonate, 2% in premature infants and 10-25% in the aborted fetus. The exact causes of CHDs are not clear. About 25% of all CHDs are attributed to the genetic factors. The interaction of genetic and environment is also considered in the etiology of the CHDs. Researchers say occupations such as pharmacy, chemical engineering, dyeing, increase the risk of neonatal eye, heart and intestinal defects and cleft lip and palate. Several studies have shown the effect of non-genetic factors such as environment and lifestyle on the occurrence of CHDs. In the Snijder study, no relationship was found between maternal occupational contact and CHD offspring, whereas fathers' exposure to phthalates increased CHD in neonates. According to the above mentioned content Identify paternal exposure to solvents and its relationship with congenital malformations heart defect can be effective in identifying the factors affecting the incidence of malformations. However, there is no consensus on the role of paternal and maternal exposures and susceptible window of exposure on the CHDs across studies. Additionally, the body of evidence on the association between occupational exposures and congenital malformations especially CHDs are limited. This study aimed to investigate paternal occupational exposure to solvents and congenital heart abnormalities in neonates.

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Registration Code: ir.ssu.medicine.rec.1359.37). In this case-control study 200 children with congenital heart defect and 400 matched healthy infants were considered as case and control groups respectively. Cases were randomly selected from the medically diagnosed and registered CHDs newborns during 2015-2017 (1393-1395 Persian year) in Yazd, Afshar referral hospital. Controls were selected from healthy newborns of Yazd province referred to the Yazd city health centers for receiving their routine health care services. Controls were matched case by case with the cases in term of age. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data by the telephone interview. The questionnaire comprised of three sections including a) general items regarding demographic characteristics b) lifestyle of parents and c) occupational and environmental exposures of the parents. Information on paternal occupation of questionnaires and paternal occupational exposure was performed using job exposure matrix. For this purpose, a matrix of occupational exposure assessment of solvents was prepared in Excel software. Exposure ratings of each job were solved based on the opinions of 10 experienced and well-known occupational health professionals. After completing the job matrix, the mean score of solvent exposure was calculated and the mean scores were used as fathers' exposure to solvents. Outcomes definition was performed according to international Classification of Disease version 10 (ICD 10). All refereed children with maximum three years of age which were diagnosed with at least one of CHDs according to the ICD10 classification were entered into the study.  Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software, descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency and percentage. STATA14 software was used to evaluate job contact and logistic regression tests were used to estimate odds ratios and odds ratios. 95% confidence interval and 0.05 were considered significant.

Among the analyzed cases, ventricular septal defect with 31.5% (n = 63) and patent ducts arteriosus with 24% (n= 48), had the highest prevalence. Results showed that mothers of case group had lower level of education compared to control group (p-value <0.001). In this study, the sex ratio of girls to boys was 1/1.06. The BMI in mothers in the case group (26.61± 5.74) was significantly higher than the mothers BMI in the control group (25.06± 3.71). Eight percent increase in the risk of CHDs was found per one unit increase in the BMI in the crude model (95% CI: 1.04:1.13). Eight percent increase in the risk of CHDs was found per one unit increase in the BMI in the crude model (95% CI: 1.04:1.13). About 72% (n=144) of mothers in the case group and 83% (n=332) in the control group reported no history of a diagnosed medical problem during their pregnancy. Significant difference was observed between the frequency of heart problems in the newborns of mothers with and without health problems during pregnancy (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.23: 2.74). 26.5% (n=53) of the mothers in the case group and 21.25% (n=85) in the control group were a passive smoker. However, the risk increase due to passive smoking was not statistically significant (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 0.90: 1.98). Use of folic acid during pregnancy was associated with 41% lower risk of CHDs (95% CI: 0.30: 0.86). Use of Iron supplement during pregnancy was also associated with 40% lower risk of CHDs (95% CI: 0.36: 0.99). Familial history of other congenital anomalies and also CHDs was associated with increase in the odds of CHDs. The prevalent of Paternal occupational exposure to solvents was 66% and 55% in the case and control groups respectively in which relationship was statistically significant (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06-2.21). After a removing the effect of confounding factors the significant differences was not observed between paternal exposure to solvents and heart defects in child (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.84-1.6). Investigation of the relationship between patent ducts arteriosus and occupational exposure to solvents showed that fathers' occupational exposure to solvents was higher in the case group (72%) than in the control group (58%), whereas between arterial openness and occupational exposure to solvents. With and without confounding factors, no significant relationship was observed despite high index ratio (OR: 1.94 4- 95% CI: 0.97-94.09 and OR: 64% CI95: 0.76- 3.55 / 1: AOR))

