محمد رزاقی

This research aims to investigate the causal relationships of cyber citizen policies and programs of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences students.
This research is applied in both purpose and nature, and it employs a descriptive correlation approach based on structural equation modeling for data collection. The statistical population for this research comprised all 435 medical students enrolled at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during the 2019-2020 academic year. From this population, a sample of 205 students was selected using the sampling method outlined in the Krejcie and Morgan table. They were selected at random. To measure the research variables, we utilized the questionnaires on cyber citizen policies and programs from UNESCO University (2016), cyber citizenship skills from UNESCO (2016), and cyberspace threats from Isa and Isayas (2016). The validity of the questionnaires was established through face validity and construct validity methods, specifically confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability coefficients were estimated using Cronbach's alpha, yielding values of 0.87, 0.90, and 0.77, respectively, which were confirmed. Data analysis was conducted at both descriptive and inferential levels using structural equation modeling, implemented through SPSS version 21 and LISREL version 8.8 software.
The results indicated that cyber citizenship policies and programs have a positive and significant impact on students' cyber citizenship skills. Conversely, students' cyber citizenship skills have a negative and significant effect on their vulnerability to threats in cyberspace. Additionally, the impact of cyber citizenship policies and programs on students' vulnerability to threats in cyberspace is both negative and significant. This suggests that students' vulnerability to adverse cyberspace threats mediates the relationship between university cyber citizenship policies and programs and students' cyber citizenship skills.
According to the results, it can be seen that the policy-making and planning of universities in the field of cyber citizenship can effectively increase students' cyber citizenship skills and reduce their susceptibility to cyberspace. At the same time, increasing students' cyber citizenship skills can also reduce their level of vulnerability to cyberspace risks and threats. Therefore, reducing students' susceptibility to cyberspace threats can not only be directly influenced by university policies and plans in the field of cyberspace but also through the development of students' cyber citizenship skills. It is influenced by the educational measures of the university and even the government at the national level.

As one of the new and developing science nanotechnology is utilizing the properties of materials at the molecular and atomic levels to produce and improve new products, materials, and systems. Consequently, nanotechnology is a new approach in all fields. Nanotechnology has many applications in food, medicine, medical diagnosis, electronics, computer, communication, transportation, energy, environment, materials, aerospace, etc. All products are the result of a design process, and although the nature of this process is not the same, innovation in solving problems is of great importance in all of them. Industrial designers seek to create concepts and products or change and develop them in different aspects of life and due to the emergence of new needs, designers are always focused on innovation in the industry. In this article, an attempt has been made to provide a broader view of the concept of innovation in industrial design based on nanotechnology and since nanotechnology is such a vast subject, it has been collected to provide industrial designers with the information they require. Information about basic and emerging nanomaterials, classification of nanomaterials, and creating a connection between these two sciences through material-oriented design, as well as examples of products in the world of industrial design where nanotechnology is used.

Along with the trend of population growth and the expansion of cities, we observe an increase in the environmental problem of pollution of biological resources, including air, which is mainly caused by fossil fuels in vehicles with low efficiency, on a daily basis. A large part of the air pollution in large cities like Tehran is a result of the extensive personal vehicles usage by the citizens, which leads to the formation of subsequent problems such as urban traffic and parking room problems. In addition, air pollution causes the closure of educational centers and even public offices every year, which brings significant problems for the country. Based on these factors, it is argued that the design and establishment of urban infrastructure is essential for alternative transportation methods (such as two-wheeled  individual transportation, as in: electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric motorcycles, segways, etc.), in addition to fast mobility and quick and easy access, will causes a reduction in traffic and fossil fuel consumption, and consequently, result in air pollution reduction, which is the basis for solving some of the environmental problems of a metropolitan city such as Tehran. Obviously, adopting this alternative approach requires the necessary infrastructure, including a charging station. In this research-design project, research is focused on designing an "urban charging station for individual two-wheeled vehicles".

During the COVID-19 pandemic public health measures and protocols such as regular hand washing and wearing a face mask were recommended at the national level. The implementation of these health protocols reduced the prevalence of respiratory diseases, but no study has been conducted to investigate the impact of the implementation of these protocols on the spread of viruses that are transmitted through fecal-oral route. Considering that non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) are mainly transmitted through fecal-oral route, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of non-polio enteroviruses in patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Iran before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

To detect non-polio enteroviruses stool samples of AFP cases received by Iran National Polio Laboratory in 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2021 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) were tested. To isolate NPEVs by cell culture, the WHO standard protocol was used, and the TaqMan One-Step Real Time PCR was used for molecular testing.

