محمد قاسمی سیانی

The purpose of this study is to examine the degree of compliance of the current urban governance system of Tehran with the desired governance system that is in line with the vision and strategies determined in the statement of the second step of the revolution. This research is in terms of practical purpose and the method of collecting documentary-survey information. The statistical population is the experts and administrators of Tehran municipality and the number of statistical samples was 185 people. The results obtained in this research show that in the current state of Tehran municipality management, out of the eight governance components according to the statement of the second step of the revolution, the components of leadership and Jahad movement and the component of transparency and control of corruption are at the highest level. The two components of participation and legalism have the lowest degree of compliance in Tehran's urban management with governance according to the statement.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of the presence of foreign tourists in religious places on their attitude towards the Shia religion. The current research is descriptive-analytical with qualitative method and face-to-face interviews. The statistical population of the research included non-Muslim foreign tourists visiting the Holy Shrine of Ali Bin Hamza. These people have been selected by the purposeful sampling method of 15 people and a semi-structured interview has been conducted using the qualitative method. Data analysis has been done in the form of open, central and selective coding using the grounded theory method. The results of the research show that the causal factors including religious affiliation, the tourist's mental image towards Iran and Islam have been effective in changing the actual attitude of the tourists, although in the meantime and before the trip, media inductions and the targeted destruction of opposing networks have a negative attitude and accompanied by fear. have created Also, the results showed that categories such as the splendor of Iranian-Islamic architecture and religious commonalities along with the spirit of hospitality and attention to women have been the basis for changing their attitude towards the Shia religion, and the cultural and religious functions of religious tourism have led to the formation of an inner belief in the tourists towards the Shia religion. After entering Iran and religious places, this belief has been the basis of the renewed motivation to travel to the country and visit other places and a kind of word of mouth advertising abroad for other tourists.

The growth and expansion of urban population in recent decades has faced the need for housing construction to provide shelter in cities at a significant speed. Housing construction policies have continued in different periods, sometimes with strong prosperity and sometimes with stagnation. This problem has consequently increased the area , growth, and dispersion in cities. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the role of housing construction in the growth of Kermanshah city. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes managers, municipal experts and business owners of the eight regions of Kermanshah city in the number of 2980 people. Based on the Cochran formula, the number of 340 people was estimated and the questionnaires were distributed by simple random sampling method. The studied period, the constructions of Kermanshah city during the years 1390 to 1400 were investigated. To investigate this issue, a questionnaire with four dimensions (policies, services and resources, land and housing market and immigration) has been considered. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed in form and content, and the reliability has been confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha for the entire questionnaire at the rate of 0.83. The method of data analysis was done using SPSS 25 software and exploratory factor analysis test. The results showed that the most important factors affecting the growth of Kermanshah city in the political dimension are the government's interventions in the land market with a factor of 0.851, in services and resources, improving access and providing services with a factor of 0.683, in the dimension of the land and housing market, the growth of second homes. and villa construction with a factor of 0.824, and in the dimension of migration, rural-urban migrations with the lowest factor of 0.364 have had a greater impact on the growth of Kermanshah city.

Today, public spaces in cities are more than ever the scene of the presence and manifestation of the collective and daily life of citizens, for this reason these spaces play a significant role in the mental health of citizens. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of public spaces in the mental health of citizens of Region 2 of Kermanshah Municipality. This article is based on the purpose of applied research and based on the nature of a descriptive and analytical research. Library method and questionnaire tool were used to collect data. For this purpose, 384 citizens of the 2nd region of Kermanshah were selected as a statistical population using Cochran's formula, and questionnaires were distributed among them by a simple random method and information was collected. The results of the research showed that women's mental health in public spaces is at a higher level than men's, but there is no significant difference in mental health between single and married people, but there is a significant difference in mental health between owners and tenants. and people who own their own residential houses have better mental health than renters. Also, the results of examining the indicators of public spaces and the level of mental health using the Pearson correlation test indicate that the correlation between urban public spaces and the mental health of citizens is at a significant level of 0.001, the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.183, which indicates that the relationship There is a strong relationship between the components of public spaces and the level of mental health of citizens

