محمدرضا احمدخانی

In the present research, Persian prefixes selected by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (Third Academy) have been analyzed against English prefixes. This research has been done with a construction-based approach and within the framework of the theory of constructional morphology, and word formation patterns have been explained based on structural-semantic schemas using a descriptive-analytical method. The data of the research was taken from the seventeen books of Third Academy in the form of full enumeration (51200 words). The findings of the research indicate that about 4319 approved words were created by the prefix addition method. By adding 16 prefixes and 51 prefixoid, the Third Academy has used 67 active and semi-active prefixes and prefixes in the construction of words approved by the Third Academy, which is not enough to make scientific words. The multiplicity of Farsi prefix derivatives compared to English prefixes, the semantic-structural heterogeneity of Persian prefixes compared to English, as well as the contradiction of some of them with the principles and rules of word selection are other findings of the research that can be mentioned.

This study investigates the speakers’attitudes and their language security considering ethnic identities towards the framework of the lectal variation theory. A researcher-constructed survey questionnaire and interview were used in this study. Linguistic data were collected from 314 participants selected semi-randomly from among the language community of immigrants living in Tehran with ten different varieties of Iranian languages. The Likert scale was used to measure the questionnaire items. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the reliability. Besides, the Chi-square test was used to receive statistical results. In terms of language attitudes, speakers of languages have the sense of proud, sincerity, belonging, sense of being more melodious and real identity, however the speakers of dialects have the sense of proud toward standard variety of Iranian language. In terms of language security, Laki’s speakers shows the most and Mazandarani’s speakers shows the least measure in the home environment and out of home environment. In terms of language identity, in languages, Laki’s speakers and in dialects, Hamedani’s speakers demonstrated the most sense of language identity toward their non-standard varieties of Iranian languages.

This study investigates the social status of the varieties of Iranian languages and dialects towards the perspective of the hidden cognitive realities of real language use within the framework of the lectal variation theory. Using this usage-based theory, researchers have explored the language speakers’ desire and tendency towards different language varieties considering the independent social variables of financial level of living and occupation. A researcher-constructed survey questionnaire and interview were used in this study. Linguistic data were collected from a total of 314 participants selected semi-randomly among the language community of immigrants living in Tehran, with Turkish, Laki, Kurdish, Baluchi and Mazandarani languages as well as Mashhadi, Lori, Hamedani, Isfahani and Yazdi dialects. The Likert scale, Cronbach’s alpha, the Chi-square test, the P-value and one-dimensional student’s t-test were used in this study. According to the results, the use of non-standard varieties is more common among retired employees. Economically the lower strata have the highest use of non-standard varieties. 83.54 percent of the speakers of language varieties in Tehran prefer to use the standard language variety in daily conversation in the society. Considering the migration variable, using non-standard language varieties of first-generation immigrants is more common than the second-generation immigrants.

The research aims at studying a frequent phonological process in Persian. A phonological process that is supposed to act in many Persian words, enjoying the respective phonological arrangements. As a content-oriented process, the vowel harmony may not act in certain Persian words even in the speakers' informal pronunciation. The research method is a survey, qualitative content analysis and the data included in 100 words, gathered by purposive sampling to make a questionnaire. The interviewees include 150 speakers who are fluent in standard Persian. They pronounced the words in an informal style. The findings show that the vowel harmony acts in many Persian words, while being encounter by some restrictions in many others. The frequency, the loanwords, the age, gender and education of the speakers, the vowel harmony output takes a similar phonetic representation to local dialects and accents, the amplification of using writing language in speaking, the required phonetic arrangement stands in two morphemes, bleeding, closed syllable, and sometimes the grammatical category of the words stimulated the vowel harmony and blocked it.

The phonological processes usually act in words. The phonological arrangement of words may pave the way for a phonological act or may not. The researcher aimed at taking a comprehensive study on the subject for his dissertation. The current paper is a part of the study based on discovering the reasons and finding out the situations in which the vowel harmony does not take place. The question of the research is “how to find out the restrictions that prevent the process to cover all potential words?”

The study is based on the generating morphology theory.

The research method is a survey, qualitative content analysis and the data included in 100 Persian words gathered by purposive sampling from books and written documents to make a questionnaire. The interviewees are 150 Persian native speakers, including 78 men and 72 women, at the age range of 25 to 65. Their education ranked from diploma to Ph.D. They have been asked to pronounce the words in an informal style. The questionnaire also included in a self-statement form to be filled with name, age, sex and … . The researcher filled and completed the questionnaires by a field method all over Tehran.  

