محمدهادی گیویان راد

Essential oil of a species of mountain thymus, extracted by three methods. In the first method through distillation, the extracted essential oil and its compounds were analyzed and identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), showing that the main compounds of the plant are linalool 75.24%, alpha-terpinol 45.11%, limonene 13.9%, and trans-beta-ocimene 52.7%. In the second method, the essential oil was extracted without solvent using a microwave device, and the main compounds of the plant were analyzed and identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), showing that the main compounds of the plant are linalool 32.30%, alpha-terpinol 12.14%, limonene 38.11%, and nerolidol 85.9%. In the third method, a combination of ultrasound and water distillation was used for extracting the essential oil, and the main compounds of the plant were analyzed and identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), showing that the main compounds of the plant are linalool 45.23%, 1,8-cineole 98.13%, alpha-terpinol 49.12%, and trans-beta-ocimene 26.6%. In all three methods, the highest percentage corresponds to oxygenated monoterpenes, which are 42% in distillation, 59.87% in microwave, and 50.38% in ultrasound treatment. Then, based on the extraction of the essential oil in each method and their abundance percentage, the antioxidant property of the obtained essences was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging test. The method was chosen based on its non-toxic solvent and its inhibitory time, and the best inhibitory percentage belongs to the microwave extraction method with 5.54% and the distillation method with 40% at a concentration of 5ppm.

Red seaweeds contain compounds such as agar and hormones that have many uses in industry. This research was done to determine biomass and extract two hormones and agar from Gracilaria corticata algae. Methods Sampling was done from December 2014 to November 2015 in Bushehr port, one month apart. Biomass and environmental parameters were measured and algae harvested in the selected transect. After the extraction steps, hormones are separated by the HPLC method and identified by standard injection. The highest amount of agar occurred in July with 63.3%, Zeatin in September with 21.9% and indole butyric acid with 19.21% in January. The highest fresh weight of this algae was measured in March at 423.33 grams per square meter. The results of the ANOVA and Chi-squared statistical tests showed a significant difference in 6 months of sampling in all samples (P<0.05). The amount of agar showed a significant correlation with the biomass. Also, among environmental factors, agar was correlated with salinity and temperature. Butyric indole of acid in January caused the growth of alga, but Zeatin did not show a significant effect on the growth of this species. In general, in order to extract these materials, harvesting can be done in the months that have the highest amount. Considering the exorbitant price of these hormones and the need to use them in algae extracts and algae liquid fertilizer, this research is a starting point for extracting all kinds of hormones from these algae.

Brown seaweeds contain compounds such as alginate and phytohormones that have many uses in industries. This research was conducted to determine biomass and extract two phytohormones and alginate from Sargassum muticum. Sampling was done from January 2014 to November 2015 in Bushehr port, one month apart. Biomass and environmental parameters were measured in the selected transect and the algae were sampled. After extraction, hormones were separated by HPLC and identified by standard injection. The highest biomass of alga was in January (679±2.12g/m2) and the lowest was in September (20.67±0.76 g/m2). Alginate reached the lowest leve (40.67±1.03%) in November and the highest level (54.67±2.25%) in January, which had a positive correlation with biomass. The highest amount of gibberellin (5.86±1.11%) was in July, which had a positive correlation with temperature. Zeatin was obtained only in May (0.18±0.07%). According to the results, in order to extract alginate, gibberellin and zeatin from this alga, it should be done in January, July and May, respectively. Considering the high price and the necessity of using these materials in industries, agriculture and as algae liquid fertilizer, this research is a starting point for extracting substances and hormones from this alga.

In this study, γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized via solvothermal method and after coating a silica layer (SiO2), TiO2 nanoparticles were used as a core to grow on the outer surface to get γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@TiO2 nanocomposite. In order to increase the photocatalytic efficiency, the obtained nanocomposite was doped with different metals such as copper and nickel. Different techniques such as XRD, SEM and FTIR were used to characterize and determine the properties of the produced nanoparticles. Antibacterial activities of the doped magnetic nanocomposites on the gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E.coli strains were investigated by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The results obtained from the inhibition amount of the bacterial growth showed that the γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@TiO2 nanocomposite has high antibacterial properties which could be increased by doping with copper and nickel metals. The amounts of 15 mg were selected as the minimum inhibition amount of the growth of the bacteria for the two photocatalysts consisting of copper and nickel. It can be concluded that the synthesized nanocomposites with photocatalytic properties have a suitable potential to remove harmful bacteria from the aquatic environments.