In sustainable development planning, approaches based on the local system are necessary. Based on this approach, all development programs are carried out for the people and the benefit of the people. In this plan, economic, social, cultural and political development is making the effort by strengthening social capital. The empowerment plan of local communities with the aim of promoting social capital makes an effort to improve the quality of life, poverty alleviation and job creation in poor communities and ultimately create sustainable development. This article has collected field information using the positivist paradigm and descriptive-analytical method using a questionnaire. The target population is 2549 members of the Ahmadi division Empowerment Fund in 30 target villages. This study was conducted in two time periods (before the establishment and operation of the funds (June 2020) and after the activities of the funds (June and July 2021)). Descriptive findings indicate that women, youth and literate people have been more involved in the establishment of funds. Analytical findings showed that the establishment of funds has been effective in increasing social capital indicators and has been able to strengthen social capital and ultimately sustainable rural development. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of social trust and social capital with a correlation coefficient of 0.456 percent and between the components of social participation and social capital with a correlation coefficient of 0.421 percent and increasing these two components of social capital has been social cohesion. Strengthen the level of development in rural communities by strengthening the components of social capital and hope to lead to sustainable development in rural areas.

Microcredits have been introduced as one of the solutions for empowerment, job creation and poverty reduction in developing countries.In Iran, micro financing or creation of empowerment funds has been pursued and implemented in various ways by various institutions and organizations in rural and deprived areas.. In recent years, the Alavi Foundation has tried to reduce poverty, job creation and empowerment in rural areas by entering deprived areas and creating a suitable empowerment plan to create a protest fund. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Empowerment Fund in the local community. In this research, the paradigm of positivism has been used. The tool for collecting field information is the questionnaire and the method of analyzing the collected data is the one-sample T-test and the correlation matrix of inferential statistics. The target community was 2579 members of the empowerment fund affiliated to the Alavi Foundation in 30 villages of Ahmadi section of Hajiabad city of Hormozgan province.The results show that the micro-credit fund is in the poverty line with an average of 3.62 and in empowerment and job creation with an average of 3.52 and 3.44 is within the allowable and effective limits. Also, the results of a correlation coefficient of 0.462 between the component of empowerment with the development of local community have shown that there is a correlation of 0.451 between the component of poverty alleviation and poor development and a correlation of 0.474 between the component of job creation and poor development. Finally, the data revealed that there is a meaningful relationship between these factors and the development of rural areas and the seats have played an effective role in the development of the target villages.

Among the dimensions of sustainable development, the social dimension is recognized as one of the main dimensions that is mostly associated with quality of life. Mehr buildings are built either within new cities as urban neighborhoods or separately from small towns and metropolitan satellite towns. In the metropolis of Karaj, a number of Mehr houses have been formed in the new city of Hashtgerd and the towns of Abrisham and Mahdasht separately on the outskirts of the satellite cities of Kianshahr and Mahdasht. The main question of the present study is whether Mehr housing estates in metropolitan areas have the necessary qualities to provide sustainable housing and the formation of livable settlements? Or, what is the situation of social stability in these settlements in terms of sustainable development? The research method is descriptive-analytical. Field data are collected and analyzed based on the theoretical model of social sustainability. The sample size for completing the questionnaire included 720 households in the three settlements that were selected using the Cochran's formula. The results indicate that the situation of sustainability in the three studied towns is not the same. In terms of basic needs, only the realization of housing and shelter in Hashtgerd town with a score of 3.37 and in Abrisham and Mahdasht with an average of 3.17 has been successful and other sustainability indicators in all three areas are below average and in an unfavorable situation. Also, employment and economic situation with an average of 1.46 in all three towns is unfavorable. In terms of intermediate needs, the quality of the neighborhood is better with an average of 2.16 and 2.23, and in terms of final needs, the status of capital indicators and social mixing in Hashtgerd with an average of 2.16 and in Abrisham and Mahdasht with an average of 2.23 is somehow more suitable. In all the studied samples, other six necessary dimensions for the creation of livable settlements, especially in the field of migration and population movements and the provision of social infrastructure, have been unsuccessful or very unsuccessful.