The research data included in two main groups. The first are the words taking the vowel harmony when pronounced by the speakers and the second are the words did not take any vowel harmony, while having the required phonological context. One of the probable processes is the vowel harmony between short vowels with the vowel /ɑ/. When one of the short vowels followed by /-ɂɑ/ or /-hɑ/, they will be assimilated by the vowel /ɑ/. The frequently used words like /lahɑf/, /tʃahɑr/, /nahɑr/ and /ʃahɑmat/ have taken the respective vowel harmony by more than 50% of the speakers. Meanwhile the words like /rahɑ/, /maɂɑd/, /saɂɑdat/, and /raɂɑjat/ have not taken the corresponding vowel harmony by more than 50% of the speakers. The reason for such a lack of vowel harmony partly relates to the fact that the output of the speakers' pronunciation may take a sort of similarity to other language types. For example, if they harmonize the vowel in /sefid/ and pronounce it as /sifid/, it can be similar to Azeri language type. In the word /dahɑn/, there is also the same situation and if vowel harmony takes place, the phonetic representation will be /dɑhɑn/ but it does not occure. The speakers pronounce it as /dahan/ in which two vowel shortenings take place instead of vowel harmony.
Another koind of vowel harmony relates to the vowels of /e/ and /ɑ/. The word /ɂeltehɑb/ that takes less frequency, did not accompany with vowel harmony. The words /ɂemtehɑn/, /ɂeʃtehɑ/, /ɂentehɑ/ and /dehɑt/ harmonized a lot, while words like /ʃeɂɑr/, /ɂenʃeɂɑb/ and /ɂeltehɑb/ harmonized a little by the speakers.
Another kind of vowel harmony deals with /o/ and /ɑ/. The words like /mohɑceme/, /mohɑsere/, /mohɑsebe/, and /moɂɑʃerat/ took a regressive vowel harmony by 69%, 65%, 52% and 49% respectively. In some Arabic word of the Mofa'ala infinitive, as in /mobɑhese/, if the vowel harmony take place, the output will be /mobɑhɑse/ in which a progressive harmony occurs. But a progressive vowel harmony is not probable in such words, since the harmony in the similar phonological context is regressive. In other words, the first prerequisite (regressive harmony) does not exist, while the second prerequisite (the glottal consonant /h/ between the vowels) exists. So in the first rule (R1) we have: 
/# mo.bɑ.ha.sa#/
mo.bɑ.ha.sa
In the second rule (R2): 
R2: a → e/ --- #
R2: a → e/ c --- ce #
In the third rule (R3) the vowel /a/ changes to /e/ in the final position. In the forth rule (R4) the penultimate vowel (before final /e/) harmonizes with the syllable nucleus of 4th syllable.
 
/#mo.bɑ.ha.sa#/   UR
R3:           mo.bɑ.ha.se
R4:           mo.bɑ.he.se
[mobɑhese]        PR
 
Another kind of vowel harmony deals with those words in which the first syllable is a short CV with /e/ or /o/ in nucleus. In the second syllable nucleus there is a high vowel of /i/ or /u/. The results show that words like /sefid/, /resid/, /ceʃid/ and /ʃenid/ all enjoy such a syllable with /e/ in the second syllable nucleus. Persian speakers do not harmonize the vowel in /sefid/ and never pronounce it as /sifid/ in order to prevent any similarity of their pronunciation to other language type. Meanwhile the speakers harmonized the vowel /o/ to /u/ in the words like /sopur/, /ɂotu/, /dorus/, /ʃocuh/, /bolur/ and /vorud/.

The results showed that the sequence of the vowels with common features must be in accordance with the vowel harmony rules. The glottal consonants facilitate the vowel harmony, while the oral consonants block it. The frequency of a word regarded as the most important factor for taking the vowel harmony rules. The next factor is the kind of consonant stands between the vowels, because in some vowel harmonies, the glottal consonants play a critical role. In the vowel harmony, corresponding to the vowel raising, the process is just probable in simple words enjoying a target short syllable of CV. Otherwise the syllable is not short and the words are not simple as in /xod.dʒuʃ/, /xoʃ.puʃ/, /por.mu/, and /por.ʃur/, and vowel harmony does not occur. The Arabic loanwords frequently used in Persian may not follow the progressive vowel harmony.

Narration mostly occurs in the form of place, so narrative and place are two integrated concepts. Place has an important discourse function because it causes semantic clarity of discourse factors, better and clearer interpretation of the narrative space, deeper understanding of the behavior and action of narrative elements, and finally the transcendence of meaning in the narrative.

The present article tries to use an inductive method to study the type, extent and frequency of different places in the narrative discourse of Azerbaijani folk narratives, based on the semiotic approach of the Paris school. The selected narrations are Mahi Siyahe Koochooloo, Kachal Mam Siyah, Koroghloo, Pesarake Labuforush, and Yek holoo Hezar holoo.

Findings indicate that most places in Azerbaijani folklore have features of continuous placeless, objectivity and directness. Among the triple places, the “source” has the lowest frequency and the “destination” and “fixed place” are almost equal and there is no significant difference between them.

