محمد میر

In the present research carried out using descriptive-analytical methodology, attempt was made to analyze the intertextual relationship between Eskandar –nāma of Nizami and Aeineh Eskandari (the Alexandrian Mirror) of Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī based on Genette’s transtextuality theory. The result of the research revealed that the most significant transtextual relationship between Eskandar –nāma of Nizami and Aeineh Eskandari is hypertextuality based on the impression relationship. In terms of intertextuality, Aeineh Eskandari was most often impressed by Eskandar –nāma explicitly and implicitly. In terms of architextuality, the main genre of both books is epical and didactic, respectively. Concerning paratextuality, the result indicated that the headings and subheadings were the same in both works with the difference that Nizami has chosen the subheadings based on the main character of the story and its events but Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī has given a summary of the story in the subheadings. Also, in terms of metatextuality, it was observed that Dehlavī has criticized Nizami’s work and rejected his theories in the chapters: Eskandar’s battle with the khagan of China, Eskandar’s making of a mirror, Eskandar’s going into the darkness, Eskandar’s prophethood, making of astrolabe, Eskandar’s life, Eskandar’s death and Eskandar’s burial place.

The strong presence of the government in the economy will lead to the exit of the private sector, which will lead to inefficient and inefficient allocation of resources and thus reduce economic efficiency. The government must intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to allocate resources optimally and create efficiency in the economy, although the inability of the market mechanism itself is a necessary and not sufficient condition for government intervention in the economy; A sufficient condition for government intervention is that the government reduce existing deficiencies by creating its own plan.In general, the government enters the market when the market alone is not able to create efficiency in the economy and prices alone do not reflect social costs and social benefits. But the inability of the market mechanism alone does not justify government interference in economic matters. The inability of the market is a necessary condition but not sufficient, it is necessary because if the market operated satisfactorily, there would be no need for government intervention. Because government intervention may also be accompanied by failure.research questionsWhat is the pathology of government interventions in economic policy according to the Fourth Plan?What is the pathology of government interventions in economic policy according to the Fifth Economic Development Plan?research goalsExamining government interventions in economic policy according to the fourth and fifth economic development plansExamining government interventions in economic policy according to the fourth and fifth economic development plans

The strong presence of the government in the economy will cause the exit of the private sector. which will lead to inefficient and non-optimal allocation of resources and as a result reduce economic efficiency. The government should intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to optimally allocate resources and create efficiency in the economy and balance in employment. What is the pathology of the government's interventions in economic policy-making according to the fourth and fifth plans of economic development? The findings of the research state; The absence of a long-term policy system and the political elite's lack of belief in a structured and targeted policy system has provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. Therefore, in this research, in order to explain the research hypothesis from the point of view of neoliberalism, we examine the development goals of the fourth and fifth economic development programs in order to show that the government's interventions in the economy have caused the development goals not to be realized. To collect data from field studies, sources library and internet have been used.

The structural analysis of literary works plays a pivotal role in understanding the intrinsic elements of a text and discerning the patterns of their interconnections. This approach not only contributes to a more nuanced understanding of literary characters but also aids in the evolution of literary patterns by offering insights for the creation of new works. Critics in the realm of structuralism have scrutinized narrative forms and delved into the study of story elements and their compositional principles. Noteworthy among these literary theorists is Tzutan Tudorov (1939), who has proposed a scheme based on the relationships between the smallest units, introducing systems grounded in the visualization of narrative figurines.This descriptive-analytic study aims to identify the characteristics of contemporary Persian fictional novels, employing the methods of description and analysis. The focus is on the social novel "Gypsy by the Fire" by Moniro Ravanipour (1333 AD), utilizing Tzutan Tudorov's theoretical framework. The investigation is structured around four key components: narief, proposition, episode, and narrative aspects.The research findings indicate that the presence of chain edifices within the narrative establishes a coherent and integrated relationship between the text and the story's structure. The essential and desirable aspects identified in this study form the foundation of the narrative configuration, emphasizing the certainty of relationships among the characters. The predictive aspect emerges as a significant influence on the story's formation, with predictions aligning consistently with the logic of truth and frequently materializing as anticipated.In conclusion, the structural analysis of "Gypsy by the Fire" through Tzutan Tudorov's framework reveals the intricate connections between narrative elements, showcasing the importance of chain edifices in constructing a cohesive story. The study highlights the essential and desirable aspects as foundational to narrative configuration, solidifying relationships among characters. The predictive aspect emerges as a powerful force shaping the narrative, consistently aligning with truth and contributing to the story's coherence and impact.