Today, tourism is one of the largest industries in the world and depends on a major part of the global economy; Tourism is economically, socio-culturally and environmentally integrated with the lives of people and governments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the managerial performance of tourism complexes and present a strategic proposal with emphasis on socio-cultural components in Kermanshah tourism complex. This article examines the managerial performance in four tourism complexes, Rakhsh, Nesar, Nodsheh and Sefid Barg in Kermanshah province. And how can focusing on these components provide successful and appropriate management for the Kermanshah Jihad University tourism complex? This research was conducted using field survey and questionnaire tools presented to 152 people in Kermanshah tourism managers. The results showed that the components of reviving cultural identity and sense of national pride, promoting the culture of tourist reception and retention are ranked first, second and third among all the identified components affecting the managerial performance of tourism complexes, respectively. Accordingly, the emphasis on cultural identity and the necessary training to the managers of the complexes to create a culture of tourist reception has a significant impact on attracting tourists to the tourist complexes of the province.

Occurrence of natural disasters such as drought, floods and earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, often have devastating effects. Hence, resilience has become doubly important, especially in special areas that are of special importance and sensitivity. On the other hand, border areas have a special place in policy-making and planning is important in this areas. One of these areas is Zahak county in Sistan and Balochestan province, which due to the instability and reduction of the inflow of river water resources, as well as climatic conditions and drought in combination with other factors, the traditional employment opportunities of the often rural population face serious challenges and therefore the county5b is deprived. Increasingly, the sustainability of livelihoods is facing problems. The question is, how do the spatial zones and the villages located in these zones react to the change of internal and external natural factors? Which areas and villages are more resilient?
 
Method of research:

This article deals with the spatial analysis of environmental resilience in Zahak county and its purpose is to investigate the differences in resilience in different areas of the county. The general approach to the study is integrated and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data were collected using documentary and field methods with observation tools and questionnaires and findings of a specialized panel. The statistical population of this research is the villages of more than 20 households in Zahak city that have had governor of a rural district or village council.
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Description and interpretation of results:

The villages of Zahak county are threatened by the threat of these resources due to their dependence on natural resources. The results show that none of the defined geographical areas in the rural area is sustainable and three rural areas are semi-sustainable and one rural is unstable. Assessment of sustainability in micro zones also shows that naturally unstable villages are often sparsely populated, which means that activity has not developed either. After qualitative and quantitative evaluation of various natural and environmental indicators in the county and their impact on the resilience of places and settlements in the county, settlements and places in terms of resilience were classified into three levels of high, medium and low resilience. In total, 46.7% of settlements and places are at high level of resilience, 37% at medium level and 16.3% at low level of resilience. After matching the settlements and places with the geographical area of ​​the village, three of the four geographical areas are in transition and one is unstable. This study shows that the resilience of individual villages cannot perform well when it is located in areas surrounded by villages with low resilience and the whole area becomes unstable. Thus, in special areas such as Zahak county, crisis management should focus on providing natural resources and preventing vulnerability to natural crises, and it is expected that with natural stability, housing and activity will be sustainable.

Today, participation in social affairs is one of the main principles of sustainable development. In the field of urban management, empowering citizens and influencing them in urban affairs is the core of the participatory approach. So that in the regeneration of worn tissues during the last three decades, this approach has been mentioned as the key to problem solving and effective implementation of renovation programs. But experience shows that what has been considered as participation in urban management in Iran is more about financing and instrumental use of participation. In this article, an attempt has been made to study the experience of renovation in three neighborhoods of Sirus, Javadieh and Haftchenar, Tehran, which has been implemented with the approach of physical-spatial planning and participatory planning, while enumerating barriers to participation, to provide a model for future projects. The research method of this study is qualitative and the interview technique has been used. The sample size is 30 renovation managers and experts who have worked in these or similar projects. The results indicate that the barriers can be classified into two categories of structural and factor factors. Thus, structural factors at the macro level, including organizational structures, and at the micro level, including legal factors (laws and regulations) and agency at the two micro levels, ie individual factors and macro level, ie the organizational dimension, create obstacles to citizen participation. Therefore, in order to attract people’s participation, these structural and factor factors must be coordinated with each other and a positive and two-way interaction must be established between them.