The predominant approach in these narratives is maximal use of concrete place compared to abstract place. Continuous places also have the highest percentage of presence. However, metaphorical places have only 7% of the total, which indicates the explicit and non-metaphorical use of the narrative text and its distance from the literature. 15% of the places used in these narrations are of the transcendental type, which shows the place in the thought of the actors. Other used places, such as “spiral” or “network” locations, are very limited. It should be noted that so far such a comprehensive study of place has not been done not only in Azerbaijani folklore, but also in other existing literature, and this is one of the distinguishing points of the present work from other studies.

Persuasive process is an important and open topic in discourse sign-Semiotics. The article tries to analyze type and frequency of persuasive factors in narrative discourses of Azerbaijan Folklore Narratives based on sign-Semioticsapproach and inductive method. The selected narratives are Mahi Siyahe Koochooloo (The Little Red Fish), Kachal Mam Siyah (The Bald Mamsiah), Koroghloo, 24 saat khab o bidari (24 Hours of Sleep and Wake), and Yek Holoo Hezar Holoo (One Peach, One Thousand Peaches) narratives. In these narratives persuasive factors like reasoning, planning, building trust, caution, promise, etc. are used considering the situation and the addressee. From 145 persuasive processes and 24 types of persuasive factors, caution, threat, incitement, reasoning, promise, and rodomontade have the highest frequencies. 1/4 of persuasive factors belong to caution and threat but the rate of success in these two factors is not the same. Bribery, hesitation, compliment, flattery, curse, emphasis and playing to be oppressed were just in one case. The analysis showed that the exhort and frightening of doing outcomes is the dominant style in Azerbaijan Folklore Narratives. There is the highest percentage of persuasion failure in Mahi Siyahe Koochooloo narrative because of the insistence of the doer on the realization of his goal. There is the highest level of persuasion success in Kachal Mam Siyah and Koroghloo because of the power relationship.

Mamasani Lori dialect is one of the southern dialects of Lori language and a branch of southwestern Iranian dialects which, like many other Iranian dialects, has significant phonetic and phonological variations. One of the notable morphonological domains in this dialect is the representation of various forms of the past morpheme. The main issue of this research is how to optimize the processes, constraints and rankings of these morphonological variations based on the optimality theory, and investigating whether there are universal rules for them? The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary, based on the list of simple verbs of Persian language (Tabatabai 1997), a list of equivalent verbs in Mamasani Lori dialect was extracted and transcribed based on the International Phonetic Alphabet and all contexts of past allomorphs are analyzed in the data. Data analysis showed that /ɪd/ is the underlying past morpheme is the in this dialect, based on the criteria of context distribution, frequency of occurrence and application of the least rules. So, this study resulted in specifying nine allomorphs of past morpheme, (/ Ið /, / ð /, / ɑð /, / d /, / t /, / es /, / s /, / ɑs / and / Ø), and analyzing their phonetic realization based on OT in this dialect.

The current research aims at studying a frequent phonological process. A sort of vowel-consonant harmony which acts when the vowel /ɑ/ followed by a nasal consonant. The process sometimes does not act in many Persian words. This article deals with the Persian words, having the required phonological circumstances, but Persian speakers do not raise their vowels. Many university students look for the reasons and it needs a more detailed study. The research method is a survey, qualitative content analysis and the data included in 110 words gathered by purposive sampling to make a questionnaire. The interviewees include 150 speakers who are fluent in Persian. The vowel raising of /ɑ/ before nasals stops in accordance with the historical documents and in newer words. The findings show that even in older words, the process does not act because of: 1. The required phonological arrangement stands in two morphemes, 2. In loanwords, 3. In proper nouns, 4. When another phonological process bleeds or put a falling vowel adjacent to a nasal. 5. In open class words of the new domains like teaching and technology.

To know how people start their conversation and address each other is important in  studying social relation. In this research address in Azeri Turkish language Khoy spoken variety is studied. Research study is of content analysis. And data are collected by field study of 225 Khoy native speaker. The analysis of data showed that there are eight types of address forms in khoy dialect, which are first name, last name, titles, and family relationship terms, pet names, religious terms, occupational terms and reversed terms.  These address terms have three functions: showing intimacy, power distance and resoect. Also data analysis showed that age, education, job hieratchy, social ranking and family relatiopnshipare effective on sekectiong address terms.  Statistics shows that after first name, title is the most frequent address terms in Khoy variety of Azeri Turkish. Relegious terms have the most frequency among strange people which shos that reliogous affairs are important for Khoy people.

According to Leonard Talmy's “force dynamics” schema, as is observed in natural events, the flow of force is also reflected in linguistic structures, and in this respect, languages ​​are divided into two groups: “verb -framed” and "satellite- framed". In the first group, the events related to force dynamics are represented through the verb and in the second group, in the form of a satellite around the root of the verb and through the satellite. The aim of the present study is to explore the linguistic representation of motion events in Sorani Kurdish dialect within this semantic category. The data of this study was obtained through face-to-face interviews with twenty normative speakers. In cases where there were several forms of speech to express motion verbs, its citation form was recorded according to Mardukh's dictionary. Analysis of 260 motion verbs out of 300 speech pieces showed that patterns (motion + method) and (motion + path) are the most frequent patterns in the verbs of this dialect. Also, the 65% statistic representing the semantic concepts of the path through the satellite showed that the Sorani dialect is more inclined towards the satellite- framed languages.

