محمد حسن آسایش

Fear of flying is one of the categories of phobias that can have a negative effect on people. This fear can be caused by many factors such as behavioral functions, brain and emotion regulation. Since air travel is safer than traveling with other vehicles, therefore, treating this disorder is very important.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of virtual reality program on behavioral functions, emotional regulation and brain functions by FNIRS in the treatment of aerophobia.

The current research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with an experimental group (virtual reality training) and a control group (13 people in each group) with a 1-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all people with fear of flying who were invited to cooperate in 1402 and 1403 in the city of Tehran through a call on Instagram and Telegram social networks. The fear of flying questionnaire (Bournas et al., 1999), emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003) and functional near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to collect data, as well as the 5-session protocol (One session per week and 60 minutes each session) virtual reality program was used for intervention. The data were analyzed with the methods of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and t-test. SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis.

The findings indicated that the virtual reality program improved behavioral functions
(p< 0.01), but it had no significant effect on emotional regulation and brain activity indicators
(p> 0.01).

In general, the virtual reality program is very important in improving the fear of flying and can improve the behavioral functions of a person, and as a result, people can use the plane without fear of flying, and this method can be used to treat the fear of flying.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder that is known as the most painful disorder among the psychological disorders associated with cosmetic and appearance surgeries. This is accompanied by intense and disturbing intellectual preoccupation with a partial or imaginary defect in appearance, which creates a feeling of insecurity and inadequacy in people.The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of paradox therapy on body image and negative emotions in women with BDD.

This study employed semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test, including a follow-up with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all women diagnosed with BDD who sought cosmetic surgery at beauty clinics in Tehran in the second half of 2023. Thirty participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Paradoxical therapy(PTC) was conducted over 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the intervention group, while the control group received no training. Data were collected using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Metacognitive Questionnaire (Rabiei et al., 2020), Body Image Satisfaction Scale (Sweto et al., 2002), and Negative Emotions Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance with repeated measures with SPSS22 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that paradox therapy compared to the control group affected satisfaction with body image (F=33.72, P=33.00>1), stress (F=21.683, P>0.001), anxiety (F=10.280, P>0.001) and depression (F=9.935, P>0.001). The scores of stress, anxiety and depression in the paradox therapy group decreased compared to the control group and in the follow-up stage it was still significantly different from the pre-test stage.

Considering the effectiveness of paradox therapy on increasing satisfaction with body image and reducing stress, anxiety and depression of women with body deformity disorder, mental health professionals can use paradox techniques to reduce psychological distress and increase satisfaction with body image in Women with body deformity disorders should use it.

Adolescence is one of the most challenging and at the same time the most attractive periods of life, considering the importance of this period of studying mental health and the experience of adolescents during the Corona period, it is necessary to pay more attention. A methodical study of adolescent’s experiences from the Corona period can provide a good description and analysis of this period and can be used for activists, planners and policy makers. The purpose of this research is to qualitatively investigate male students' lived experiences of Leisure and Cyberspace during the Corona era.

In order to investigate the experiences, actions and effects of Corona on the health and life of adolescents, a qualitative approach was used; Because the qualitative approach is used to discover and adapt real answers to real-world problems in a way that is not possible in a quantitative context, and qualitative research is a useful and sufficient way to obtain the nature of the information needed in relation to the problems of an experimental situation. Since the purpose of this study is to investigate and qualitatively explain the effects of quarantine from the point of view of the lived experience of adolescents; Therefore, the method of "phenomenology" is very suitable for entering into the lived world of people and examining their life experiences. The data collection tool was conducted through interviews, and for this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation of 13 male adolescent participants living in Tehran between February 2019 and May 2014. After the implementation of all the interviews, thematic or thematic analysis method, which is common in phenomenology, was used to analyze the data obtained from the interviews.