In urban planning, attention to socio-cultural dimensions is necessary simultaneously with physical and physical look. Renovation of worn out tissue takes into account physical interference in tissue, but less of a social or cultural intervention. Studies show that social and cultural dimensions must be corrected before any physical intervention. This research is to investigate the slowdown in the process of renovation and improvement of the worn out texture of Tehran city due to the impact of cultural and social factors of the inhabitants of worn out tissues on the modernization process. The main issue of the research was to answer the question of which of the socio-cultural aspects of the factors influencing the renovation and upgrading of the eroded tissue had been affected and delayed the neglect of the modernization process. The present study is a descriptive-analytical study and, using a quantitative method, investigates the socio-cultural causes of modernization of worn out tissue in the 12th district of Tehran. For this purpose, based on the statistical population of Region 12, 500 questionnaires were completed randomly from the regions and neighborhoods of the region. The results showed that in terms of residents' attitudes in terms of felicity, traditionalism, risk acceptance and future development, the objectives of the community in the risk acceptance pillars And traditionalism with a tendency to modernize shows a significant relationship and does not show the dimensions of communicative fanaticism and futurism with a tendency to modernize. In this regard, the variables of sense of belonging to the neighborhood, social capital, social trust, social cohesion, social norms are investigated. The results of the research to the extent A lot d L on the relation between these variables is oriented to modernization. In fact, the sense of belonging to the place, the communication of the community itself influenced by the normative system and trust, encourages and facilitates the modernization.

The government is the first and most powerful decision-maker and actor in the field of spatial structure. Spatial structure is an essential part of the battle for control and protection of individuals and society. In fact, spatial planning and land use management is the manifestation of the government authority in the form of setting rules and allocating resources and decision-making. Border areas are one of the most strategic areas for government intervention. These areas have special characteristics due to contact with the internal and external environment regarding the effect of diplomacy.  Therefore, planning with the aim of sustainable development of settlements, especially border areas, creates the requirement for spatial organization of rural areas so that macro and national issues, such as security issues can be organized more accurately and efficiently.Zahak County is one of the special border areas in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, which is of special importance due to trade, the existence of a border market, Helmand river entrence and water diplomacy. The article aims to investigate the role of macro-management and diplomacy and its economic consequences on the structure and organization of space in Zahak County.  The present study explore political developments and decisions affect the economy and spatial structure (activity, communication and housing) of Zahak County, and also the spatial changes have occurred. For a deeper understanding of the developments in the study area, this article shows the political decisions taken at the national, regional and local levels, and seeks that what changes have made in the economic structures and functions of settlements? Furthermore, what the consequences of these changes for the space organization of the residential system are?

The general approach to the study is an integrated approach, both quantitative and qualitative, and an emphasis on integration to overcome the shortcomings of each approach. Therefore, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the theoretical part of the research, using a qualitative approach and a library method. The theories and principles governing the study were explained, and then the position of power and policy in regional planning was examined. In the quantitative and field studies section, 184 special questionnaires for village managers were distributed in all villages with more than 20 households in the county and 10 interviews were conducted with managers of government offices and organizations in Zahak County.

The results show that under the influence of diplomacy between the two border countries, with the closure of the border market and the creation of a border wall, the economy of rural areas and activity in the east of the county, which is based on trade and agriculture, has declined. In addition, due to unemployment and lack of economic activity in many villages, they were evacuated and disserted.  Moreover, ethnic and cultural diversity has paved the way for the instability of newly established settlements by pursuing a policy of rural relocation. With centralization and support for population centers, the pattern of communication flows in the city is a polarized pattern emphasizing Zahak and Zabol cities, which does not follow the pattern of networks and has provided the ground for instability and decline for villages outside the network.This study showed that the spatial pattern of rural activity and economy is influenced by water and soil resources, which corresponds to national, regional and local diplomacy. In other words, the political and power relations between the governments of Iran and Afghanistan have affected agricultural activity and even industry and population dispersion.The economic structure of the villages, which was based on agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture, has currently changed into informal, illegal and smuggling jobs due to the developments and major national decisions at the county level.  Also, cross-border trade and commercial activities in the villages have been converted.  On the other hand, based on the mentioned developments, the county space organization has a polar nature in the center of the city towards Zabol City, hence incompatible with the network pattern. This structure has somehow caused instability, especially in small villages, and due to regional conditions in the future, these villages are subject to be evacuated.

