محمدحسن کریم فر

Calpain-10 (CAPN10) encodes an intracellular calcium-dependent protease. Physiological studies suggest that variations in CAPN10 activity affect insulin secretion, and therefore, susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between SNP-43 genotypes of CAPN10 and T2D. A total of 173 diabetic subjects and 173 non-diabetic controls were enrolled in this case-control study in the city of Ilam. The SNP-43 genotypes of CAPN10 were determined in all individuals, using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. We used χ2 test and logistic regression to analyze the data. Genotype distributions of SNP-43 of CAPN10 gene for GG, AG, and AA genotypes were 138 (89.8%), 31 (17.9%), and 4 (2.3%) in the control group and 119 (70.3%), 45 (26%), and 9 (5.2%) in the diabetic group, respectively. The results showed that SNP-43 of CAPN10 is not an important risk factor for T2D in Kurdish ethnic group of Ilam.

Almond as a traditional medicinal plant has been used as antidiabetic and hypoglycemic in some area of Iran. This study aimed to determine the effect of almond root extract and its effective compound 'amygdalin' on blood glucose level of diabetic rats. 48 NMRI male rats (180-250gr) divided to 2 groups; normal and diabetic, which included three saline, amygdalin (received i.p. injections of 100 mg/kg per day, for a weak) and extract (received oral gavages of 100 mg/kg almond root extract per day, for a weak) subgroups. Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocine (60mg/kg, i.p.). Blood glucose of each sample was measured in 4, 8, 24 hour and one week after the last treatment, by using spectrophotometer, related kits and glucose oxidase method (absorption at a wavelength of 520 nm). Data were analyzed by using ANOVA, t-test and Dunnett. Treatment of diabetic rats with amygdalin or almond extract were decreased significantly blood glucose at 4 and 8 hours after prescription periods compare to saline group(P<0.0001). But there was no significant difference among these groups at 24 hour and one week timescales. Amygdalin and bitter almond extract can reduce blood glucose in diabetic rats.

In lateral side of the lateral cord is part lateral pectoral nerve and musculucutaneous nerve. Before piercing of the coracobrachialis muscle. the cord gives a muscular branch to this muscle from its lateral side. After sending muscular branches to biceps brachii and brachialis it pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and coures downwards for a long distance at the middle of the arm into lateral forearm skin, that named as lateral forearm cutaneous nerve. Finally it is shape at the middle of the arm, lateral root median nerve. variation in the course and branching of lateral cord is important for surgical and radiologists specially in relation to surgeries involving this region. Case report: During routine dissection of upper limbs on an adult male cadaver for education medical students of Zabol Medical Sciences University, variation in the course and branching of lateral cord was noted. The lateral cord was found to pierce the coracobrachialis muscle. Before piercing, the cord gave a muscular branch to this muscle from its lateral side. After emerging from the muscle, it divided at the middle of the arm into two branches.The medial branch corresponded to the lateral root of the median nerve, where as the lateral branch corresponded to the musculocutaneous nerve. The latter coursed giving muscular branches and finally it bifurcated giving two terminal branches. The lateral branch formed the antebrachial cutaneous, while the medial branch coursed downwards for a short distance deep to the brachial artery. Interestingly, this branch joined the median nerve forming communication with it. Discussion and During embryologic development of the procedure generated this variation in the course and branching of lateral cord of brachial plexus. obviously, Such intercommunications between musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve have great clinical importance in the diagnosis of related neurological disorders and surgical procedures in this region.