The Corona pandemic affected the world community for more than a year, and according to the attitude and behavior of the people of the society, the changes and transformations that occurred in different parts of people's lives were different. Corona created a different lifestyle and conditions compared to the period before it; The way people deal with this phenomenon is important and has resulted in different results for them. The obtained findings were analyzed using the theme analysis method and led to the identification of two main themes, five sub-themes and twenty primary concepts. The two main themes are a) challenges and injuries, which include: 1. psychological challenges, 2. cyber space injuries, and 3. leisure time injuries, and b) adaptive reactions and coping, which include: 1. adaptive reactions and coping with leisure time, and 2. Adaptive reactions and confrontations of virtual space were obtained from the analysis of interviews. The theme of challenges and injuries was the most frequent in students' interviews compared to the theme of adaptive reactions and confrontations; According to the skills that the students had, their exposure and reaction in the field of Corona was different, but in general, the damages and challenges encountered were more than adaptation. On the other hand, with the passage of time and the provision of some trainings and the support of knowledgeable parents, their adaptability increased and they got rid of challenges and injuries. To solve such issues, especially in the field of education, it is necessary to provide appropriate strategies from social institutions, family and school.

The closure of schools and many places where students used to spend their free time has provided them with many opportunities and the communication and interaction of students with other family members, especially parents, has increased. The frequency of improvement of relations with parents is more reported than the conflict of relations with parents, and in other words, the quality of the relationship depends on the environmental conditions, the way of interaction, and the parenting style. The use of Cyberspace has grown significantly; On the one hand, the use of this technology has led to an increase in the awareness of public information and the acquisition of computer skills, and on the other hand, it has been associated with risks such as the lack of proper learning of courses, addiction to virtual space, and wasting time in this space. Increasing the opportunity to study, useful innovative programs and individual sports are among the positive behaviors that fill part of students' leisure time, and on the other hand, banning access to sports and recreational facilities, mismanagement in planning and doing daily tasks, and banning access to some places. It was reported by the interviewees to spend their leisure. The development of parents' skills in dealing with the educational status of their children and recognizing their educational and educational role, raising awareness about the advantages and disadvantages of cyberspace and improving the skills of interaction, conversation and family entertainment are among the suggestions that can be recommended to parents. Education and Training, as an official governing body, in cooperation with other governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations, can play an effective role in this field in terms of removing obstacles and creating suitable opportunities in the education of students. Holding student camps and developing the quantity and quality of these camps, holding training and skill workshops in the field of soft skills, media literacy for students, holding training workshops on media parenting and parenting skills for parents, and holding training and skill workshops on teaching techniques in the virtual environment and Active and purposeful exposure to students is one of the suggestions of the research.   Key words:  Adolescents, Leisure, Cyberspace, Corona, Covid 19.

The problems of the veterans are not limited to themselves, but they also enter into the family life and affect their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the life status of children of psycho veterans. The results showed that problems caused by father's disabilities affect seven categories including attitude, psychological health, interpersonal relationships, physical health, financial conditions, academic achievement and academic performance. Children of veterans of psychiatry are continually exposed to psychological trauma from the first stages of their development, and the role of father is one of the sources of aggravation or weakening of mental and behavioral disorders in them. Proposed strategies to prevent or weaken these injuries include monitoring and identifying vulnerable people from childhood and adolescence and their ongoing follow-up to provide psychological services and problem solving in the field of interpersonal relationships، academic performance، etc. This qualitative study was conducted by phenomenological method with purposive sampling through semi-structured interview. The statistical population of the present study was children of psychiatric veterans living in Tehran. The interview process continued until data saturation and finally reached saturation with 10 samples. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method.