In 2019, a sample of 21 out of 1070 patients and a sample of 12 out of 100 patients were found to be positive for non-polio enterovirus by cell culture and the molecular method, respectively; these ratios decreased to10 out of 678 and 3 out of 100 in 2021.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the observance of personal hygiene and public health protocols during the COVID-19 epidemic  have, in addition to the general reduction of respiratory transmission of viruses, also affected the faecal-oral transmission of viruses.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of teacher knowledge and attitudes related to the job of a teacher on professional qualifications and job self-efficacy among students and teachers of Farhangian University. This research has been done in terms of applied purpose and descriptive-correlation method based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all 2437 student-teachers of Tabriz Farhangian University in the academic year of 2019-2020 who were studying in the campuses of Farhangian University in this city. The sample size was determined using Morgan table 335 people and using stratified random sampling method, questionnaires were distributed among student-teachers.In order to collect research data from teacher self-efficacy questionnaires of Shannon-Moran and Hui , Mullah-Nejad professional qualifications, Sahin educational and content knowledge and attitude Applied to the teaching profession of Astner et al. . Data analysis was performed at two levels of descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential using SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that teacher knowledge in professional competence (β= 0.29) and job self-efficacy (β= 0.24), teacher's job attitude in professional competence (β= 0.37) and job self-efficacy (β = 0.51) Student-teacher has a positive and significant effect.

To be successful in any organization, it is obvious to pay attention to job performance. Various factors affect the job performance of teachers. This study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of social capital in relation to knowledge management, teamwork and job performance in teachers in the city of Galehdar.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on a descriptive correlational research method based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all teachers in schools in the city of Geledar with 560 students in the academic year 2020-2021, which was selected by random sampling method of relative classes, 234 of them were selected using Morgan table. The measuring instruments of the present study were four standard questionnaires of “knowledge management” Sharon Lawson (2003), “teamwork” Lanchioni (2004), “job performance” Patterson (2008) and “social capital” Nahapit and Gushal (1998), respectively, whose Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.94, 0.82, 0.80 and 0.92 was obtained and their content validity was confirmed by experts. Data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels (structural equation model) which was performed through SPSS 24 and Lisrel 8.8 software.

The results showed that between Variables knowledge management and job performance (β=0.46), teamwork and job performance (β=0.91), knowledge management and social capital (β = 0.47), teamwork and Social capital (β=0.36), there is a direct and significant relationship between job performance and social capital (β= 0.71). Social capital has an indirect effect on the relationship between knowledge management and job performance (β=0.33) and teamwork with job performance (β= 0.25). Therefore, the mediating effect of social capital in this study is confirmed

According to the findings, social capital had a positive relationship with knowledge management and teamwork on teachers' job performance. Therefore, by paying attention to social capital, knowledge management and teamwork, it is possible to provide grounds for improvement in teachers' job performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of job self-efficacy and learning motivation on informal learning of employees by considering the mediating role of formal learning.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on a descriptive correlational research method based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all all employees of the Khorasan Razavi Regional Water Company with 400 people. Morgan table was used to determine the sample size and 196 people were selected as the sample who were selected using the relative class method. 205 questionnaires were distributed in the statistical population to ensure the return of the questionnaires. In order to collect research data, four standard questionnaires of job self-efficacy, learning motivation, informal learning and formal learning were used. respectively, whose Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.76, 0.76, 0.65 and 0.86 was obtained and their content validity was confirmed by experts. Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling using SPSS and LISREL software.

The results showed that there is no direct and significant relationship between job self-efficacy and informal learning variables and also between learning motivation and informal learning variables. There is a positive and significant relationship between formal learning and informal learning and also between each of the variables of job self-efficacy and learning motivation directly with formal learning. The variables of job self-efficacy and learning motivation had an indirect and significant relationship with informal learning due to the mediating role of formal learning.