The Lori language and its various dialects are a branch of southwestern Iranian dialects. In Mamasani Lori dialect, like many other Iranian dialects, the morphophonological processes have significant varieties. . This study has investigated the morphophonological processes resulting from the addition of the plural morpheme / -æl / to the nominal stems in this dialect based on the framework of optimality approach and answered the following questions:1) What are the allomorphs of plural morpheme in this dialect? What processes, constraints, and rankings govern the alternations, phonetic realizations of optimal outputs resulting from the addition of the plural morpheme to stems?

The present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection was field study; in this way, a list of names as well as noun substitute adjectives in the studied dialect was extracted by recording hours of interviews and conversations of the native speakers. Its various contexts have been identified in the sample of the studied data based on the authors’ intuitive linguistic knowledge and the theoretical basis of the research. Data were transcribed based on the ɪnternational Phonetic Alphabet and all plural morpheme textures in these data were analyzed.

In this study, the singular nominal stems ending in consonant are changed to their plural forms by adding the plural morpheme / æl / to them. In this process, by re-syllabification, the onset position of the plural morpheme is filled. The Alignment constraint (ALIGN-R) governs the re- syllabification process, in which the alignment constraint is violated to satisfy the dominating high ranked ONSET constraint. In the hiatus context of the addition of nouns ending in the phonetic chain / jæ / and the plural morpheme / - æl /, first the insertion process of intrusive consonant / j / is occurred and then deletion process is happened based on dissimilation process and under the OCP constraint. The insertion process is used to prevent the hiatus of the nominative stem vowels and the plural morpheme / -æl / vowel, and is used in the chain or phonetic context, for example at the boundary of the nominal stems ending in the vowel / ɑ: / and the plural morpheme vowel, in which Deletion process is not applicable. In this study, the glide / j / is considered to be the underlying intrusive consonant based on the common phonetic features of the vowels and / j /, which as a result of assimilating with vowel of  the stems ending in / u: / is realized as labial glide / w / and In two cases it becomes / -ɟ / due to  partial assimilation with nasal consonant of the stems and also it is realized as / n / in the other two stems under complete assimilating process with  nasal consonant of the stems. Another assimilating process occurs as a result of the adjacency of the final vowel of the nominal stems ending in / æ / with the intrusive consonant / j /, which changes the final vowel of the nominal stem into the vowel / ɪ /. Discussion &

The findings showed that the constraints HIATUS, ONSET and NUC have the highest ranks in the morpho-phonological analysis of plural morpheme with combination of the nouns of Mamasani Lori dialect and Violation of these constraints is fatal and leads to the production of non-optimal choices/candidates in this dialect.

This paper is concerned with analyzing the tricks of the Hollywood Cinema’s discourse formation when introducing the environmental problems and their proposed solutions in the Lorax animation. Descriptive-analytical research method was employed and by using the idea of juxtaposition and critical reading of the discourse of capitalist global system, the mechanisms of stabilization and consolidation of the Western semantic discourse system was decoded or deciphered. The Lorax animation, which is a representation of this discourse, tries to present a new profile of widespread environmental problems, culprits, responsibilities and solutions to the audience. But, the findings of this research show that environmental problems, like cutting the trees and air pollution, are just an excuse for legitimization of consumerist discourse, marketing for multinational corporations, and more importantly, promotion of humanism. Believers and theists in this animation are represented as impotent and helpless beings. But, through a clearer, more powerful, and deeper expression of thoughts and abilities of independent human being, humanism uplifts its hero to the etheric domain of gods until he/she becomes the subject of observational reflection of the audience. At the end of this animation, the audience will find out that for the first time in the world history, the Western discourse has appeared in the form of a just global system that is the output of “the profound orientations and tendencies of the social world,” and, without any need to the divine guidance, can provide man with various options of semanticization of a happy life.

Using metaphorical address terms to represent sentiments and feelings is an important subject in studying societies. This research aims to study this sociolinguistic phenomenon from a cognitive perspective and has three objectives finding types and frequencies of conceptual metaphors, their rate of occurrence in address terms used by the two age groups of young and middle-aged women and men, and the amount of metaphorical address terms among all kinds in Azeri Turkish of Khoy. The study employed content analysis and data are collected by field study from 100 native speakers using a questionnaire. Statistics indicated that following the classification of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), frequencies of metaphorical address terms in relation with each other were structural metaphors (267) cases, ontological metaphors (212) cases and orientational metaphors (3) cases. Findings indicated that: 1) the greatest amount of using metaphorical address terms belonged respectively to young women (%39.17), young men (%28.22), middle-aged men (%19.30) and middle-aged women (%13.31), 2) out of the total number of obtained address terms, (%55.1) were related to metaphorical and (%44.9) to non-metaphorical address terms. We can thus conclude that more than half of addresses in Khoy have a metaphorical nature.