Emotional divorce and its effects on the family is a topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers. In this research, using a qualitative method of phenomenology, men's points of view on this phenomenon have been investigated. The statistical population included all men who were referred to the Alfa Clinic in Zanjan and Rushd in Tehran in 1400. From this statistical population, 18 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and were studied using semi-structured and exploratory interviews. It should be noted that sampling continued until data saturation. To analyze the data, the data were recorded and coded and then analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The consequences of emotional divorce from a man's point of view included four themes parent-child communication consequences, relative communication consequences, impact on children's performance, and job consequences. In this sense, this phenomenon can affect the relationships of family members and their performance in different dimensions. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the results of this research to better understand emotional divorce and design interventions to solve it.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas of mothers and mother-daughter conflicts through self-esteem and emotion-regulation. The study's statistical population comprised all female high school students enrolled in a theoretical field in Tehran City, Iran in 2020 with their mothers. 315 students and their mothers were chosen as the sample size, and the sampling method was accessible. The students were asked to complete Conflict Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) and their mothers were asked to complete Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and Difficulties in Emotion- Regulation Scale (DERS). Path Analysis in Lisrel was used to analyze the data. The study's findings revealed strong connections between emotional deprivation, defectiveness/shame, and negativity/pessimism EMSs of mothers and mother-daughter conflicts. The indirect relationships of dependent/incompetence, insufficient self-control/self-discipline, and negativity/pessimism EMSs of mothers and mother-daughter conflicts through emotion-regulation was also significant. Furthermore, there were significant direct relationships between defectiveness/shame and dependence/incompetence EMSs and self-esteem, but there was no significant relationships between self-esteem and parent-adolescent conflict. This research revealed that mothers' early maladaptive schemas play a significant role in creating conflict between them and their teenagers. Also, it seems that low self-esteem in mothers can only cause a decrease in their relationship with their teenagers and cannot play a significant role in creating conflict between parents and teenage girls, these findings can helps in better explaining parent-adolescents conflicts and developing intervention protocols in family therapy.

This study aimed to identify the facilitating and inhibiting factors of students' tendency towards ethics. A qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological method was employed. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 98 Iranian faculty members, university administrators, experts, staff, and students who were selected through criterion sampling. The findings suggest that there are eight facilitating factors such as “structural, functional, social, cultural, personal, religious, study-research-driven, and educational" factors, and there are also nine hindering factors (obstacles) such as “structural, social, performance-related, political, personal, functional, conceptual, informative-cognitive, and cultural” factors. Drawing upon the understanding of a wide range of academic activists, this study identifies new and more complete dimensions and components of the factors concerning the tendency or non-tendency of students towards ethics in the university environment. It is recommended to use these results to develop academic ethics in higher education more efficiently.

The primary objective of this study was to ascertain the experiences of Iranian therapists who dealt with challenging customers and to examine the approaches they utilized. The present research employed a qualitative form of phenomenology as its research methodology. In 2021 and 2022, the community of this study comprised active therapists in Tehran. With the purposeful continuation of sampling until the saturation limit was reached, seventeen therapists were ultimately chosen. The participants were subsequently asked to complete semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed utilizing Colaizzi’s method of descriptive data analysis. Through the examination of the data, 60 primary concepts, 9 sub-themes, and 2 main themes were identified. The overarching theme comprises two components: firstly, efficacious approaches during the therapeutic session (encompassing general therapeutic communication strategies, general individual strategies, specialized strategies pertaining to clients experiencing marital difficulties, specialized strategies pertaining to clients confronting family issues, and specialized strategies pertaining to clients diagnosed with personality disorder); and secondly, successful strategies implemented outside of the session (including general social strategies, support systems. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that clinicians’ approach to challenging clients influences the caliber of care they provide. Therefore, training and a competent supervisor are required in this field.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of paradoxical couple therapy (PTC) on marital conflicts and emotion regulation in incompatible couples. The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the current study included couples with marital conflicts who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran in the fall and winter of 1400, and who gave their informed consent to participate in this study. The final sample number in the present study was 18 couples with marital conflicts, which were selected by non-random sampling (available and purposeful) and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (9 couples in the experimental group and 9 couples in the control group). The instruments used included the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Barati and Sanai, 2015) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross and Jan 2003). After collecting the questionnaires and extracting the raw data, the analysis of the data from this research was done by SPSS-23 software and using univariate covariance analysis. The results showed that paradoxical couple therapy has a significant and favorable effect on marital conflicts and emotional regulation in couples with marital conflicts (p<0.001) and reduces marital conflicts and improves emotional regulation in couples with marital conflicts. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychotherapists can use this method of treatment to treat couples who have conflicts.

research considers hollow marriages in which men and women live coldly together and try to continue it despite the damage caused to the family members. With this introduction, the current research seeks to understand how men face this phenomenon and their strategies to solve it.