In the present study, two regulatory phytohormones, abscisic acid and auxin, were extracted from two different macroalgae, Sargassum muticum and Gracilaria corticata, for the first time. Sampling was performed each month with three replicates, from Bushehr Province shores located in the north region of Persian Gulf for six alternative months. The alteration of seaweeds biomass and the probable impacts of some environmental factors were measured. The extracted phytohormones were isolated employing HPLC method and identified by injection of standards. The highest amount of ABA phytohormone in the two species, occurred in November. Also, the highest amount of Auxin in Sargassum muticum was reported in May, while the highest amount of this hormone in Gracilaria corticata was observed in January. In January, the maximum mean biomass in Sargassum muticum was 679gr/m2, while the minimum mean of 20.66gr/m2 was observed in September. Moreover, the highest average biomass in Gracilaria corticata was 423/33gr/m2 in March and the lowest mean of 158g/m2 was reported in November. ANOVA and Chi-squared test results showed a significant difference in all samples. These phytohormones could be applied in preparing algae liquid fertilizer in future studies.

In this research, BFO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was prepared via the hydrothermal method and was analyzed by FTIR, XRD, FESEM, Dot mapping, and EDS. BET and BJH techniques were used to determine the specific surface area and pore size of BFO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite. The efficiency of BFO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a photocatalyst was evaluated on photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red dye under visible light irradiation. The effect of key factors, i.e., time, pH of the solution, initial Congo Red concentration, and BFO/g-C3N4 dosage, was studied on photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red dye. Results revealed that degradation of Congo red is increased by increasing time and BFO/g-C3N4 dosage and is decreased by increasing Congo Red concentration and pH. The maximum removal percentage of Congo red reached 74.66% at 40 min, pH=2, initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L, photocatalyst dosage of 0.05 g/100mL under 30 w visible light. It can be deduced that BFO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite act as an effective photocatalyst for removing Congo red from aqueous solutions when exposed to visible light.

Due to the progress of science and technology in health and medicine, selenium is mentioned as an excellent antioxidant in preventing the growth of cancers cell and even helping the process of cell growth. In most countries, plant foods are the main source of selenium. Among these plant sources, a kind of green-blue algae from the species of cyanobacteria should be mentioned, which is introduced as Spirulina algae. In addition to providing the body with the selenium it needs, spirulina is an excellent source of essential proteins, minerals, vitamins and amino acids. However, the amount of selenium required by the body and the fact that its excessive increase causes toxicity doubles the need to pay attention to its accurate quantitative measurement. These measurements are usually performed with costly and long-term methods such as ICP-AES. Therefore, in this study, the suitable specific ligand (Diaminotoluene) for selenium was used with low cost and high availability, using simple, low cost and fast technique as UV-spectrophotometric method.The results of the analytical method validation indicated that this ligand has high productivity and also this method should be quite suitable for replacement with high cost methods such as ICP-AES. In addition, this method used can provide all the parameters required to analytical method validation.

Kopeh cheese is one of the traditional Iranian cheeses. In this study, the effect of ripening time on its physicochemical properties was investigated during 187 days of ripening. The results showed that ripening index and pH increased significantly, while "salt in dry matter" decreased (p <0.05). The maximum delta tangent (TD) ranged from 0.35 to 0.4. The Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) curve showed two exothermic peaks for cheese-extracted fat ripened on days 7, 37, 67, and 127; three exothermic peaks for the sample ripened on 97 days, while two exothermic and endothermic peaks for the sample ripened on 187 days, in the cooling phase. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 and PC2 divided cheeses into four different groups, and PC3 identified only one group, including cheese day 127, with a high correlation with "moisture in the non-fat dry matter", "salt in dry matter," and "fat in dry matter". Also, they showed a significant correlation with TD (p<0.05). These chemicals had the most important impact on the physical properties of Kopeh cheese.

The development of urbanization and industries has led to an increase in sewage and wastewater production. The defective and non-standard disposal of these wastewaters has resulted in influx of large amounts of heavy metals into the environment which their removal, as bio-irresolvable contaminants, from water and wastewater are considerably important for protecting environment and public health.

In this study, gamma Nano-alumina was synthesized and its structural analysis was characterized, which was applied as a high performance adsorbent for heavy metals Nickel and Cobalt. Moreover, by using DX7 software for experiment design, the effects of different conditions such as heavy metals initial concentration, Nano-adsorbent amount and pH were modified. 