Study of the problem of poverty in human societychr('39')s shows that villagers are among the poorest and most vulnerable human groups and ignoring to regard their living conditions can double the lack of development in human settlements. In other words, livelihood capital is the basis of empowerment and involvement of villagers in their individual and social destiny, which form the main foundation of community development. Therefore, the present study used a descriptive-analytical method to assess the livelihood capital status of mountain villages in Kouhshah Rural District in Ahmadi District with a sustainable livelihood approach. The research tool was a questionnaire (with reliability of 0.92) that collected data based on the framework of sustainable livelihood and analyzed the livelihood capital of villages. Findings showed that the amount of property and livelihood capital in different fields of human, financial, physical, natural, social in the studied villages is different and due to vulnerability in recent years the amount of physical, financial and natural assets have been decreased, and on the other hand, the amount of social and human assets have been increased. The results also show that the sustainability of livelihood capital is not the same, financial and physical capital with an average of 1.41 and 2.46 are among the most unstable capital, and social and human capital with an average of 3.68 and 3.25 are the most stable dimension of livelihood in the investigated rural areas. Therefore, according to the results, livelihood investments in mountainous villages are not desirable and this has provided the basis for instability of the region. In other words, in order to create desirable villages and get the residents out of the cycle of poverty and achieve stability in the region, one can not only pay attention to one dimension (economic) but applying different perspectives a holistic and systematic view, other dimension of financial, physical, and environmental need to be supported.

Cities are growing rapidly, and the ecological reflection of cities, especially large ones, and their growing population is primarily due to the spatial expansion or physical development of cities and the encroachment on agriculture and natural resources. This expansion, on the one hand, has caused urban evasion and, on the other hand, has increased the desire for second homes and rest in places far from cities. This is especially serious for the neighboring villages of metropolitan areas, especially Tehran and major cities. Therefore, every rural settlement located on the outskirts and around these urban centers has been exposed to attention. This has had different effects in the villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental, physical-spatial, social and economic effects of urban creep in Mehrabad village. The research method in this article is a qualitative method based on interviews. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups of managers, officials and rural households living in the village. The interviews were conducted by snowball method and saturated. The results showed that in the social dimension, the growth of urbanism and change of attitude of the villagers is the most important effect that urban growth has left in Mehrabad village and in the economic dimension, the imbalance in employment and reduction of income and savings of the villagers. Livestock farming has occurred. The most important physical effect of urban landslides in Mehrabad village has been lawlessness and increasing illegal construction, and in the environmental dimension, it has led to the destruction of natural resources and the increase in environmental pollution.

Spatial flows between urban and rural area in the form of urban-rural linkages have an important role in the regional integrated development. These flows are change due to natural, economic, social and political factors. One of the geographical territory that has changed naturally is BonRud District and Jolgeh in Isfahan County. Interaction between urban and rural settlements has realized by different flows of population, goods, services, capital, information and communication in this area that has leaded to formation of spatial organization in the area. In this paper, the spatial flows have analyzed by network approach. Present research is explorative based on nature and descriptive-analytic in the aspect of method. Statistical society of the study are all urban and rural settlements of the area. Research required data are collected through field study, interview, and questionnaire. Secondary data collected from archives of responsible organs and institutions. Collected dada have analyzed in the frame of network paradigm, network analyze method and using Nodexl software. Research finding shows that spatial linkage reflects the spatial unbalanced in distribution of possibilities and services in the area. Therefore, settlements of Harand, Varzaneh, Imamzade abdolaziz are in the ranks of one, two and three respectively. The pattern of flows is a daily, regular, and one-sided pattern. This pattern is in many respects consistent with the profile of growth pole theory. This pattern of flows cannot be considered as urban-rural linkage. The recent decade drought has strengthened the urban Polar Regions and strengthened the growth polar pattern in the region.