By applying pressure to igneous rocks such as gabbro and granite, the variation of electrical parameters of the related samples is investigated. Applying pressure by using a hydraulic pressure device triggers a chemical and physical process in the samples in which electron-hole pairs are created. By measuring the time-dependent current variations in terms of pressure, electric current equations, the surface electric potential difference of the sample, as well as the electric and magnetic fields are obtained.

Methodology and Approaches:

The pressure on the samples is increased uniformly, and then it is applied in a constant behavior and thus decreases uniformly. By applying pressure on the Gabbro stone under pressure, the electric current function of the sample was calculated. Finally, the equations of the electric and magnetic fields were obtained.

It is shown that the electromagnetic waves are due to the positively charged holes created by breaking the peroxy bonds in the rock. The results of this paper can be used as a method to detect pressure variation for under-pressure systems, such as walls and roofs of mines and buildings, as well as a pressure variation in earthquake tectonic layers. It can also be a method with high accuracy in earthquake prediction.

In this study, the differences and similarities between Rumi and Schopenhauer’s views on will have been investigated with a descriptive-interpretive method. Schopenhauer is a philosopher who explicitly accepted fundamentality of will and recognized it as the fundamental human force and the basis of his efforts and activities, including thinking. In his philosophical system, he has used terms such as “the world as representation of will” and “the will to power”, which are considered to be the indicators of his philosophical system. Rumi also defended the human will by stating religious, intellectual, sensory and intuitive evidence and introduced him as a free-willed being. He even deems the endeavor to thank God for His blessings as will. According to him, the lover voluntarily and freely annihilates his will in the will of the beloved. Examining these two accounts of the will can reveal their commonalities and differences, which removes the ambiguities related to this issue and provides the ground for the audience to become more familiar with it

The strong presence of the government in the economy will lead to the exit of the private sector, which will lead to inefficient and inefficient allocation of resources and thus reduce economic efficiency. The government must intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to allocate resources optimally and create efficiency in the economy, although the inability of the market mechanism itself is a necessary and not sufficient condition for government intervention in the economy; A sufficient condition for government intervention is for the government to reduce the existing shortcomings by creating its own plan. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the question that what is the pathology of government interventions in economic policy according to the fourth and fifth economic development plan? The lack of a long-term policy system, the belief of political elites in a structured and purposeful policy system and the dependence of Iran's economy on oil, and the lack of a proper model for managing oil revenues have provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. In general, the government enters the market when the market alone is not able to create efficiency in the economy and prices alone do not reflect social costs and social benefits. But the inability of the market mechanism alone does not justify government interference in economic affairs. The inability of the market is a necessary condition but not sufficient. Because government intervention may also be accompanied by failure.

 Among the important rhetorical images that play an effective role in examining and recognizing the personal style of each poet are the use of colors, rhythm and the extent to which the poet uses words encompassing these issues. The importance of this issue in the poetry of some poets, especially those who follow the Indian style (Sabk-i Hindi), is so great that through the employment of this, one can realize the tastes, beliefs, aspirations and desires of the poet. Bidel Dehlavi (1054-1133 AH) is one of the most prominent poets of Indian style who has abundantly used these features in his lyric poems.  The purpose of this descriptive-analytical research is to study artistic innovations, together with the semantic frequency of color and rhythm, and its synonyms (song, rhythm, music, whisper, sound, moan, etc.) in Biddle Dehlavi's lyric poems. The result of the research indicates that the poet with a creative attitude and expression has expressed color and rhythm, with a significant frequency, as a motif and symbol of polysemy and structural axis of rhetorical images to convey various kinds of romantic-mystical thoughts, to contribute to the aesthetic of poetry, and to give harmony and balance to the language and its components.