The limitations of the this study were the small number of samples, the limitation of study to a specific timeframe, use of the job evaluation matrix alone and the lack of evaluation of solvent biomarkers in parental and fetal body tissues and fluids. Despite the limitations of the study, the findings of the study showed that one of the environmental factors affecting the fetal health was occupational exposure Father’s with solvents. therefore father's job may affect the child health.  the results of Studies have also shown that exposure to chemicals reduces the quality of semen and can affect epigenetic planning during sperm cell maturation. These changes may lead to abnormal gene transcription in fetal tissue that may later lead to congenital defects. In addition, occupational exposure to chemicals is generally much higher than exposure to such substances in the diet and the environment, which may further impact such exposure. An animal study has also shown that the cardiovascular system in Fetal growth stage is highly sensitive to many environmental contaminants such as dioxins, polycarbonate biphenyls and some pesticides. In this way, training parents about compliance with occupational safety standards can increase the health of next generation. Also, since this study was conducted as a job and solvents are highly diverse, it is recommended to study the effect of each solvent on the biomarkers and the effect of each solvent.

Wheat is one of the most crops and Wheat bread is the main component of Iranian nutrition patterns. A two field experiments (2013-2014) was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at two locations (Ilam and Bushehr) to study quantitative and qualitative traits of bread wheat cultivar Kohdasht. Treatments were two levels of Cycocel (CCC) (0, 2.5 g/L), application of Zinc sulfate (Zn) at the three rates (0, 25 and 50 kg/ha) and Nitroxin, as bio-fertilizer, (seed inoculated and non-inoculated). Results showed that CCC application in both locations had significant effect on yield and its components. CCC spraying in compared to control treatment increased spike number per meter square, grain number per spike and grain yield by about 14.6, 19.6 and 28.5 percentages, respectively. The highest grain protein content (13.8%), wet Gluten (36.1%), Gliadin (53.6%) and Glutenin (31.8%) were obtained from plants treated with CCC spraying, at 50 kg/ha of zinc sulfate and Nitroxin-inoculated seeds treatment. CCC spraying at the concentration level of 2.5 g/L, application of 50 kg of Zn and inoculation of seeds with Nitroxin resulted to the highest grain yield (1710 kg/ha) and the highest amounts of lysine, Threonine and Methionine were obtained by about 510, 545 and 772 milligram per 100 gram of protein sample, respectively. Overall, it can be concluded that CCC at the concentration level of 2.5 g/L, 50 kg/ha of Zn and seed inoculation with Nitroxin might be effective in improvement of grain yield in wheat under dry land farming.

The results of a large number of creditable researches suggest a significant uncertainty about the ability of current audit qualitative reports to convey the message desired by auditors, including reflection of the results of the assessment of the ability to continue the future activity of the entities under consideration, to the users of the financial statements. The purpose of the present study was quantifying independent auditors' report with a fuzzy approach and Comparison of Bankruptcy Predictability the Quantified Audit Report and Audit Report Type. For this purpose, After content analysis of paragraphs 1140 of the audit report between 2011 and 2016 years, using least squares and logit regression, the results showed that the score of the audit report of the previous year had a significant negative effect on the bankruptcy index, but the type of preceding year audit report and the paragraphs related to the going concern problem and the legal claim therein have no significant effect on the bankruptcy index in the current year. Therefore, it can be stated that the type of audit report of the preceding year and the paragraphs related to the going concern problem in order to predict bankruptcy in comparison with the audit report score is lacking in information content.