The current research is qualitative. Eighteen men experiencing emotional divorce were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured and exploratory interviews. Sampling continued until data saturation. Data was first recorded and coded and then analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

Four main coping strategy themes were obtained. 1- Adaptive coping with themes of self-corrective action directed at oneself and spouse 2- Incompatible coping with themes of non-compromising decision-making and hiding action 3- Avoidant coping with themes of avoidant action, self-forgetfulness and focusing on children and being immersed in work and 4- Intervention coping with the themes of raising problems with others and going to a therapist.

The results show that men used coping strategies in different dimensions. The results of this research can help couples increase constructive strategies to get out of this situation and ultimately prevent divorce.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of attachment to God and emotional intelligence in predicting self-compassion for women teachers working in primary schools in Mashhad. The design of the present study was a descriptive correlation. The statistical population in this study was female primary school teachers in district one of education in Mashhad from 1399-1400, from which 100 people were selected as a sample by the available sampling method. To collect data from the Self-Compassion Questionnaire (SCS) (Nef et al., 2003), Emotional Intelligence (EQ-i) (Baran, 1997), and Attachment to God in Islam (M-SAS) (Ghobari-Bonab). And Haddadi Koohsar, 2011) were used. The results were analyzed using Spss software version 24 using Pearson correlation and simultaneous multiple regression. The results showed that the variables of emotional intelligence and attachment to God have a significant positive relationship with self-compassion (p <0.01). This means that by increasing the scores on the variables of emotional intelligence and attachment to God, the scores on compassion also increase. Multiple regression analysis also showed that the variables of emotional intelligence and attachment to God in total explain 36% of the variance of the variable of self-compassion among female primary school teachers in district one of education and upbringing in Mashhad; Therefore, it can be said that emotional intelligence and attachment to God play an important role in promoting self-compassion in teachers.

Marital sexual violence is considered as one of the unknown examples of violence against women, which is referred to by various interpretations such as marital rape, domestic sexual violence, sexual violence against the wife, and sexual violence in cohabitation. To investigate this type of violence from the perspective of female victims, in this study, the qualitative research approach and descriptive phenomenological method were used and according to the nature of the research, sampling was done purposefully And continued to the point of theoretical saturation. The study sample consisted of 11 women in Tehran in 1399-1400 who experienced marital sexual violence. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed by the Colaizzi method. Findings of the study include 1 main theme, Concepts and examples of marital sexual violence 11 sub-themes including dissatisfaction with sexual intercourse, sexual self-centeredness, disregard for the sexual needs of the spouse, sexual illiteracy, sexual humiliation, sexual relationship with violence, imposition of a particular type of sex, high-risk sex, inconsistency in the relationship Sexual, sexual abnormalities and sexual abuse and 30 constructs were conceptualized. The results indicate that the dimensions of marital sexual violence are wide and therefore need to be more aware and pay more attention to this type of violence against women by relevant agencies and organizations.

The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth in women recovering from Covid-19 disease. The research method in this study was a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. For this purpose, fourteen women recovering from Covid disease over 18 years of age were selected through purposive sampling. A semi-structured interview was conducted. It should be noted that sampling was continued until data saturation. In order to analyze the findings, the data were first recorded and then analyzed using the 7-step Colaizzi method. The results of the initial coding were associated with the formation of semantic units that were categorized according to the commonalities and logical course in 18 sub-themes. Finally, the analysis of participants' experiences led to the formation of 7 main themes: -1Appreciate life-2 Change in the philosophy of life -3increase individual empowerment 4- Improved interpersonal relationships, 5- spiritual growth, 6- new goals and priorities, and 7- adaptive coping strategies. The obtained results emphasize the need to study and address the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth by counselors and psychologists, to promote and facilitate this phenomenon in people recovering from Covid-19 disease and also to organize counseling, care and psychological sessions to improve mental health and facilitate the phenomenon of post-growth.