This article is aimed at influencing the courses of NAJA insight on the excellence of the behavior of NAJA commanders and managers. The data collection method is descriptive-survey and its research method is quasi-experimental (and in terms of purpose, it is applied. The statistical population of the commanders and managers of NAJA headquarters had 17 positions. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used). 300 people were randomly selected by stratified sampling method. The data collection tool was a 29-item researcher-made questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, which was calculated as 97.1. Also, the validity of the questionnaire was based on the content validity and the use of the views and opinions of experts in this field were confirmed. The findings showed that the two factors affecting the religious and epistemological level of insight seekers, respectively, were consider being patient in dealing with employees and dealing with People and taking care of the treasury in the organization. In terms of improving moral growth, the factors that encourage employees to be kind and tolerant of each other and the people and humility in dealing with employees and clients had the most impact. Also on the spiritual and behavioral excellence. Double reliance on God Almighty in all matters of work and anxiety AH had the greatest influence on the trustworthiness of employees, and finally had the greatest impact on the dimension of improving the level of insight and political insight, respectively, hostility and avoiding friendship with the enemy and trying to resist in defending the right. The results of the research showed that the greatest impact of the desired dimensions on the excellence of insightful behavior after spiritual and behavioral excellence, improving the level of insight and political insight, improving moral development and deepening the level of religion and knowledge.

Study of allegories and proverbs used in the divan of Hazin Lahiji One of issues which causes more verbal beautifying is the application of various literary methods including allegories and proverbs. Either allegories and proverbs are used as essential pillar in the Indian style and these two literary approaches have been come in the lightness features. Hazin Lahiji is a contemporary poet in Hindi style. This prominent poet has tried to increase his aesthetic effect and verbal beautifying in his poems using expressive elements especially allegories and proverbs and has taken most utilize of these rhetoric approaches in his poems. In this study which was done based on descriptive-analytic method, it was tried to investigate both allegories and proverbs in the Hazin Lahiji’s poetry. Finally, the position of these approaches will be separately shown in poet’s poems based on statistical samples and presentation of tables and charts. The result of this study exhibited that Hazin Lahiji has used from proverbs more than allegories in his poems and has taken most uses of this rhetoric approach. Keywords: Hazin Lahiji, Hindi style, Allegories, Proverbs.

In this research, progressive damage of woven composite materials due to high velocity impact is investigated via finite elements method. Necessity of impact analysis of composite materials using progressive damage method is detailed and available material models for this type of analysis is discussed. Governing equations at onset of failure and failure modes as well as damage growth is expressed. Stain rate effects are contained in dynamic modulus and strength of composite materials. A user defined material model was supplied in LS-DYNA. Different failure modes such as axial failure in fibers due to tension or compression, in-plane lateral and shear failure, out of plane failure and delamination and crushing may be simulated. Ballistic impact in four and eight layered composite targets is investigated using this UMAT. Variation of projectile velocity in terms of time is studied on velocities less than and more than ballistic limit velocity. Two different responses are achieved by considering or neglecting strain rate effects. Also, variation of elastic modulus and strength in fiber direction as function of strain rate and damage growth is investigated for near field, far field and midrange of impact zone.

The effective communication indicators of the world are based on a set of principles for the logical solution of the current conflict, or in other words, the creation of peace between human beings. Regarding the role of religion in the life of societies and the increasing presence of the multiplicity of religions, the use of an active and peaceful approach in the field of religious education, namely, mysticism is essential. Therefore, the present article seeks to study Peace-based religious education based on mystical religious pluralism, by using a descriptive-interpretative method. Its main questions are: 1) What is the meaning of mysticism based on pluralism? 2) How is peacemaking religious education based on mystical religious pluralism? The results of this study show that based on the type of peacemaking based on the mystical religious pluralism, we can consider components and backgrounds such as creating a sense of well-being, religious discourse, tolerance, a spirit of responsibility among followers of religions, which, in the field of religious education, provide the basis for reconciliation and mutual understanding and lead to peaceful coexistence.