Vowel harmony like assimilation is a very common process which is seen in most languages of the world. This process is studied by most phonological theories such as generative phonology, auto segmental phonology and optimality theory and is considered as a criterion for evaluating the adequacy of these phonological theories to account. This article deals with the vowel and vowel consonant harmony in Persian. Vowel harmony and vowel consonant harmony studies the features such as height, front/backless, roundness, and advanced tongue root and retracted tongue root. The research method of this article is content analysis and the data are collected by purposive sampling. Theoretical framework of this research is Optimality Theory. In Persian languages features of vowels such as frontness/backness, height and roundness involved in vowel and vowel consonant harmony are studied. Also some features of consonants such as anteriority or posteriority or their place of articulation changed in harmonies are studied.  In this article some faithfulness and marked constraints for accounting vowel and vowel- consonant harmony in Persian such as license, agreement and identity are introduced. Finally it was shown that strong positions in Persian account harmony in this language.

 The study investigates the phenomenon of globalization and its relevance to changing the first names of university students to see the tendency of new identity in both sexes and to identify the motivations of changing according to socio-onomastic approach. The method is descriptive - analytic and the second name was examined by 459 of university students in Tehran. The findings indicated that among those who changed their names were 22.5 % of the boys and 77.5 % of the girls . The male students are more likely to belong to the national identity and female students to the transnational identity . The male students have often changed their names from ancient religious names to a new one or a national identity but Female students have changed their religious and national names to transnational identity and it shows significant differences. And also Among the motivations stated among the male and girl students respectively , personal interest ( intrinsic motivation ) and promotion of prestige ( external motivation ) was the most important factor. This study showed that sociolinguistics and especially socio-onomastic is capable of observing social transformations including identity changes and is able to reach to the answer of both linguists and sociologists questions. Identity transformation and Changing the Person’s Name; Observing Social Changes in the Field of Social Onomastics ABSTRACT This study investigates the phenomenon of globalization and its relevance to changing the names of university students to see the tendency of new identity in both sexes and to identify the motivations of changing the names according to the field of onomastics. The population of the study is the students of the university of tehran .The research is quantitative survey with descriptive approach and the method done for choosing the universities of Tehran was purposive and for university students was convenience sampling. Among the 1609 questionnaire gathered from university students, it is shown that the second name was choosen by 459 of them. The findings indicated that among those who changed their names were 22.5 % of the boys and 77.5 % of the girls. The results showed that there is a tendency for national identity in boys and transnational identity in girl students . There is also a shift in the name from the old religious names to the new one as well as to the national identity of the boys , while on the other hand, female students tended to shift from national and religious to transnational one. For the motivations stated among the male and girl students respectively , personal interest and also to have Iranian names ( intrinsinc and extrinsic motivation ) and promotion of prestige, then beutifulness ( intrinsic motivation ) was the most important factor.

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate identity in formal (name of passages) and informal naming (name of residential and commercial places) in Rasht. Research methods include field and descriptive-analytical methods. The data were collected by assessing the map and attending the passages, residential areas and commercial places. The total number of passages was 2341, residential places was 1292 and commercial places was 966. Names were then examined for multiple identities (individual, local, national, religious, and transnational). The research results show that in formal naming (passages) the highest tendency is to use local and religious names, while in informal naming (residential and commercial places) the highest tendency is to use transnational names.

In cognitive approach, conceptual metaphor belongs to human cognitive system which has root in conceptual system of mind as the concept does not relate to literature and poems. The domain of emotions is a new approach in which language has dynamic and indivisible connection with science of cognition and emotions. According to Kovecces (2010) by studying frequent conceptual metaphors, one can attain the worldview of the language society. The present study studies grief conceptual metaphors in the works of Ahmad Mahmood and Simin Daneshvar on the basis of Kovecces (2010) and investigates the effect of time and gender in the use of metaphors. The goal of this study is to understand how the concept of grief in conceptual metaphors is conceived and on the basis which concepts in the source domain, the concept of grief is formed. Also this research tries to account for how changes of time and gender in using conceptual metaphors relating to grief in the aforementioned works are shown.

When a conceptual domain is understood on the basis of another domain, a conceptual metaphor is formed. This understanding is the result of systematic mappings or correspondences between two conceptual domains. As a result, conceptual metaphor is conceived as the conceptual domain in which A is the conceptual domain of B. Mapping is a set of correspondences in two sides of metaphor. According to Kovecses (2010), the most common sources are domains of human body, health and illness, animals, plants, buildings, units and tools, games and sports, trade, cooking and food, warmth and coldness, light and darkness, forces, movement and direction, and the common targets are feelings, willingness, ethics, thoughts, society/nation, politics, economy, human relation, relation, time, life and death, religion, events and actions. Social aspect includes  men’s talking style about women, women’s talking style about men, men and women’s talking style about women describing the world generally by men and women. Focusing one metaphor on one or more target metaphor is called highlighting. The necessity of highlighting metaphor is hiding, in which aspects of the target concept which is moved away from the focus, are hidden.. For example, if  one considers the conceptual metaphors of  the present investigation namely, “container, travelling, and war”  while focusing on different aspects of the discussion such as content, advance, and success, one can understand that one only a part of the concept of  discussion is bolded and is the focus of metaphor in each.