Therefore, based on the research findings, the mediating role of formal learning and the direct relationship between formal learning variable and informal learning variable were also confirmed. However, the direct path of job self-efficacy and learning motivation with non-formal learning was not confirmed, but the relationship between this path and formal learning mediation was confirmed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of students' attitudes, system quality, and knowledge management in the behavior of using e-learning through the mediation of e-learning acceptance among students of the Farhangian University of Fars Province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and nature and a descriptive correlation based on structural equation modeling in terms of data collection province in 2021-2022 with a number of 4450 people. According to Krejcie & Morgan's table, 351 people were selected as a sample through the proportional stratified random sampling method. To measure the research variables, the standard questionnaire ofstudents' attitudes towards e-learning, Akbar (2013), researcher-made system quality questionnaire, Sharon Lawson's standard knowledge management questionnaire (2003), researcher-made e-learning acceptance questionnaire, and the standard questionnaire of the actual use of the e-learning system (Akbar, 2013) were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by content and structure validity methods (confirmatory factor analysis) and respectively, the reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.89, 0.79, 0.94, 0.82, and 0.86 was estimated and confirmed. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential (structural equations) using SPSS 24 and Lisrel 8.8 software. The results indicate that among the variables of Students' Attitudes with acceptance of e-learning (β=0.52), System quality with acceptance of e-learning (β=0.89), knowledge management with acceptance of e-learning (β=0.67) and acceptance of e-learning with real use of the system (β=0.17) There is a positive and significant causal relationship. Students' Attitudes, System quality, and knowledge management mediate e-learning acceptance and indirectly affect the actual use of the e-learning system. Therefore, the mediating effect of e-learning acceptance in this study was confirmed. According to the findings of this study, it can be seen that an increase in students 'attitudes, system quality, knowledge management, and acceptance of e-learning scores will be associated with an increase in students' e-learning usage behavior. According to the research findings, policymakers and university administrators are suggested to prepare the ground for real use and acceptance of e-learning in the learning process of Farhangian University by holding workshops and training courses while paying attention to the variables of the present research.

The concept of affordance is referred to what the interactions between the built environment and individuals are made possible. Human senses and their past experiences are considered as tools or media for the facilitation of these interactions to happen. About 80% of human perception is dependent to humans’ visual capabilities and the color is a determinant factor in the recognition of environments and products and their immediate affordances; whether the product is digital or physical. Most color blindness, known as color deficiency, is genetic in which one cannot distinguish between certain types of colors. As a result, they face severe challenges interacting with products and environments. Despite the importance, particularly for colorblind people, a review of the related literature revealed that far less investigations have been carried out by industrial designers to date. Therefore, it is argued that the domain is worth investigating. In this research, our joint effort has been leading to proposing an instruction for the industrial designers, who design physical and digital products for the people with color blindness.

Considering the importance of using e- learning in the medical education system, this study aims to investigate the role of students' characteristics, content quality and knowledge management in using  e- learning system through the mediation of e-learning acceptance among students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

In terms of purpose and nature, this research is applied and in terms of data collection, it is a descriptive correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of 4064 students of all undergraduate students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 351 people were selected as a sample through Morgan table by  proportional stratified random sampling method. Data collection tools in the variables of student characteristics, content quality, actual use of the system and learning acceptance was a 21-item researcher-made questionnaire and in the knowledge management variable was a standard 24-item questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by logical (formal and content) and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and the reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (structural equations) using SPSS  and Lisrel software.

The results indicate that among the variables of students' characteristics with acceptance of e-learning (β= 0.65), content quality with acceptance of e-learning (β= 0.42), knowledge management with acceptance of e- learning (Β =0.51) and acceptance of e- learning with real use of the system (β= 0.13) There is a positive and significant causal relationship. Student characteristics, content quality and knowledge management mediate e- learning acceptance indirectly affect the actual use of the e- learning system. Therefore, the mediating effect of e- learning acceptance in this study was confirmed.