In this research, the finite element method have been utilized for investigation the progressive damage in composite laminates. Governing equations on progressive damage in three dimensional stress and strain filed have been expressed based on Hashin's onset of damage and Matzenmiller's progression of failure. The damage equations were coded to make a material model in LS-Dyna. This model could simulate various damage modes such as fiber breakage due to tension or compression, failure due to in-plane shear, crushing and delamination. High velocity impact on woven composite laminates have been analyzed using this material model subroutine. Damage pattern, ballistic limit velocity and growth of damage parameter in different failure modes have been investigated. Also, the occurrence of multi-mode damage at an element and degradation the elastic modulus of the composite material and its softening were studied. In addition, the effect of impact on damage growth at near filed and far filed of the impact zone as well as complete or partial damage of the composite laminate have been investigated. Based on outcomes, number of plies of composite laminate and its thickness have important role on manner of results. Also, for a damaged element, change of failure mode by growth of the damage parameters was observed.

Poet laureate Mirza Aboutaleb Kalim Kashani so called "Kalim's Talebaei" which has been nominated "the second means creator", is one of the famous poets of 11th century. His lineage has been revealed from Hamadan by Hisrorians and they have told that due to his inhabitancy in Kashan, he was known as Kashani. Kalim Kashani was so speech. His total poetry is written about 24000 verses; but, what is remained from him is not more than 6567 verses. He used of various rhetorical elements in his poetry and proverb and allegory are of these elements which are changed into stylistic feature because of many applications of them. The reason can be this that the Hindi style poet tries to reinforce his poetry by using proverb and allegory and apply this to make progress in his poetries which among them, Kalim Kashani has exhibited these literary devices for others in the best way. In this research, we tried to investigate proverb and allegory in Kalim Kashani's Divan poetry (6567 verses) that is done by using descriptive-analytical method. At the first, all of proverbs and allegories were extracted and in the next step, we focused on classifying of these literary devices and showing some examples and their analysis. At the end, the obtained results were shown in a table according to the number of proverb and allegory devices and based on statistical samples. The final results of this research show clearly that Kalim Kashani used from proverb device more than the other one. According to this research, among all 9567 verses of whole Divan, there are 718 verses have proverb and allegory devices. Herein, there can be obtained some results including: 1- Kalim Kashani has applied proverb device in his Divan in the best way. He sometimes has used this device in hemistich and sometimes in the verse; so that, based on our investigation, there is 72.8% of all proverbs in the hemistich and 6.8% of which is in the verse. 2- The poet has applied both proverb and allegory devices in his Divan; so that, among all 718 verses contain these literary devices, there are 32 cases (4.5% of all verses) have both. There is just one case in this Divan that it is used literary device so called proverbs device. 3- The number of used allegory smile is 47 cases (6.5% of all). He also used from allegoric metaphor and this device appropriates 3.6% of all. The notable point is that some rhetoricians classified both allegoric metaphor and allusion in the same class and perhaps, there is a sentence that is mentioned as allegoric metaphor and that sentence be an allusion of verb too. This role caused some disagreement on allegoric metaphor and allusion. 4- Other device that has been applied by Kalim Kashani is the style of equation. According to our survey, this device appropriates 5.6% of all devices. In this work, we focused on this device separately because, although the style of equation is subset of allegory, it is classified in the distinct field from allegory in rhetoric topics. As mentioned information, it can be found that as a famous poet in Hindi style, Kalim Kashani did not abstain using proverb and allegory in his Divan and put these literary devices in his poetries in the best way. The poet has used proverb in his Divan more than allegory and the allegory device has less appearance.

The analysis of literary works relying on the speech array and any literary trick that raises the word of the language to that of literature and art is important in the process of meaning-creation. The discovery of such tricks and hidden layers of texts can lead to a new understanding of them. Verses and Hadiths as literary tools have been applied for different purposes in all periods of Persian language and literature by poets and writers. Jahangosha Juwayni history is one of the most prominent historical-literary works of this type. In this descriptive-analytic research, it has been tried to have an artistic and interact analysis of how Juwayni has adopted verses and hadiths in his book. The two questions under discussions were A), which methods have been more frequently applied by Juwayni in the reflection of verses and hadiths? And B) what are Juwayni’s main purposes and motivations for the application of this artistic style? The results of this study shows that verses and hadiths have been applied variously to express the author’s ideas. Therefore, it is acceptable to consider verses and hadiths as a way for analyzing a text. The main purposes for the application of verses and hadiths are explanation, comment, documentation, argumentation, justification and humor.