The occurred changes in rural areas along with their complex and various dimensions are considered as one of the main subjects of contemporary geography. Such changes include: 1- changes of physical vision of rural space in form of unbalanced expansion of rural settlements, farming patterns, new forms of agricultural and industrial facilities; 2- subtle social changes in form of discontinuity of social cohesion, cooperation, social order and calmness; 3- rural statistics changes in form of agricultural employment, number of households, and number of migrants. From a political viewpoint, all these changes can be considered as a threat for rural life authenticity. Using villagers’ participation and qualitative methods, the present study tries to investigate the occurred physical changes in villages of BonRoud and Julgeh division, Isfahan county. To do so, twenty seven targeted interviews were conducted. Required analysis was done based on the basic theory. The results indicate that some factors are involved in changes occurred in rural residency style such as: the influence of urban culture, improvement of human capital, domination of new life-spacing patterns, and tendency of people towards welfare. Such factors have changed rural residency style towards a semi-urban one, by which physical and socio-economic changes in rural areas are happening.

Over recent decades, the topic of spatial justice is important n terms of determining the extent of urban poverty and informal settlements among geographers and urban planners. Injustice in the distribution of funds and facilities can have irreversible effects on the structure and nature of cities that leaded to imbalance of urban spatial, growth of urban poverty and informal settlements formation..One of the problems of urbanization and urbanism is ignoring the effects of spatial justice in countries.Poor urban areas have factors in terms of socio - economic and physical features that make these areas inactivite and isolate in compare with other urban areas with their informal settlements. This article discuss urban poverty and informal settlements of Nsim Shahr from the perspective of spatial justice. This descriptive-analytical study was used hierarchical analysis of AHP method and GIS program has been used to analyze the distribution and dispersion of poverty from the perspective of spatial justice.The collected data were obtained via the library and field studies, questionnaires and interviews. The results show that Hesarak paeen, Vajih abad, south of Ahmadabad and Kolmeh in terms of various indicators of social, economic and spatial are vulnerable areas of the Nasim shar because of informal settlements and the high growth rate of urban poverty. Ismael Abad discit and downtown core are placed in a better situation.

Deteriorated fabric are the part of city that influence on city form, function, quality and security. Therefore, realization of sustainable development and improve the quality of life and welfare of citizens require reconstruction and rehabilitation of city deteriorated fabric. Achieving this requires an enterprise and to facilitate the participation of all institutions involved the urban planning development and the people.
This study is applied with quantitative and qualitative approach and for achieving data field survey is used. Operational indicators identified with the exploratory study through conducting interviews with ten experts and executives related to reconstruction of deteriorated fabric. The population of the research included managers and professionals related to the renewal of city deteriorated fabric and current residents that participated in the reconstruction. Sample society includes 362 heads of households that were random selected.
Findings: Study finding indicate that the amount and intensity of the influence of the individual factors is more than structural, institutional and organizational factors. Assessment of importance of indicators shows that citizens participation in setting objectives, granting financial facilities and residents education factors are higher than average.
To achieve effective and lasting contribution to structural, institutional, organizational and individual factors, combined and considered at the same time. However, individual factors have an important role. Attitude of people to participate requires consideration of individual factors. However, only changing people's attitudes for participation in the modernization and rehabilitation projects is not enough. In addition to individual factors, organizational and legal structures is necessary for participation.

Vocal characteristics can be influenced by the speakers’ race or ethnicity, age and the language used. How language alone influences vocal quality still remains unclear. To study how language alone affects vocal quality, the effect of age, race or ethnicity need to be excluded. This can be done by studying vocal characteristics associated with languages produced by adult bilingual speakers.
This was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. 32 Persian/Turkish-Qashqai bilinguals (16 men and 16 women) who possessed the inclusion criteria were studied. Two continuous speech samples (Persian and Turkish-Qashqai) were obtained from the subjects. Fundamental Frequency values were obtained by the PRAAT software.
The mean fundamental frequency values in Persian and Turkish-Qashqai were 178.40 and 180.41 Hertz. The standard deviations in the two groups were 28.68 and 28.83, respectively. The mean Fundamental Frequency Range for Persian and Turkish-Qashqai were 227.69 and 218.62, respectively. The aforementioned numbers indicate that their differences were not statistically significant.
Given that the values of Fundamental Frequency were not significantly different between the Persian and Turkish-Qashqai languages, we can say that language has no effect on the voice of these people. Therefore, the same clinical norms of Fundamental Frequency that are used for Persians can be used for Turkish-Qashqai people too.