The method of this present study is discovery and research. The method to recognize the metaphor is called Pragglejaz group (2007). In this method, the analysis of conceptual metaphor is based on the linguistic metaphor. Metaphoric meaning is the indirect meaning of the word which is the result of comparing the contextual and the main meaning used in other contexts. In Iran, literature has a special realization in south and southwest of Iran in Khuzestan, Fars, and Bushehr attracting writers of the south and also other writers to these regions. The most important of the geographic story literature comes from the efforts of south writers. Stories which have originated from the culture and nature consisting writers who are in middle urban class. The works of the south writers describe poverty, depravities and rural oppressed people who are weak and helpless and workers who are wanderer.  In this research only the works of Mahmood and Daneshvar who have many works before and Islamic revolution are chosen.

This research aims at studying the mappings and source domains in the works of Mahmood and Daneshvar before and after Islamic revolution.  In the early works of Mahmood source domains of thing, death, illness, burden, and animal behavior had the most frequency. In the post Islamic revolution works of Mahmood, the source domains of barriers, destruction, death, matters in the container, things, matters, and water had the most  frequency. One can say that Mahmood has tried to show two representation of grief by changing the focus of metaphors as the two aspects of different extrovert’s and introvert’s worldview. Analyzing the grief emotion in early works, one can see an animal which has an external reaction to grief.  He considers grief as ‘’ undesirable food’’ which by eating it, one shows beasty reactions which has external reactions. Finally, he considers grief as burden which is dreadful. But in recent works, grief pictures show a scene from the introvert aspect.  Mahmood considers, in his recent works, borders which passing them is totally destructive. Although he in the works after Islamic revolution totally moves toward reducing expression and negative expressions. But it seems that in his worldview, negative effect of grief is more severe and destructive.In the prerevolutionary works of Daneshvar, the source domains of thing, fire, heat, illness, animal behavior, pressure, and compression have the most frequency. In recent works of Daneshvar, the source domains of thing, illness, barrier, destruction, fire/heat, and death have the most frequency in showing grief. It seems that Daneshvar in her first life felt grief completely and depicted the effects of grief more destructive than the second period. In her recent works by using more frequent domains of barrier, force and water, she considers grief as a force which is a beerier for happiness, health and pleasantness. In this period of her life, one can the see increasing capacity of Daneshvar facing this emotion.

it is believed that thoughts, experience and the culture of each nation is specific for the same nation and is reflected in their language. The article attempts to show whether the metaphors of poems in poetry of Bilingual poet (like the Shahriar ) is language – dependent or not?The theoretical basis of this research is conceptual metaphor of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). . The results and findings of this analysis confirmed the hypothesis and found that the frequency of occurrence of ontological metaphors in Turkish (97/3%) and Persian (99/35%) is higher than other metaphors, and metaphors of poem in poetry of Bilingual poet (like the Shahriar) is language – dependent. Statistical analysis also showed that the metaphorical fields, "Nature", "religion or belief" are universal, but the metaphorical fields, "love and saying," "socio-political" and "race" are not universal, and the claim that metaphorical concept not only are linguistic categories, but also form the basis of human thinking and behavior is confirmed. As a result, some of the metaphors are formed accordance with general principles and the other part of it is affected by cultural biases, and social. The nature of imitation or even metaphoric use of a conceptual metaphor preferred over others, influenced by cultural beliefs in the principles of universal metaphors. And metaphoric influence of culture and environment is confirmed.

In this research, inflectional affixes in Kurdish Bijar Garroos on the basis of Stump (2001) theory, known as “Paradigm-Function Morphology”, have been studied. Research method is descriptive and the approach of the research is synchronic. To gather the data, we used field, library method and intuition as well. Analyzing the data showed that in spite of Stump classifying of inflectional properties, in Kurdish Bijar, some of the properties are not inflectional. In this respect, properties of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs of Kurdish language according to Stump (2001) theory are studied.