The Neonatal Jaundice is a common and benign disease. With early discharge, many newborns have to be readmitted to hospital for evaluation and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. In these situations, the main concern is the prevention of development of kernicterus. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between Bilirubin, NRBC and Reticulocyte levels of umbilical cord blood with Neonatal Hyperbillirubinemia in Kosar Hospital of Qazvin. in this analytical-descriptive study, a representative sample of 74 healthy full-term newborns that were heavier than 2500 grams and were born in spring 2011, were investigated. Cord blood was taken from umbilical cord for analysis of NRBC, Reticulocyte and Bilirubin levels, then newborns were monitored in terms of developing jaundice by clinical and laboratory evaluations in the fifth day. The cord blood level of NRBC and Reticulocyte in icteric newborns which required phototherapy was significantly higher than non-icteric newborns. The sensitivity and specificity of NRBC that were more than 5.5% for prediction of jaundice development were 66% and 90%, respectively (p<0.000). The above findings for Reticulocyte percentage more than 6.5% were 73% and 60%, respectively, (p<0.001). The routine evaluation of Bilirubin level in umbilical cord is not as effective for screening and recognition of high risk of Neonates. Instead, cord NRBC and Reticulocyte levels could be used.

Bacterial meningitis is a public health problem, that threats developing countries. Neonatal meningitis characterized as a result of infection and inflammation of the meninges and typically happens in the first 28 days of life., Illness has special characteristics during neonatal period. Etiology, clinical symptoms and mortality is different from older children. Mortality varies based on the treatment with survival rate of 17% to 29% and complications rate of 15% to 68%.This research evaluates the prevalence of newborn bacterial meningitis in Kosar Hospital. This is a cross sectional design study. Participants were 567 suspicious neonatal that referred to Kosar hospital between Jul 2007 and Jan 2011. Data were obtained by doing a retrospective design of the medical records following a structured survey. Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is established by following laboratory criteria: presence of cell >30 leukocytes/mm3 with predominance of neutrophills; proteins in cerebrospinal fluid >200 mg/dL; glycorrhachia <40% of concomitant glycemia; identification of bacteria in bacterioscopic examination and/or culture of eliminate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Both descriptive and statistical analysis methods were applied. In surveying reports of 567 newborns, prevalence of bacterial meningitis was 1%(6). All patients had positive CSF culture. Culture results were as follow: E.Coli in 2 case, each of Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in 1 case. Infection of nervous system is one of the major problems in clinical practice, especially during the first month after birth. During this first month, nervous system's infection develops special characteristics, which are different from regular symptoms and it requires treatment due to increased risk of develop complications. It is strongly recommended to monitor ototoxic drugs that use to prevent effects on hearing system.

Oxidative damage to sperm resulting from reactive oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation generated by the cellular components of semen during sperm freezing is possibly one of the main causes of the decline in motility during storage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of melatonin in different doses on oxidative stress and motility of cryo-preserved human sperms.

After collection of sperm from 13 donors, the specimens were divided into equal 6 aliquots. One aliquot was used as a specimen of fresh unfrozen sperms. Freezing procedures were done for 4 aliquots in presence of melatonin in four different doses (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mM), one freezing medium did not contain melatonin. After thawing and preparation of frozen specimens computed analysis and CASA program were used to analyze the motility of sperm. Free Oxygen radicals and malondialdehyde were measured by ELISA analysis kit. Results were assessed using ANOVA method.

Freezing process has a negative effect on sperm parameters. We found that melatonin in freezing media can reduce the amount of free oxygen radicals and malondialdehyde. Our results showed that 0.01 mM melatonin improves the motility of cryo-preserved sperms.

Melatonin prevents the production of ROS and stops the lipid peroxidation process of sperms membrane during freezing preservation. Only 0.01 mM of melatonin improves the motility of sperms. 

The medial circumflex femoral artery usually originate from the posteromedial aspect of the profunda artery (a division from femoral artery)، but often originate from the femoral artery itself. This anomaly observed in the left pelvic region of a male cadaver. In this case، arterial variation described the existence of a common trunk for inferior epigastric and medial circumflex femoral arteries. This common trunk arose from the external iliac artery. The origin of the inferior epigastric and medial circumflex femoral arteries are explained on the basis of the embryologic development and their course and variations are compared with reports in the literature.