The results of XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis, confirmed the existence of gamma      Nano-alumina structure, and Nickel and Cobalt contents were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Nano gamma alumina, as a powerful adsorbent, could be adsorbed the high levels of Nickel and Cobalt in alkaline pH-rich environments, then in experimental samples, 98.66% of Nickel and 95.1% of Cobalt and in real samples, 100% was eliminated. 

It was found that synthesized gamma Nano-alumina could be considered as a cost-effective and high-performance Nano-absorbent for heavy metals elimination. Consequently, it was verified by Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, which the adsorption process of these elements with the Nano-alumina absorbent followed by Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption equation.

This paper describes a simple and highly selective method for the separation, pre concentration and spectra-photometric determination of low concentration of Nickel. The method is based on the flotation of complex of Ni2+ and dimethyl glyoxime between aqueous and n-cyclohexane interface at pH 7. The amount of nickel was measured by spectra-photometric method at 327 nm, after the dissolution of the complex in chloroform. For study of the performance of this method as a simple and fast method for the determination of nickel, some environmental samples like, industrial wastewater, seawater and river water were analyzed. Moreover, the accuracy of this method was verified through determination of nickel in samples all over again by flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The result revealed the high efficiency of proposed method in trace analysis of nickel in complicated environmental samples. Consequently, concerning the simplicity, economical and lack of harmful organic solvents, this method could be used in environmental and industrial laboratories as a routine method.

Milk proteins are able to form gel under different situations such as heating, acidification, adding the enzymes and emulsifying salts. In this study, the effect of adding tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and trisodium citrate (TSC) on physicochemical properties and rennet gelation time of unheated and heated skim milk was investigated. 2 to 10 mM TSPP and TSC were added to unheated and heated reconstituted skim milk. The pH, electro-conductivity (EC), and turbidity of samples were measured and upon the rennet treatment, the gelation time and water holding capacity (WHC) of treated samples were determined. Based on our findings, addition of TSPP and TSC increased the pH and EC while it decreased the turbidity of the samples. Moreover, the presence of these salts extended the rennet gelation time of induced casein gels and gelation was only observed in the samples containing 2 and 4 mM TSC, and 4, 6, and 8 mM TSPP. The WHC of the samples was increased as well. TSPP and TSC resulted in dispersing the casein and forming a new gel networks, that can contribute to the improvement of some properties of milk products.

This paper is the first report on detection and determination of antioxidant compounds in seed oil of medicinal and edible shrub of Capparis spinosa L. collected from Dashte-Moghan. The results are expressed as the mean of three separate replications. Seed oil was extracted by hexane in a soxhelt apparatus and 2.36% was recorded as the total percentage of unsaponifiable matter. Detection and determination of some of the components of the unsaponifiable matter which have antioxidant properties shows that 0.27 % of the oil is related to sterols. β-sitosterol (60%), campestrol (13%) and stigmasterol (10%) are as the most abundant sterols and this oil has a great potential source of -avenasterol (7%). Moreover, the sterol composition of this oil is comparable to peanut oil and olive oil. Total content of tocopherols and tocotrienols was 93.43 ppm which is too close to olive oil. In addition, -isomer is predominant tocopherol. This oil is rich of beta-carotene (280mg/kg) that is close to the unbleached palm stearin. The total phenolic compounds were ignorable.