The main activity of Academy of Persian Language and Literature is accompanied with progress and development of country on the basis of the science and in this regard the terminology work groups have dealt with the specialized and scientific lexis. In this research we study approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature based on linguistic and morphological approaches to present optimal ways for terminology work and word formation. The research is theoretical and the way of research is content analysis in method of qualitative analysis. The terms and the related data which are all the approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature, thirteen note (1395-1376), which were collected in library method. The findings of the research revealed that Academy of Persian Language and Literature did not exploit of all potential and actual abilities of word formation in Persian language and word formation based on derivational morphology is the best solution for deficit of lexis of Persian language. The study showed from all the approved terms (32800), about 1310 loan word ( except for Arabic words and omitting the common words), about 17 terms reduplication( omitting the common words) and just 7656 terms ( omitting the common words) were formed from main ways of word formation and the rest of terms are calque and there is not any innovation in the approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature.

The Argot language is one of the standard varieties of language that forms among young people or group of delinquents. Each social group has its own terms and expressions that must be learned in order to enter that group. Argot language is not separate from the language. Rather, it is one of its various varieties. This language represents a heterogeneous society, with each group having an impact in language. One can argue beyond this, claiming that the difference between each Argot language and the language commonly depends on the group attribute that uses this Argot language. The more different these groups are, the more they use different language forms to establish and maintain a relationship with the linguistic community. Young people form a large part of the active population of our community, and the tendency towards peers and differences with adults is an important feature of this group. They have a particular language system that consists of the norms, values, behaviors and the core of their subculture. It is a secret code and a special communication symbol that transmits messages and creates certain rules and behaviors. Therefore, young people have their own subculture and use special vocabulary. The use of these vocabulary by young people and their influence on the youth subculture has created a certain verbal and non-verbal communication among young people that requires a scientific review. Groups of friends and circles are friends, SMS, social networking messages, television movies, virtual social media, print media such as fictional characters, borrowing from other languages, and other forms of creativity and dissemination of these words. The purpose of this paper is to identify semantic relations in the language of the secret language within the framework of the theory of constructivism. Constructive semantics is one of the most important methods of achieving analysis using structuralism theory. In this view, the network language is one of the systematic relationships. Structural meanings mean that what is the equivalent of a semantic unit? And how are they connected? The constructive semantic label is usually limited to lexical semantics. One of the most fundamental and general principles of constructivist linguistics is that languages, systems, and sub-systems or their constituent levels-grammatical, lexical, and phoneme levels are interdependent. An important aspect of lexical semantics is how semantic relations of vocabulary are with each other; in particular, the discovery of the four classes of semantic relations, Opposition hyponymy, synonymy, and member-collection is important. Semantic Relationship is the relationship between a lexical categories with other vocabulary, which confronts the speaker with the choice of different lexical categories. This term has different types. In other words, the meaning of the semantic relation means that the language has a semantic structure and the words are related in groups. Of course, these groups are formed on the basis of the semantic relations between the words. According to the tradition of studying meaning, these relations are in the semantic system of language between concepts that at first glance may seem independent, but have a close connection with each other, which is sometimes impossible to distinguish one another. Conceptual relationships have two types. Some of them are substitutions, and the other are synthetic, or, according to the famous statement, according to the Saussure's attitude, is a function of substitution and conjunction. The substitution relationships between concepts arise between members of a grammatical category and with their replacement. This category of conceptual relationships, typically and not necessarily, consists of words from various grammatical categories that together create well fromedness. In order to achieve the purpose of the article, we first discuss the categories of semantic, synonymy, polysemy, Opposition, hyponymy, meronymy, collocation, portion-mass, member-collection, homophony and Homography. After processing and identifying these relationships in the Argot language vocabulary derived from an interview of the 15-30 year old young people of Tehran subway, as well as the Persian Dictionary of Argot of Samai's work the frequency of each semantic relationship was determined. The sample size is 1507 words; it has been extracted by two methods of documenting the Persian Dictionary of Argot and a researcher-made interview with a Snowball Sampling method. After collecting and deletion, the words were classified according to their nature and meaning in fourteen semantic areas. These classes include tools and objects, automobiles, moods, ethics and behavior, secret communication, the condition of organs, numbers, organs, eating and drink, people, actions, opiates, clothing and places. The information of each word includes the semantic domain, the concept, the lexical entry and the Encyclopedia meaning. In addition to identifying semantic domains, the concept of each lexical category was also identified. Because the creators of the Argot language vocabulary use these words to create these words in an attempt to keep secrets hidden within a group of their inherent knowledge, while the words reference may be different from these concepts. Then, the semantic relations of lexical data in each area were determined by qualitative content analysis method. The question of this research is that if semantic relations exist in the secret language, what is the relationship between the highest and lowest frequencies of semantic relations? The results of the derivation of semantic analysis show that the highest and lowest lexical frequencies belong to the domains of people and clothing, respectively. Also, synonymy with the frequency of 63.05% has the highest semantic and homography with the frequency of 0.11% with the least semantic relation. The high frequency of synonymy relation in the vocabulary of this language represents the main reason for the use of Argot language; that is, to hide the meaning of these words. If its meanings are revealed to others, a new term replaces the previous word.