Simile is one of the fundamental bases of rhetoric which, as the core of most poetical fantasies, transforms the ordinary language into the language of art and literature. The second creator of meaning, Kalim-e-Kashani, is an eleventh century (AH) poet and one of the famous representatives of the Hindi style who has created fantastic and untouched images. In this descriptive-analytical study, the similes in the Kalim-e-Kashani’s poems were analyzed and studied in terms of elements, structure and form. The results reflect that mentioning compound similes, twofold points of comparison, untouched objects of comparison, as well as different forms of simile such as simile of allegory, veiled and subtrahend simile and finally high frequency of the extended similes, has altered it from being cliché and banal and caused variety in metaphorical images -that are far from complexity of meaning and excessive vagueness abundant in Hindi style- of Kalim’s poems and has given more depth to his poems.

The purpose of the article is to identify the components of anthropology of ‎Islamic mysticism and its implications in the citizenship education. The ‎questions are: 1) what features does the human have based on the School of ‎Islamic mysticism? 2) What are the implications of anthropology of Islamic ‎mysticicism in the citizenship education? In order to study the anthropology of ‎Islamic mysticism and type of Islamic mysticism look at Human, it can be ‎considered four fundamental components of Islamic mysticism; i.e. Unity, love, ‎cognition and self-awareness, and ethic-oriented. Therefore, it has been got to ‎study the components of anthropology of Islamic mysticism and extracting its ‎implication in the citizenship education using the philosophical inference ‎method.The study results shows that anthropology of Islamic mysticism provides ‎capabilities and backgrounds for him by expressing its components of human ‎that it can be extracted the implication in the citizenship education. The citizens ‎who will solve the citizenship problems and their perfection in society based on ‎love and ethic-oriented and based on identifying its inner world in a united and ‎integrated form.‎

The beloved, lover and love are the three main axis of romantic poems while the beloved is the most pivotal character and her bold presence can be seen at almost every period of Persian poetry. Kamal-al-din Vahshi Bafqi is one of the greatest sonneteers of the Voqu’ School -a style in Persian poetry- who has been able to present a very special and distinct image of the beloved from all other periods, by his distinct look on the lyrical literature. Using the descriptive-analytic method, in the present study, it has been attempted to analyze the beloved’s image as reflected in Vahshi Bafqi’s sonnets in terms of describing her physical beauty and behavioral characteristics and in the end, the frequency charts and tables for these characteristics is presented. Results of the study indicates that the poet has paid complete attention to both physical and behavioral aspects of the beloved and its clear difference with former and future periods, Iraqi and Indian styles, is in the poet’s courage in describing male-beloveds and also in the way the lover reacts to some behavioral characteristics of the beloved and the reflection of Vasookht School thoughts in his poems.

Mohammad Eghbal Lahouri, a challenging and idealist poet, is one of the outstanding intellectual figures who offered fruitful Islamic culture to contemporary human society. This great mystery-solver and Oriental thinker in his thoughts he constructed a re-evaluation of man based on Quranic principles and the high position of man. This Islamic new thinking philosopher and Molavi follower believes that man, as God messenger, as a final symbol and goal of all processes of creation of nature and beings in the universe and as a grand Sacred Name of God whose mind and thinking is the manifestation of subliminal world can, through self-consciousness, self-concept and finding out his sublime personality, become a perfect and ideal man. In this respect he can be a manifestation of God and would be able to discover the secrets of creation to be a strong being, an eye-opened witness and a guided wayfarer who is familiar with all knowledge. In this essay, the philosophy, processes of selfness and the position of a perfect and ideal man in Eghbal Lahouri’s patterns of thinking are studied.