Based on findings of this study, it can be seen that an increase in the scores of student characteristics, content quality, knowledge management and acceptance of e- learning will be associated with an increase of using e- learning among the students. According to the research findings, it is suggested to policy makers and university administrators by holding workshops and training courses, considering the variables of the present research, to prepare the ground for real use and acceptance of e- learning in the learning process of the University of Medical Sciences.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of accepting e-learning in students. This research is applied in terms of purpose and nature and in terms of data collection is a descriptive correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the number of 4064 people who were selected as a sample through Krejcie and Morgan table, 351 people through proportional stratified random sampling method. To measure the research variables, questionnaires of students' characteristics, students' attitudes toward e-learning, system quality, content quality, teachers' characteristics, knowledge management, e-learning acceptance, behavioral intention and actual use of e-learning system were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by logical (formal and content) and structural (confirmatory factor analysis) validity methods and the reliability by Cronbach's alpha were estimated. The data analysis method was performed at two levels of descriptive and inferential (structural equation model) which was implemented through SPSS 24 and Lisrel 8.8 software. Based on the research results, students 'characteristics, students' attitudes toward e-learning, system quality, content quality, faculty characteristics and knowledge management as a precursor and behavioral intention and actual use of e-learning system as a consequence of accepting e-learning Is an emphasis. The highest correlation coefficient was observed between system quality and e-learning acceptance (ß= 0.91) and the lowest correlation between content quality and e-learning acceptance (ß = 0.42). Also, the highest correlation coefficient was observed for e-learning acceptance consequences. Behavioral intention (ß= 0.72) was observed between e-learning acceptance and possible outcome. According to the obtained results, it can be said that any increase in the variables of student characteristics, students' attitudes toward e-learning, system quality, content quality, faculty characteristics and knowledge management as antecedents with increasing In students' e-learning acceptance and any increase in the e-learning acceptance variable will be accompanied by an increase in the amount of behavioral intention and actual use of the e-learning system as consequences. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to the antecedents and consequences of accepting e-learning when launching and using the e-learning system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of motivating faculty members in their tendency to interdisciplinary studies.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and nature and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study included all faculty members of Urmia University and Urmia University of Technology in the academic year of 2014-2015, numbering 585 people,using Morgan table and proportional stratified random sampling method, 212 people were selected as  the sample. The standard questionnaire of internal and external motivation and the researcher-made questionnaire of interdisciplinary studies were used to collect data. In this study, to determine the validity of the internal and external motivation questionnaire, content validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used; to determine the validity of the interdisciplinary studies questionnaire, content validity and exploratory factor analysis were used; and  to determine their reliability  Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, which  ​​were calculated in the mentioned questionnaires  as 0.80 and 0.77, respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, multiple regression and one-way analysis of variance) were used to analyze the data.

Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between intrinsic motivation and tendency to interdisciplinary studies, but the relationship between extrinsic motivation and tendency to interdisciplinary studies is not significant. The relationship between the specified rules and the tendency to intermediate studies is significant, but the relationship between lack of motivation and the tendency to interdisciplinary studies is not statistically significant. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, only intrinsic motivation could predict the tendency of faculty members to interdisciplinary studies.

Based on the Research findings, it is suggested to use incentives to encourage faculty members to participate in interdisciplinary activities.

 Social life in any age requires the familiarity with social norms. Ethical living also requires the familiarity with the right action and correct and constructive interaction with the world. Therefore, recognizing the axes of social ethics and observing its limits will create a civilized society based on ethics. The main purpose of this research is to search in Hafez's lyric poems to find the criteria of social ethics to build a utopia.

 The approach of the present study is descriptive-analytical and is performed qualitatively. In order to conduct this research, Hafez Divan collection has been studied and its verses based on ethics of living and social ethics, which are a kind of Hafez’s statement in this regard, have been extracted and analyzed.

Ethical Considerations:

 In conducting the present study, in accordance with the ethical norms of conducting all research, all aspects of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

 Hafez's poem is a poem of morality and reliance on the principles of social ethics and ethics of living, but according to the reverse hypocrisy and the language of ridicule that flows throughout Hafez's poems, this centrality of morality manifests itself in the opposite form and in a ridicule way. According to Hafez, a perfect human being is a person who possesses sublime qualities such as coexistence and respect for other beliefs, avoidance of hypocrisy, patience in the face of calamities, freedom, avoidance of authoritarianism, compassion and so on.

 Studying and recognizing Hafez's lyric poems, his views and thoughts, clarifies a part of the individual and living ethics in ancient Persian texts. Moreover, it acquaints man with the Hafez’s essential definition of morality. This acquaintance not only will lead to the purification and training of the human soul in the face of society, but also will provide a basis for the creation of a utopia based on social ethics if its boundaries are observed. In Hafez's poetry, moral teachings are generally expressed indirectly and covertly in the veil of irony and humor.

The aim of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between knowledge management and digital literacy on job performance with the mediating role of organizational learning among secondary school teachers in Urmia city.

This is an applied study as well as descriptive-correlational type in terms of the nature of the subject and objectives of the study. The statistical population consists of all Secondary school teachers of Urmia County that are 1123 persons. To implement the study, 285 people were selected of the statistical population in a stratified random sampling. Four questionnaires, knowledge management, digital literacy, organizational learning and job performance were used to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed using correlation and path analysis. The reliability of the questionnaires was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the knowledge management questionnaire 0.87, digital literacy 0.93, organizational learning 0.93 and job performance 0.86, respectively.

The results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between knowledge management with job performance, digital literacy with job performance, knowledge management with organizational learning and digital literacy with organizational learning. Digital knowledge and literacy management through organizational learning has an indirect effect on job performance.