The purpose of this study was to identify the behavioral experiences and psychological coping of women who were victims of an extramarital affair. The method of the study was applied and qualitative phenomenological. The population of this study included women who were victims of marital infidelity in Tehran in 2016. The sampling was purposefully continued until saturation and finally 18 female victims were selected and participants were interviewed in depth. Colaizzi content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The data analysis resulted in the identification of 2 main themes, 8 subthemes, and 38 basic concepts. The main themes of coping and adaptive behavioral responses include 1) relying on hobbies and favorite activities, 2) adapting to spouse, 3) seeking treatment and counseling, 4) companionship, 5) trying to change existing conditions, and 6) worship and praying. The main themes of maladaptive behaviors and responses include: 1) confrontations and maladaptive behavioral responses that focus on self and 2) confrontations and maladaptive behavioral responses that focus on spouse. Overall, the results of this study showed that the experiences of women who were victims of marital infidelity have behavioral consequences and hard and sometimes growth-oriented coping.

Health care workers are at the forefront of the fight against Covid-19 disease. The purpose of this study was to identify the cognitive reactions of physicians who have recovered from Covid-19 disease.

In the present study, the phenomenological method was used. The population of this study included physicians recovering from Covid-19 disease in Yazd city. 13 people were selected by purposive sampling and interviewed unstructured and in-depth. In orde to analyze the data, Colaizzi method was used.

Data analysis led to the production of 2 main themes, 12 sub-themes and 40 basic concepts. The first theme was "Adaptive Cognitive Reactions." Adaptive cognitive reactions included a set of reactions that included sub-themes: 1- sublime thought, 2- self-compassion, 3- Transcending the self, 4- cognitive ability, and 5- triumphant self-belief. The second major theme was "Mmaladaptive Cognitive Reactions." Mmaladaptive cognitive reactions included a set of reactions that were sub-themes: 1- Cognitive distortions, 2- Rumination, 3- Doubt, 4- Distrust, 5- Blame, 6- Mental dissatisfaction 7- Mental confusion.

Overall, the results of this study showed that the experience of patients with Covid-19 has a wide range of adaptive cognitive reactions and maladaptive cognitive reactions, and these reactions are sometimes similar and in some reactions different. This research is an approach to continue the study of psychological reactions and the development of intervention protocols in this field.

Doctors and nurses are at the forefront of the fight against Covid-19 disease. The aim of this study was to identify behavioral reactions and coping physicians' improvements in Covid-19 disease.

In the present study, the phenomenological method was used. The population of this study included all physicians who recovered from Covid-19 disease in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd between March 2020 and June 2020.Sampling was purposefully selected and studied through in-depth semi-structured interviews and sampling continued until theoretical saturation. Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data.

Data analysis led to the identification of 2 main themes, 8 sub-themes and 30 basic concepts. The first theme was "Effective Behavioral Reactions." Effective behavioral reactions included a set of reactions that included sub-themes: 1- self-management, 2- supportive behaviors, 3- relationship management, 4- effective emotion-based coping, and 5- problem-based coping. The second major theme was "dysfunctional behavioral reactions." Dysfunctional behavioral reactions included a set of reactions that included sub-themes: 1- avoidance behaviors, 2- pathological behaviors, and 3- rebellion and laziness.

Overall, the results of this study showed that the experience of physicians with Covid-19 has severe and adverse consequences and sometimes growth, which were classified into two main axes of efficient behavioral reactions and dysfunctional behavioral reactions. This article is an approach to continue the study of psychological reactions and the development of psychological intervention protocols.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group-based positive cognitive-behavioral interaction program on improving mental health and job satisfaction of teachers in Bukan. The research method was experimental in the form of a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with control group. The statistical population included all male elementary school teachers in Buchan city in the academic year of 1997-98, from which 30 people were selected by cluster random sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included Mental Health Questionnaire (2002) and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) that were administered to the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention. The group interaction program was based on a positive cognitive-behavioral approach and was administered to the experimental group during 8 group sessions and 90 minutes duration but no intervention was performed on the control group. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of job satisfaction components (job type, promotion opportunities, organizational climate and leadership style) and all components of mental health during pre-test and post-test stages in the experimental group; While this difference was not significant in the control group.