Cloning and expression in the cells is one of the most important basic techniques to study a specific protein in molecular biology. Among gene transfer methods, non-viral methods are less expensive, easier and safer to be implemented. NT4 is an important gene with miscellaneous clinical applications. This gene is a neurotrophic that induce survival, development and function of neurons as well as inducing differentiation of progenitor cells to form neurons. The aim of this study was to construct and transfect NT4 gene, in order to use it in research and gene therapy. NT4 gene was subcloned in plasmid pcmvsport6, using PCR; then it was transformed in Escherichia coli bacteria strain DH5-alpha. The recombinant gene was extracted and restriction enzymes by NOTI, SAII. The fragment gene was legated into the PEGFP-N1 plasmid. Then by restriction enzymes HINDIII, the recombinant was detected through gel electrophosis. In order to ensure that recombinant gene is correct, it was sended for sequencing. Cell culture was prepared and the recombinant plasmid was transfected. SDS page and western blotting were used for detection of protein expression. Enzyme analysis showed that pcDNA had correct structure and sequencing, confirmed by 100% homology of the gene with reported alpha gene in Gene Bank. In the analysis of proteins isolated from transfected cells with SDS-PAGE, an approximately 45 kDa band was observed with monoclonal antibody which was confirmed by Western blot analysis. This plasmid is able to transform to Eukaryotic system and is suitable for evaluation of translation due to its proper structure

There are reports about variations of arteries supply blood to the stomach، but there have been few articles published in the field till now. Coeliac trunk anterior branch of the abdominal aorta، is divided into three branches: the left gastric، common hepatic and splenic arteries. Left gastric artery is the smallest branch of Celiac trunk and it rises behind the lesser peritoneal cavity to reach end of the cardiac stomach. The artery injects blood into this region، in both surfaces of the stomach. Right gastric artery is a small branch around the common hepatic artery and is separated from the Gostroduodenal. This artery passes along with lesser curvature of the stomach، act as a anastomosis to the left gastric artery. Case report: In description of the body of a man about 45 years old with routine (Grant’s dissection) method، Observed which was not the right gastric artery and the left gastric artery has spread into the right side to pyloric region and feed regions related to the right gastric artery. No other arteries were found on the right side and 1/3 the stomach lesser bend. Discussion and This report is important because it is very rare and it is about the occurrence of this variation which has not been reported in any articles، to date; On the other hand، understanding these vascular variations، especially for Actions surgery and diagnostic and other procedures abdominal vessels is Indispensable.

In this study we evaluated the effect of maternal nicotine administration during pre and postnatal period on collagen IV changes in lung of mouse newborns.Female Balb/C mice were mated and finding vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. Pregnant mice, were divided into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Experimental group 1, received 3 mg/kg nicotine intrapritoneally from day 5 of gestation to last day of pregnancy. Experimental group 2 received the same amount of nicotine during the same gestational days as well as the first two week after birth (lactation). The control groups received the same volume of normal saline during the same periods. At the end of exposure time, all of newborns (experimental and control) were anesthetized and their lungs were removed and immunohistochemical study for tracing collagen were carried out. Our finding indicated that collagen reaction in the bronchial basement membrane (BBM) and extra cellular matrix (ECM) of lung parenchyma in experimental increased significantly in comparison to control groups. Cell necrosis definition in lung parenchyma of experimental group 2 were the other finding that our investigation achieved. These data indicate that maternal nicotine exposure may induce a noticeable increasing collagen reasonable in BBM and ECM of respiratory system of next generation. The lungs of these animals which were exposed to nicotine via the placenta and mother's milk, are more susceptible to damages such as abnormal collagen synthesis and cell necrosis.

The airway epithelium as a physiological barrier defend airway against environmental hazards in lung disease such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This defense seems to be regulated via alteration of inflammatory genes and Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important role in expression of inflammatory proteins. ROS promote the upregulation of cytokines and inflammatory proteins via activation of transcription factors such as Activated Protein 1 (AP-1). Sulfur Mustard (SM) is one of the hazardous agents which cause increase of ROS. In this study we will highlight the role of AP-1 in activation of cytokines and inflammatory molecules following the increase of ROS after exposure to SM in airway wall and for this purpose we chose C-fos which is the most common monodimer of AP-1. Ten control individuals and twenty SM exposed patients were considered. RT-PCR and Real-time PCR measured the quantity of C-fos mRNA in control and SM exposed specimens. Although this research showed 2.89 fold changes in expression levels of C-fos in SM exposed patients in compare to normal group, our result was not statistically remarkable (P> 0.05). Our evidence suggested that the induction of C-fos is may be because of increase of ROS after exposure to SM and having no statistically remarkable result is might refer to depletion of antioxidants.