In this study chemical composition (ash, protein, fiber, fat and carbohydrates) and mineral contents (Na, Ca, K, Fe, Mn, Mg, Zn, Cu, Co, Se and P) of Padina boergesenii collected from the Persian Gulf in the winter of 1389 and spring of 1390 have studied. Results indicate that the nutritional value of brown algae Padina boergesenii was 114.37 kilo calories in the spring and 154.208 kilo calories in the winter. Chemical analysis of the brown alga Padina boergesenii indicated these amounts of Protein, ash, carbohydrates, fat and fiber: (%12.26 ± 0.015), (%13.28 ± 0.01), (%25.97 ± 5.634), (%0.14 ± 0.036) and (%4.67 ± 0.709) DW in the spring and (%12.63 ± 0.042), (11.14 ± 0.01), (%15.24 ± 0.649), (%0.32 ± 0.032) and (%3.8 ± 0.112) DW in the winter, respectively. Difference between the means of protein, fat, ash and carbohydrates in spring and winter is meaningful (P ≤ 0.05); difference between the means of fiber in mentioned seasons is (P ≥ 0.05). Analysis of mineral contents of brown algae Padina boergesenii indicates these amounts for Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Se were (1160.333 ± 19.85), (7554 ± 29.799), (10874.74 ± 1646.958), (10594.6 ± 692.67), (5569.33 ± 11.015) and (572 ± 9) ppm in the spring respectively also these values ​​in the winter are (2265.667 ± 224.5982), (7820.93 ± 60.9008), (8728 ± 1032.42), (4612.97 ± 609.99), (6805.33 ± 154.212) and (526 ± 14.047) ppm respectively, therefore, it can be said that Potassium, Sodium and Selenium have higher amounts in the spring and difference between the means of potassium, iron, calcium, magnesium, selenium is meaningful in the brown algae Padina boergesenii (P ≤ 0.05); difference between the means of sodium is meaningless (P ≥ 0.05). Reference made to the results of this study regarding chemical and mineral composition specially Protein percentage and amounts of Selenium, Calcium, Potassium, Padina boergesenii is a recommended candidate as food supplement.

After water, tea is the most consumed beverage around the world. Phenolic compounds constitute 50-70 % of tea water extract that Theaflavins (TF) and Thearubigins (TR) among them are of most important polyphenols as quality parameters of black tea. Agroclimatic conditions, tea variety and geographical origin are of effective factors on tea quality. This study was undertaken to quantify seasonal variations in quality- related, biochemical, and sensory parameters in manufactured orthodox Iranian tea over various months (June, July, August, September and October). TF, TR, TRSI and TRSII, total color, total polyphenols and brightness were measured by spectrophotometer method and the tea quality was estimated and scored by professional tea tasters. According to the results of ANOVA, phenolic compounds significantly differed in different tea plucking seasons (P<0.05). Drink obtained from green leaves in July tea plucking season had the highest total polyphenols (15.83%), Theaflavins (22.33 µmol/g), total color (3.01%) and brightness (28.85). Results of Pearson's correlation coefficients showed that correlation of total TR and TRSII with brightness was not significant while other measured parameters showed a significant correlation to each other. In view point of tea tasters, tea obtained from July and August had the highest total sensory scores while tea obtained from June received the highest tea aroma score. Spearman rank correlation coefficients indicated that there was no significant correlation between tea aroma and other sensory attributes while mutual correlation of other sensory attributes was positive and significant. This suggests that tea with high chemical quality should have good individual tea sensory attributes.

Contamination of vegetables by heavy metals namely cadmium and lead might create some health problems. In this project, the concentrations of lead and cadmium in some vegetables, which were cultivated in five regions of southern Tehran, were assessed. Concentrations of cadmium and lead were determined after digestion through microwave by ICP- AES and GFAAS. The LODs were calculated 0.12 μgg-1 and 0.06 μgg-1 for lead and cadmium respectively and repeatability of the whole procedure expressed, as the RSD were 1.56% and 0.3% for lead and cadmium, respectively. Highest contamination of lead and cadmium were found in leek samples (0.14 mg/ kg and 0.15mg/kg, respectively) which were higher than the European Union permissible values for human consumption (0.1mgkg -1 fresh weight). In this study significant differences were found among the mean concentration of cadmium for three samples of leek, lettuce and mint in five regions (P<0.05), but this was not observed for Pb.

In traditional medicine, leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules L.) possess interesting biological behavior, such as antioxidation, antibacterial and antiviral activities. The aim of thgis study was to evaluate hypoglycemic effect of alcoholic extract of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus L.) leaves in healthy and diabetic rats. In this experimental study, the effects of oral administration of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg body weight of eucalyptus leaves alcoholic extract for 21 days on the glucose and insulin levels in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. A comparison was made between the effect of the alcoholic extract and a known antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (600 mg/kg body weight). The results showed that orally administration of the eucalyptus alcoholic extract decreased significantly the serum glucose levels, whereas it increased serum insulin in diabetic but not in normal rats (p<0.05). The extract could not change the level of serum glucose and insulin in normal rats significantly. The hypoglycemic effect of the extract was similar to that observed by glibenclamide. The eucalyptus alcoholic extract can serve as a good adjuvant in the present armamentarium of antidiabetic drugs. Further biochemical and pharmacological investigations should be carried out to elucidate in details the mechanism of action of this plant.