Given the importance and impact of individual’s behavior in his lifestyle and his quality of interpersonal interactions, and considering some patients’ complaints about dangers of some of their or their family members’ behaviors, it is essential to use techniques to change behavior of clients by psychotherapists and family therapists. In the current paper, the “systemic behavior modifying”, a new technique in psychotherapy, has been introduced. After explaining the theoretical fundamentals of the “systemic behavior modifying technique”, the way of practical application and its steps in the counseling and psychotherapy process has been explained; then, 3 clinical case reports of the application of this technique has been described. This study was a single case study and its design was A-B. visual analysis of graphed data and qualitative analysis of the interview with the samples showed a significant effect of this technique on the dysfunctional behaviors of the subjects. The family therapists can use this technique in their individual psychotherapy or family therapy so as to change the ineffective behaviors of the clients to shape effective behaviors.

Love trauma syndrome is a set of symptoms that occur in people after the end of an emotional relationship and negatively affects a person's performance in various areas. The aim of this study was to describe and explain the emotional reactions of girls with love trauma syndrome. The research method was qualitative and of qualitative and phenomenological type. The study population consisted of all the dormitory students of the University of Tehran who experienced love trauma in 2018. Using the purposive sampling method, the girls living in one of the dormitories of the University of Tehran were selected. Sampling was continued until data saturation was fulfilled, and finally 14 people were selected and studied using a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. The analysis of the interviews produced two main themes, 15 sub-themes and 49 basic concepts. The first main theme was “adaptive emotional reactions”, which included the sub-themes “feeling valued, feeling satisfied and regulating emotions”. The second major theme was “maladaptive emotional reactions”, which included the sub-themes “feelings of failure, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of emotional confusion, feelings of fear, feelings of inadequacy and grief, feelings of vulnerability, depression, feelings of anger, feelings of jealousy, feelings of boredom, unwillingness, frustration and hatred”. The results revealed that love trauma experience has severe and unfortunate, and at times, growth-related consequences which are different and sometimes similar in different people. Due to their local nature and the use of a qualitative approach, the research results can be generalized in our society. They can also provide a basis for the development of intervention guidelines and counseling packages appropriate to this problem.

Health care workers are at the forefront of the fight against Covid-19 disease. The purpose of this study was to identify the emotional reactions of physicians who have recovered from Covid-19 disease. In the present study, was used the phenomenological method. The population of this study included physicians recovering from coronavirus disease in Yazd city. Sampling was purposefully selected and interviewed unstructured and in-depth. Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data. Data analysis led to the production of 2 main themes, 6 sub-themes, 10 sub-themes and 50 basic concepts. The first theme was "Positive Emotional Reactions." Positive emotional reactions included a series of reactions that included sub-topics: 1. Hope and motivation, 2. happiness from having a medical job, 3. Emotion adjustment. The second main theme was "Negative Emotional Reactions." Negative emotional reactions included a series of reactions that included: 1- Depression, 2- Anxiety 3- Anger. Overall, the results of this study showed that the experience of patients with Covid-19 has severe and adverse consequences, and sometimes growth, which was categorized into two main axes. This article is an approach to further study of psychological reactions.

In early 2020, people around the world, beyond color, race, social class, nationality, or geography, have been plagued by a common problem called coronavirus and COVID-19. There is an increasing amount of anxiety, worry and stress around the world, and we are witnessing the death of dozens of people every hour. In the days when society is facing more than ever an unbalanced amount of misinformation about the disease and the state of the world, and the anxiety and stress of getting sick is more annoying than getting sick, the social and moral responsibility of psychologists and counselors demands that take this step. The main purpose of this paper was to identify the Stress & Anxiety around Coronavirus and COVID-19 disease and provide practical ways to manage the Stress & Anxiety. The present study method was a review article and included various articles and studies on stress, anxiety and COVID-19. Based on theoretical and research principles, finally, there were 24 tecnique to reduce stress and anxiety, including 12 cognitive-behavioral techniques (such as emotional regulation techniques, mindfulness, self-improvement, cognitive reconstruction, positive thinking, positive visualization, thought stopping and distraction) and 12 non-cognitive techniques (such as relaxation, exercising, music therapy, and massage therapy) have been introduced so that psychologists and counselors can use these techniques in the current context of increasing the stress an anxiety caused by the coronavirus. At the end, the research evidence has examined.