The present study investigates the use of Argot language vocabulary in two gender groups. The Argot language is a collection of words and phrases that certain groups use to keep secrets inside their group against others. This sociolinguistics study describes the functional differences of the vocabulary of this language in two groups of males and females. Data were randomly collected through 60 face-to-face interviews. This research applied a descriptive and a case study method. The purpose of this research is to answer the question whether there is a significant difference between the lexical frequency and the expected occurence. To test the hypothesis, males respondents have used the most secret words in the interviewees, using Chi-square non-parametric tedst. The dependent variable in this study is the frequency of Argot vocabulary and independent gender variable is gender. It seems that gender plays an important role in the frequency of certain words; nevertheless, the results  showed that there is no significant difference between the two gender variables and the use of the Argot vocabulary; however, the tendency of females to use argot vocabulary is less than men.

The current study aims at investigating the manifestations of lenition in Ilami dialect of Kurdish based on optimality theory. The study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method and the data were collected through a survey while recording the daily speech of speakers living in Ilam and were finally analyzed according to the linguistic intuition of one of the writers as a native speaker of the dialect studied. The analysis of the data shows that the vocalization of [b, d, g] is applied respectively through the processes of consonant approximation, deletion of stem vowel, deletion of prefix vowel, and finally conversion of the consonant into a vowel. Moreover, it has been revealed that vocalization is applied only in morphophonemic environments and in phonemic ones only the first process, namely consonant approximation, is applied. The findings also show that in explaining those processes having phonemic alternations and applied in several passes, serial model is of more efficacy than the parallel one since the former depicts the intermediate levels and the morphophonemic developments of the words in a step-to-step manner.

Stories reflect the intellectual and cultural foundations of society and the discovering the infrastructural elements and underlying layers of story, with the aim of representing social specifications of each nation. This research tries to apply semiotic approach and pattern of Greimas actors in analyzing Tajiki children and adolescences stories and find out the covert cultural and social underlying in this stories and its relation with basics and general frameworks of culture and education in the given country. For this purpose, 5 stories from 100 Tajik children and adolescences story books as targeted sampling have been chosen. Mohammadi and Abbasi (1380) in their study" Samad: the structure of a myth" proved the applicability of the theory in the stories by studying eight stories by Samad Behrangi according to the Greimas actors, model and providing the plots. Shairi (1381) in the book basics of modern semantics introduces various chains to account for surface structure of discourse and uses these chains in the analysis of the narration. He also by translating books such as D l imperfection and writing various articles from the point of view of the structuralism semanticians in semeiotics analysis of the discourse to liquid semiotics in books in this field tries to introduce theoretical frameworks of narrative analysis. Rahman and Karimi Ghare Baba (1387) in the article "Narratology of Short Stories of Mohammad Ali JamalZade" concluded that short stories of Jamalzade are formed in the boundary of tradition and modernism. Although Jamalzade later in1 his career was no longer an innovator and became a routine writer. Pashaii (1388) in a research "Meta-story, the Language of Thought Stimulation in Iranian Children’s Literature: a Study of Three Works by Hassan Farhad" came to this conclusion that meta-story literature by special techniques in composing the story such as inter-textuality, creating conversation among children, writer and fictional characters and funny imitation, far better than realist literature is able to motivate child thought. Hoseinzade Khozani(1389) in a research " Structural Criticism of 20 Adolescent Short Stories" tried to introduce some famous writers of children’s literature and study their works by analyzing four main elements of stories , plot, characters, sign and narrative dimensions to discover and give accounts of them. Kiani et al (1391) in a research "Theory of Reader Covert in Children’s Literature, A Case Study of the Works of Lina Kiani" Concluded that the writer’s style in short stories is better than long stories and in longer stories better than the collections. The language, scientific and literal levels of the reader improve from story collections and not from long stories or novels. On this ground, we can assume that children are the addressee of the collection of tales and short stories, while adolescents may be the addressee of long stories and novels. Nabiloo (1392) in a research "A Structural Narrative Study of Children’s Stories "and Roghayye Hemmati (1396) in the article" A Structural Study of Fairy Tales for Children" deals with narrative analysis of children's stories and tries to show the dimensions of these stories, indices and content messages of them (even with using meta-human/fairy indices) and finds that Iranian children’s stories have fixed narrative plot and patterns and organized narrative structure. The findings of this research show that these stories in the underlying layers try to infuse addressee to approach some notions and messages and distance the addressee from some ideas: The story of the "Brave Girl" suggests the addressee that by correct advice and self-esteem, girls like boys have this ability to play their roles in the family and society. The story of "Stork" seeks to transfer the feeling of the help to the oppressed and regain the right of the oppressed. The story of "Devil-fighting Iraj" implicates the idea that the state of the oppressor does not last for a long time and the next generations with stronger motivation will take revenge. The story of "Devil-binding Ahmad" encourages the reader to welcome and accept any accident as having good reasons and finally, the endurance of the story of "Soghdi Narration" and willingness of her love force conveys the addressee the feelings that one can reach one’s goals by practice.