In the years after Islamic Revolution, establishment of industrial zones in rural areas has been considered as a policy for diversification of rural activities. Socio-economic structure of rural areas has been transformed by establishment of above mentioned industrial zones. The present paper has considered the consequences of industrial zones establishment in rural areas with special reference to Kuhpaye Industrial Zone. Kuhpaye Industrial Zone is located in Jabal rural district including 13 villages. This district has been faced with emigration process. The main aims of research has been analyzing the role of Kuhpaye Industrial Zone in creation of job opportunities, increasing income, reducing rural-urban migration process and finally socio-economic development of rural area. Therefore the main questions of research have been as follows: Has establishment of Kuhpaye Industrial Zone created job and income opportunities? Has it resulted to reducing rural urban emigration? Has it led to socio-economic development of the area? Required data has been collected through field study including observation, interview, completing questionnaire and some documents. 205 questionnaires have been completed by the research sample society which has been selected randomly. Collected data has been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS. There has been a negative relation between Kuhpaye Industrial Zone and agricultural activities as a whole (farming & animal husbandry) in the area, because firstly, agricultural and grass lands are mostly devoted to industrial land use, Secondly, incomes from agricultural activities are unable to compete with industrial wages. Therefore active human labor force is transformed to industrial sector. Kuhpaye Industrial Zone has also changed the farm system pattern. This means that the previous farming system was labor intensive, including Cotton, sugar beets and cucurbits, but nowadays, the use of agricultural technology has been increased as a result of human labor limitation, therefore, Beans, lentils and wheat are the main elements of farm system. The direction of population emigration has been chanced by established industrial zone. Before the industrial establishment, the population of these rural areas migrated to cities such as Isfahan and Tehran, but today, they are migrating to Kuhpaye which has led to Kuhpaye urban population growth and evacuation of some rural centers. Kupayeh urban population was 3653 in 1996 but has increased to 6000 in 2012. On the contrary, 53 villages have lost their population and this process isgoing to continue. The people of the area have been divided in two groups for accessing to services. The first group which is the employers of industrial units has access to educational, transport and welfare services. But farmers in villages have not suitable access to required services, most of them are unsatisfied. Cultural characteristics of the area have been changed by Kuhpaye industrial established zone. Local dialect has been substituted by Persian language speaking; traditional behavioral pattern has been changed. There was not any computer in the area until 2000, but currently a considerable number of rural households use computer at their homes. The findings show that establishment of this industrial zone has not reinforced the linkage between industrial and agricultural sectors. As a result, it has not led to animal husbandry and agricultural development. The economic effects of industrial zone establishment have been more than its social and cultural effects. Using durable consumption goods, changes in food consumption patterns, extension of participatory dimension, increasing job and better income opportunities, improving health services, and better access to education possibilities has been the important consequences of industrial zone in rural area. Due to establishment of industrial zone, emigration has reduced and persistence of rural population has been increased. Job opportunities and income of rural dwellers are increased and the region is moving towards economic and social development.

The research aims to determine the effectiveness of forgiveness group style training on intrinsic and extrinsic anger control of divorced women in Isfahan-Iran.  

The statistical population was all divorced woman who had divorced in 2013 in Isfahan-Iran. Out of which a sample of 30 divorced women were randomly selected. The method was experimental and the design was pre-test post-test with a control group and random replacement. The experimental group was presented with forgiveness training. For the purpose of gathering the data (STAXI-2) inventory was utilized. The data were analyzed using MONCOVA analysis.

The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control group in terms of the components studied. This means that forgiveness group training increased intrinsic and extrinsic anger control of the divorced women.

After divorcing, women will be faced with a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic projected trauma. One of the projected problems for this group of people is anger. Therefore, forgiveness group training can be a step in the direction to control the anger of them intrinsically or extrinsically. Obviously, whatever the intrinsic and extrinsic control of the anger in this group of women is increased, quicker they will be able to return to the normal life with their peace.