Love truma syndrome is a set of symptoms that occures after the end of romantic relationship and has negative effects on individual performance in different functions. The aim of present study was to explanation of cognitive reactions in girls with love trauma syndrome living in dormitory. The research method was a qualitative method with phenomenological approach. The population consisted of girls with love truma syndrome during 2018 living in a dormitory in University of Tehran. They were selected by invitation through a purposive sampling. Sampling continued until data saturation and finally 14 girls were selected. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi method. The data analysis resulted in 2 main themes, 9 subthemes and 38 initial concepts. As the fisrt theme, “adaptative cognitive reactions” consisted (1-positive defensive thoughts, 2- adaptative decision-making, 3- flourish). The second main theme was “maladaptive cognitive reactions” consisted (1- disorientation, 2- maladapative decision-making, 3- bargaining, 4-  changed beliefs, 5- cognitive distortions, 6- rumination). Rusults Showed different reactions in participants. Environmental and psychological supports, personal insight and personality type were effective on reactions. People with more self-awareness and independence got less impression from this experience.

The purpose of this study was to explain the behavioral reactions and comparisons girl students with love-truma symptoms. In order to understand the life experiences of girls with the experiences of love truma syndromes, a phenomenological study approach was adopted. The present study community was comprised of all girles college students at the University of Tehran who experienced a love failure in the past year. In order to sample the girls living in a student's dormitory at Tehran University during a recall, they were selected through purposive sampling. Finally, 14 people were selected and semi-structured interviews were used for collecting information. Data analysis was done through the colaizzi methodology. Data analysis resulted in the production of 2 main themes, 17 sub-themes and 41 initial concepts. The main theme of the first was"behavioral reactions and adaptive comparisons". that sub-themes 1-move to others 2-compliance with conditions, 3-request professional help, 4- precaution in behavior, 5-self-management, 6-employment and activity, -self-management, 6-employment and activity, 7-Includes a skillfulness and 8-adaptive spiritual reactions. The second main theme was"behavioral reactions and maladaptive comarison" that included sub-themes 1-comparison, 2-blaming, 3-not referring to a specialist, 4-role play, 5-memorizing memories, 6-rejection, 7-self-injury and 8- It was a waking job, 9-was spiritual scum. The results showed a variety of responses in the participants, and the type of environmental and psychological support, individual insight and personality type were effective in the quality of the reactions of the participants. Other results are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to identify and explain the communication reactions of female victims of infidelity. The present study employed a phenomenoogical qualitative methodology. The study population consisted of female victims of infidelity in Shemiranat in the year 2016. Data collection continued through interviews until theoretical saturation was obtained. For this 18 women who were victims of infidelity were selected through purposive sampling and were investigated using semi-structured interviews, and the elicited data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The data analysis in regards to the communication reactions of women victimized by infidelity resulted in two main themes, 10 subthemes, and 29 initial concepts. The main theme and associated sub-themes were: A). ‘The dissociation of communications’ consisting of the following subthemes: 1. the dissociation of mother-child relationship, 2. the dissociation of father-child relationship, 3. the dissociation of marital relationship, 4. The dissociation of family relationships, 5. the dissociation of interpersonal relationships, 6. the dissociation of relationship with God; and B). "Communications continuity", consisting of the following sub-themes: 1. the continuity of spousal relationship, 2. improving the mother-child relationship, 3. getting social support, 4. improving the relationship with God. This study showed that infidelity has similar and sometimes different communicational effects that are experienced by female victims of infidelity. the effects of infidelity can be either maladaptive or adaptive. The results were interpreted based on the social construction and attachment theories.