Nicotine is one the chemical substance by high level of toxically which can rapidly absorbed from the lungs of smokers. It crosses the placenta and accumulates in the developing fetus. Our previous investigation indicated that collagen type IV appearance has a key role in basement membrane of various embryonic organs. We evaluated the effect of maternal nicotine exposure pre and postnatal period on collagen IV expression during bronchogenesis and alveolarization in the lung of mouse newborns. Pregnant Balb/C mice, were divided into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Experimental group 1, received 3 mg/kg nicotine intrapritoneally from day 5 of gestation to last day of pregnancy. Experimental group 2 were received the same amount of nicotine during the same gestational days as well as 2 first week after birth (lactation). The control groups received the same volume of normal saline during the same periods. At the end of exposure times, all of newborns were anesthetized and their lungs were removed and immunohistochemical study for tracing collagen were carried out. Our finding indicated that collagen reaction in the bronchial basement membrane (BBM) and extra cellular matrix (ECM) of lung parenchyma in experimental groups increased significantly in compared to control groups. Our finding showed that an alveolar remodeling and abnormal bronchogenesis in experimental group especially group 2 were observed. These data indicate that maternal nicotine exposure may induces an abnormal collagen IV expression and cause a defect in bronchopulmonary development.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane (BM) play important roles in many developmental processes during development and after birth. Among the components of the BM, collagen fibers especially type IV is the most important part of BM. The aim of this study was to determine expression of collagen type IV in the BM of lens structure during embryonic mouse development. In this experimental study, 22 female Balb/C mice were selected randomly and were kept under normal condition, finding vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. From embryonic day 10 to 20, all specimens were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and their head embryos were fixed, serially sectioned and it was also done after birth in 10-20 day neonates. Immunohistochemistry study for tracing of collagen type IV in eye capsule region was carried out. Grading served according to the firth method. Primary lens was visible in anterior pole of optic cup as an undifferentiated cellular mass on day 11 of gestation. Collagen IV immunostaining appeared at the early stage of embryonic day 12 in BM of anterior epithelial and gradually increased until day 17 in ECM and posterior pole. After this period, severe reaction staining collagen IV was not changed in any part of the lens. Our results indicated high levels of collagen IV is present at the BM of anterior epithelial lens during early development (E-12) and increases in anterior and posterior epithelial capsule (E-15 to E-17) days. These findings establish the importance of collagen IV during critical period of developing lens.

Introduction & The brain choroids plexus (BCP) plays an important role in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, but its characterization is still incomplete. Collagen type IV, is one of the most important proteins of basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM) of BCP. In the present study we investigated the differential period of type IV collagen in basement membrane of the BCP of mouse fetuses using immunohistochemical method. Intact female balb/c mice were kept under normal conditions. After mating, vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. From days 10 to the last day of pregnancy, the mice were sacrificed and their embryos were collected. For processing, the head of embryos were fixed, serially sectioned and immunohistochemistry study for tracing collagen type IV of BCP were carried out. This study indicated that collagen IV appeared by weak reaction on day 12 of gestation in BM of primary BCP and increased continuously until day 17th of gestation. After this period, collagen reaction did not show significant changes in the next embryonic days. Our previous study showed that renal glomeruli development is dependent on the collagen type IV appearance in BM and ECM. So, the present investigation confirmed that the BCP development is also dependent on type IV collagen synthesis in BM of brain ventricular choroids. These data indicated that the specific localization of this protein may be shared by renal glomeruli and the choroid plexus leads us to hypothesize that the type IV collagen protein may function as a selective permeability barrier.