According to the results, it seems that knowledge management, digital literacy and organizational learning affect the job performance of teachers, so to achieve high job performance, it seems necessary to pay attention to knowledge management, digital literacy and organizational learning.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of social capital in organizational and social entrepreneurship of Shiraz University staff with emphasis on the mediating role of knowledge management in the second semester of 2019-2020. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and nature and in terms of data collection is a descriptive correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all employees of Shiraz University 558 people. The sample size was 200 according to the statistical population and using simple random sampling method and Morgan table. Standard questionnaires of social capital, organizational entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and knowledge management were used to collect data. The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by researchers and experts. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.94 and / 71, respectively, Were estimated to be 0.94 and 0.87. The obtained data were analyzed using correlation method and structural equation modeling. The results showed that social capital has a direct, positive and significant effect on organizational entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship, social capital on knowledge management, knowledge management on organizational entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship, Shiraz University staff. Social capital with the mediating role of knowledge management has an impact on organizational entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship of Shiraz University staff. Thereforein order to achieve organizational and social entrepreneurship it seems necessary pay attention to social capital and knowledge management.

Nurses are one of the most important forces in a hospital. Therefore, their socialization is important to act as social capital for the hospital through sociability and to increase their responsibility as well as work ethic. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational socialization and social capital on responsibility with the mediating role of the organizational work ethic of Nurses at Iran Hospital, Iranshahr in Sistan & Balouchestan Province, Iran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlation in terms of data collection based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all Nurses of Iran Hospital (550 subjects). The sample size was 218 according to the statistical population and using stratified random sampling method and Krejcie & Morgan table. Standard questionnaires of organizational socialization, social capital, responsibility and work ethics were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and LISREL 8.8 software.

There was a positive and significant relationship between organizational socialization and social capital with work ethics. Also, the correlation coefficient between the variables of work ethics and responsibility (r = 0.39) is positive and significant. At the same time, with the mediation of work ethics, the variables of organizational socialization and social capital can predict responsibility.

Socialization allows nurses to gain more knowledge and skills in their work. Through socialization, nurses become a social capital for the hospital, and socialization and social capital increase work ethic, which in turn increases their responsibility.

Teachers are the most important and influential factor in schools that have been accountable, affecting both job stress and job performance. Meanwhile, the amount of support perceived by the organization can affect the impact of accountability on stress and job performance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of accountability on teachers' performance and job stress with respect to the moderating role of perceived organizational support. The research method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection and correlational in nature. The statistical population of this study includes all teachers of boys' schools in district one of Mashhad with a volume of 400 people. Using a simple random sampling method and based on Morgan table, 200 people were selected as a sample. Four standard questionnaires of responsiveness were used by Hatchwar et al. (2005), Rizzo & Hauss (1972), Patterson (1990) and Practical Organizational Support of Eisenberger et al. (1986). Correlation test and multiple mode regression were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between accountability and perceived organizational support, job performance and job stress. At the same time, in the present study, there was no significant relationship between perceived support and teachers' job performance. The results of multiple modulatory regression showed that responsiveness and perceived support have an interactive role in predicting job stress.

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of strategic human resource management on the formation of strategic thinking mediated by the Alborz provincial staff relations. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection - specifically based on the structural equation model. The statistical population includes all 360 employees of Alborz province, of which 202 were selected using Morgan table and stratified random sampling. The data collection tool is a questionnaire and was analyzed using structural equation modeling and LISREL software. The results showed that strategic human resource management on the tendency to strategic thinking of employees at the level (p <0.01; ß = 0.71) and strategic human resource management on the atmosphere of employee relations at the level (p <0.01; ß = 0.84). ) Has a positive and meaningful effect. Also, the atmosphere of employee relations has a positive and significant effect on the tendency to strategic thinking (p <0.01; ß = 0.28) and strategic management of human resources on the tendency to strategic thinking with the mediating role of the atmosphere of employee relations at the level (p <0.01). Considering the mediator of employee relations, it can be concluded that this variable can affect the effect of strategic human resource management on strategic thinking and it is suggested that the alborz Governor's Office should consider the relationship and the impact of these variables on each other in its organization.