Bacteria are common inhabitants of the rhizosphere or as endophytes in internal plant tissues. The function of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in agriculture has been well documented, including enhancements in growth, yield and disease-resistance of crops (Young et al., 2013). The ability of a few soil microorganisms to convert insoluble forms of phosphorus to an accessible form is an important trait in plant growth-promoting bacteria for increasing plant yields. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants increases the P uptake by plants (Chen et al., 2006). Mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis is widely believed that it protects host plants from detrimental effects of drought. Possible mechanisms for improving drought resistance of the mycorrhizal plants could be due to an increased in root hydraulic, enhanced water uptake at low soil moisture levels as a result of extraradical hyphae, osmotic adjustment which promotes turgor maintenance even at low tissue water potential, proline and carbohydrate accumulation, and increased nutritional status in mycorrhizal plants. The intra-radical mycelium of these soil fungi proliferates in root cortex of the host plant. Extraradical AM hyphae spread in the soil around the root and provide a surface area by which the AM fungus absorbs nutritional elements “such as P, N, Zn, Cu and transports and transfers them to the host plant (Asrar & Elhindi, 2011). The objective of the present study was to Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on accumulation of shoots micro nutrient elements wheat in dryland conditions. Materiala and In order to study the effect phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Mycorrhiza fungi (GM) on accumulation of shoots nutrient elements wheat in dryland conditions, an experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University and Sarableh Agricultural and Research, Recources Center during 2013-2014 cropping season. Experiment factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Keras Sablan and Saji) and fertilizer sources treatment including of 1- without application of phosphorious chemical fertilizer, 2- 50 kg/ha phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 3- pseudomonas putida (PSB), 4- Glomus mosseae (GM), 5-PSB+GM, 6-PSB+GM+25 kg/ha phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 7- PSB+ 25 kg/ha phosphorous chemical fertilizer and 8- GM+25 kg/ha phosphorous chemical fertilizer. The data were analyzed statistically by SAS program and the data means were compared by LSD test. Results indicated that interaction effect between cultivar× fertilizer sources had significant effect on accumulation of nutrients elements in shoots in dryland wheat. In two dryland wheat cultivars under dryland conditions using of PSB and GM caused incearsing Zn, Mn, Feand Mg, at tillering stage, leaf, stem and spike in wheat, so that the highest Zn at tillering stage (13.9 mg.kg-1), leaf (11mg.kg-1), stem (15.6 mg.kg-1) and spike (24.09 mg.kg-1), Mn at tillering stage (238.5 mg.kg-1), leaf (56.1 mg.kg-1), stem (6.2 mg.kg-1) and spike (16.5 mg.kg-1), Fe at tillering stage (2.5 mg.kg-1), leaf (163.5 mg.kg-1), stem (35.7 mg.kg-1) and spike (90.2 mg.kg-1) and Mg at tillering stage (0.3% .) and leaf (0.26%) obtained from Saji cultivar×GM+25 kg/ha phosphorous chemical fertilizer. The lowest accumulation of nutrients elements in shoots belonged to Keras Sabalan×check treatment. Therefore, results indicated PSB abd GM had positive effect on mcro elements in wheat under dryland conditions. There was significant different between cultivars to response of using of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, so that Sji cultivars had the best response to mycorrhizal fungi. Therefore with regard to cultivation of wheat is facing to drought and heat stress, indicated that Saji cultivar and using of mycorrhizal fungi can be the best result under dry land conditions. In this study indicated PSB and GM had positive affect on accumulation of shoots micronutrient elements in wheat dryland conditions, so that root traits and grain yield had the better status in presence of inoculation with GM. In fact PSB and GM could alleviate the partial of grain yield in presence of dry land farming by increasing micronutrient elements.