In this investigation specific antibody type IV collagen has been used in light microscopy to study development of BMG of the embryonic and postnatal mouse glomerular mesangium. 20 female Balb/C mice were selected randomly and were kept under normal condition, finding vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. 12 pregnant mice were scarified by cervical dislocation in one of gestational days 13-18 and their fetuses were fixed, serially sectioned and immunohistochemistry study for tracing of collagen type IV in BMG was carried out. The same processes were used for kidneys preparation on 5, 10,15 and 20 postnatal days newborns of 2 mothers for each day. This study indicated that Collagen IV showed weak reaction on day 15 of gestation. The amount of collagen increased continuously until next days of fetal life and primary of 10 days postnatal in BMG. After this period, collagen IV reaction was not showed significant change in newborns. These data indicate that collagen IV appear just during the glomerular vasculogenesis and because of continuity with vasculature which is required for glomerular endothelial cell differentiation, type IV collagen, is the major structural protein in BMG implicated in these processes.

The axillary artery, a continuation of the subclavian artery, begins at the outer border of first rib, and ends nominally at the inferior border of teres major muscle where it becomes the brachial artery. During the dissection of a 30-35-year-old man cadaver, according to classical anatomy method (Grant’s method), we found an unusual branching in the second part of the axillary artery on the right side. The second part of axillary artery had a common branch, from which a lateral thoracic and subscapular artery was originated. This is an infrequent variation that has not been reported in the anatomy references, as yet.The increasing use of invasive diagnostic and interventional procedures in cardiovascular diseases, as well use of branches of upper limb arteries for coronary bypass and flaps in reconstructive surgery. Therefore, accurate knowledge of normal and variant arterial pattern of the upper extremities, for example axillary artery, is very important for medical specialists particularly anatomists and surgeons. Awareness of such variations can help surgeons to reduce the postoperative complications.

Teaching human anatomy, at any level, relies not only on the expertise of a tutor but also on the availability and use of a good teaching aid. Plastination materials are unique as teaching aid to exhibiting accurate anatomical structures . This meterials easily are stored and handled by students. The aim of the current study was to prepare plastinated specimen of posterior wall of trunk, spinal cord and medulla oblongata by injecting coloured polymer into arteries. Material &

The study was performed on a human body after fixation of the cadaver .The coloured polymer was prepared by mixing red color paste with polyester cobalt (accelerator) and then peroxide (hardening material) was added to it. This mixtume was injected into the body through femoral artery by the naso-gastric catheter using a hydrolic pump. After few days when the coloured polymer was dried up, dissection (Posterior trunk, spinal cord and medulla oblongata), dehydration, defatization and impregnation of the body was carried out. Finally the prepared plastinated specimen was compared with standard plastinated model.

The plastinated specimen was dry , non-toxic and without noxious fumes . Spinal cord and medulla oblongata have showed a normal anatomical structure . The flexibility elasticity and traction was compared with the standard specimen. P-value was 0.05 and the standard error 382±0.4600 .The Coloured polymers inside the arteries and vein were easy to detect.

According to the results of the current study, there was no significant differences (P<0.05) . The plastinated specimens prepared by injecting coloured polymer into the arteries, provided and excellent non-toxic specimen with no noxious fumes of formalin and with good durability and safety features.

Ischemia plays a major role in development of pathological changes in various neuropathies. Reperfusion amplifies physiological and pathological abnormalities in ischemic nerves. In this research, we studied ischemic-reperfusion (IR) injury of sciatic nerve up to 14 days of reperfusion. IR was produced by ligation and release of nooses around supplying vessels to the sciatic nerve. 30 rats were assigned into 5 groups of 6. Group 1 (control) did not undergo IR while the 4 remaining groups after three hours of complete hind leg ischemia underwent reperfusion within 0hr, 3hrs, 7 days and 14 days. Pathologically, two phases were identifiable. During phase 1 (0- 3 hrs) fiber degeneration and endoneurial edema were observed. During phase 2 (7 days and, 14 days) prominent fiber degeneration and prominent endoneurial edema were observed. Loss of function occurred in move than 75% of the rats with ischemia alone, in comparison with the control group the maximum reduction in activities was observed amongest the group of rats reperfused within 3 hours. IR injury depends on duration of reperfusion. Microvascular events during reperfusion may enhance the nerve fiber damage following the ischemia period.