Seeking pleasure has always been the inseparable aspects of human activities; whether the man craves for corporal liking such as eating, sleeping, sexual activities and pleasure, or they expand the limits of their own bodily wills and desires quite further to non-corporal domains such as, intellectual, spiritual, or even social territories: that is; leaving the self (ego) behind so as to be able to move into another non-self and infinite territory. To that effect, products have been either the tools for arriving at such pleasure (that is, the products are used to satisfy users’ functional needs and wants) or become the target themselves (functionally speaking, products are not obtained to satisfy a need or so but they are purchased to provide the owner with the pleasure and honor of only having them). This raises quite a few questions: What is pleasure or pleasurability? What is product pleasurability? What kind of relationship actually exists between products and users’ pleasure? Why does product pleasurability fade out so fast as time quickly passes and make their own users disappointed? Is it something with the product or with the users? How do people convince themselves as marked or distinguished by owning and using products; delusively dreaming to gain more fun and pleasure through procurement and/or using process? What are their motives? Can our finite earth afford superabundant consumptions of products at such accelerating rate!? And can answers be found somewhere within the concept of product pleasurability? As it is well-defined and explained, industrial, economical and financial activities of greedy capitalists and manufacturers resulted in a ruined environment which already switched the siren on for the quality of lives of our current, let alone the next generations. Even though our modern way of life relies profoundly on products but those catastrophic consequences cannot be continued. So, we, as designers are left to find the bridles for that crazy capitalist or money-based world so our people can live as they are supposed to live: truly honorable and useful. If we accept the idea that products, designed to provide users with more pleasure and attachments, will afford to be kept and used for a longer period of time, then we could be in a position that we may accept the fact that product pleasurability can save the world to its best of share. In this paper, the concept of product pleasurability is explained from various perspectives including literary, philosophical, and also from industrial design standpoint. The relationship between products and the concept of pleasure is then scrutinized on the whole and more specifically, from design thinking perspective. The paper concludes that if products are designed to give user a better sense of attachment to their honorable humane existence, compared to fast, momentarily and unsatisfactorily satisfaction, they would not need to replace and obsolete the product so fast to a delusive better one. This way, designers will take the excessive burden off the nature shoulder and let the world and as a result human community breath the life.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the lived experiences of the members of the East Azarbaijan Teachers chr('39')Union of the challenges and problems of the teacherschr('39') union. The nature of this research was a qualitative descriptive phenomenology based on the lived experiences of the members of the teacherschr('39') union. The statistical population of the study included all members of the East Azarbaijan Teacherschr('39') Union, where 12 people were invited to participate using purposive sampling method and in terms of theoretical saturation among teachers who had experience in union activities. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. To confirm the validity and accuracy of the research, the validity, reliability and verifiability of the data were examined. Data were analyzed using Klaizi method. . In general, the research findings included two general dimensions: 1- activities of Teacherschr('39') Union (including 5 main themes:  improving teachers , Cultural-political interaction and bargaining , Correcting the problems of the educational system ,Improving the professional identity of teachers , Organizing and managing protests), 2- problems and challenges of Teacherschr('39') Union( including 3 main themes: government problems and obstacles, Problems within the union of activists , Problems related to teachers). The results showed that teachers are trying to present their demands to the government and create the necessary pressure by forming civil and non-political classes. Among these, the most important of these organizations, which has no affiliation with the government and politics, is the Independent Teacherschr('39') Union, which works to fulfill the rights and demands of teachers.

Fashion has transformed to a serious lucrative tool in today's marketing, as it offers a wide range of choices to product users for their self-expression and look alterations, mostly through concentrating on users latent and blatant desires. However, fashion has been correspondingly considered, for a while now, as the fourth most pollutant industry after agriculture, mining, and transportation. That is, fashion has turned into a double-edged sword; by one edge, it finds its way to the realm of users’ social positioning, lifestyle and identity and by the another, it swords to the face of our existence, wellbeing and the environment. Soon of later, this double-sided life of fashion industry must be ceased or severely limited; the sooner, the better. One way of controlling the harmful footprint of fashion industry on the environment is to promote sharing behaviors of citizens through the donation of their clothes via providing clothes for underprivileged citizens; where, broken traditional and conventional rings of interpersonal relationships are juxtaposed within the context of urban environment. Consequently, people are not realized of their citizen fellows’ needs and capabilities. Smart Urban Systems (SUS) replaces traditional social networks and fills the gap of public trust amongst citizens for sharing their clothes. SUS will appropriately respond to the environmental concerns as well as supporting the trickle-down theory for the poor. In this paper, a framework is devised and suggested for the cultural establishment of trickle-down theory for the citizens, voluntarily willing to exchange, share or donate their clothes via the utilization of an urban furniture: A kiosk, enhanced to physically collect and deliver clothes and digitally manage the whole process of providing the service of sharing citizens’ clothes.