مهدی بیاتی

Dunaduni, or the belief in reincarnation, is the second principle of belief within Yarsanism and remains a highly contentious doctrine. Adherents of this creed maintain that dunaduni entails a series of successive lives in one thousand and one bodies, serving to explain the hardships encountered in life. According to their perspective, embracing dunaduni is integral to affirming divine justice, representing the sole pathway to its affirmation. Without embracing dunaduni, they belive, God cannot be deemed just. During the developments of this creed, there have been disagreements among Yarsanists over the construal of dunaduni. Moreover, the doctrine was criticized by non-Yarsanists as well, as many researchers believe this is a belief in the transmigration of the soul. The question in this research is what implications and consequences this belief has for the belief in divine justice within Yarsanism. By collecting library data and deploying the descriptive and analytical method, this research seeks to explain the nature of dunaduni in line with the prevalent interpretation of the doctrine among Yarsanists as well as its implications for divine justice.

The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the Perceived Physical Fitness Scale among Iranian students. For this purpose, 13278 people (5153 men and 8125 women) with a mean age of 21.51 ± 5.01 in 3 age groups (under 20 years, 20-29 and over 30 years) participated in this study and completed the Perceived Physical Fitness Scale. The results showed that the overall mean of Perceived Physical Fitness in the age group of <20 years was 32.82 ± 4.89, in 20-29 years was 32.92 ± 4.84, and in the age group over 30 years was 32.88 ± 5.14 . Regardless of age, the 25, 50, and 75 percentage points were 30, 33, and 36, respectively. Therefore, according to the present results, it is possible to identify people in the perception of physical fitness and, if necessary, take solutions for those people who have a low perception of physical fitness.

In the thought of the followers of Yarsanism (Ahl-e Haqq), the belief in Mahdism is apparent and this subject can be dedicated from the sacred texts of Yarsan; so that this approach is considered as one of the reasons for their attribution to Imami Shia. They declare the promised savior to be the helper of Yarsanians, the establisher of justice, the remover of tyranny and oppression, and the messenger from God, and consider themselves as the true awaiters of him. However, this belief, like their many other beliefs has been widely affected by their belief in “donadon” (the transmigration of God’s essence in the soul”. The present paper, with a descriptive-analytic method, while examining the theoretical books of this sect and mentioning the evidences in this regard, has explained the issue of savior in the teachings of Yarsan religion and discussed several meanings of the word “the Imam of the Time” in the sources of Yasanians. Then, we mention some of the most famous signs of appearance among the Yarsanians and finally we point out the most important feature of the promised savior from the point of view of Yarsanians’ sacred text and study sources.

1179/5000The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the spiritual education of preschool children and provide a model. In terms of purpose, research can be considered as applied research and in terms of mixed nature (qualitative and quantitative). The research community in the qualitative section (extraction of factors affecting children's spiritual upbringing) were related internal and external sources, which were selected using targeted sampling method and snowball and helped the researcher to saturate the information. In the quantitative section, the total number of preschool teachers in the north, south, east, west and center of Tehran was 5,000, and according to Karajsi and Morgan table, 358 of them were estimated as a sample and through stratified sampling method. O were selected in proportion to the volume ... The research findings in the qualitative section indicated that the spiritual education of preschool children is influenced by three main factors: sense of awareness, sense of worth and mystical feeling. In the quantitative section, the instructors of the preschool course in Tehran confirmed the validity of the extracted model. Therefore, policy makers and curriculum planners in preschool and elementary school can take appropriate measures to implement the desired and quality of spiritual development by using the conceptual model extracted. Instructors will also be able to apply the existing model based on practical teaching experiences to have more meaningful spiritual teaching.

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategic plan for monitoring the well-being and physical activity of Iranian students. This research is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research and has been conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study consisted of all governmental universities throughout the country and all other experts in the field of student sport and student well-being monitoring. In the quantitative section, the sample consisted of 39 elites and supervisors of university well-being and sport counseling centers. According to the findings, the mission of the student well-being and Physical Activity system is "policy making, planning and implementation of student health monitoring, providing sports counseling and training and improvement programs for well-being development." 'Physical health and quality of life of the country's students and the development of their knowledge and sensitivity to maintaining and promoting well-being' and the vision considered as 'Iranian student: healthy and vitality' and core values including well-being, vitality' Physical activity, fitness, employment and self-sufficiency were considered. In addition, 20 weaknesses, 11 strengths, 12 threats and 15 opportunities were identified. Six major objectives were formulated and five strategies and 21 operational plans were designed to achieve these goals. The program derived from this research can be implemented as an outline and guide framework for the development of the well-being and fitness of Iranian students.

The somatosensory system is one of the most important sensory sources involved in postural control. The purpose of the present study was to compare function of the somatosensory system in postural control of blind athletes compared to blind and the sighted non-athletes.

A total of 30 men were purposefully selected and categorized into three groups of blind athletes of Goalball B1 class (n=10), absolute blind non-athletes (n=10), and the sighted non-athletes (n=10). In vitro, body sensory information was predominant in posture control, and then participant's performance of the posture control system was evaluated based on the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external, anterior-posterior direction, and total using the balance measurement instrument Biodex. The comparison of variables among the groups was done using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significance level of P

The results of Kruskal Wallis test indicated that when the visual information is removed and the head is in the hyperactivity state, the differences in the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external direction (PML=0.006) and total (PTotal=0.041) among the three groups of the blind athletes, the blind non-athletes, and the sighted non-athletes were observed to be significant. According to the results of Uhnu-Whitney test, the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external direction and total in the blind athletes group was significantly less than that of the two blind non- athletes (PML=0.011, PTotal=0.049) and the sighted non-athletes (PML=0.003, PTotal=0.025) groups.

In situations where the somatosensory system data is predominant, the postural control of Goalball's athletes was better than that of the blind non-athletes and even the sighted non-athletes. It seems that the activities of sport or the nature of the Goalball are effective in improving the somatosensory and postural control.

Hijab, despite its great importance and regarding the authenticity of chastity and self-control, cannot be authentic in Islam; since given lack of chastity, hijab will lose its effect. As made clear in the paper, the establishment of hijab in society is based on the theory of sexual outer limit on which the main goal is to create maximum privacy between men and women in all spheres of life, each being of its appropriate outer limit. On the basis of realities of life, one defines his/her outer limit; hijab is regarded as one of such outer limits for social interactions in the cases of two sexual places. The Exalted God forms a normative system in this descent, one of its most important norms is the value of a minimal communication with opposite sex as an ideal proposition, and hijab in this normative structure is just a piece of the puzzle not being central. The foundation of this normative structure lies in the consolidation of the spirit of spirituality. The practical commitment to this normative structure must start from the ruling class and, following it, other segments of the population also follow them; its approach is purely cultural and far from security tensions. In the model of Islamic engineering of hijab, men as the heads of families are responsible for managing and supervising it.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the somatotype, body composition and physiological characteristics of Iranian national adolescent and junior elite male handball players according to their playing positions. Players were categorized as Wings (n=10), Backs (n=11) pivot (n=11), Centers (n=10) and Goalkeepers (n=8). Average age of the players was 17.0±2.3. The anthropometric features (using caliper and anthropometry Meter under ISAK standards) and physiological variables such as aerobic power (1 Mile Run), anaerobic power (Monark Wingate Testing Ergometer) and grip strength (Dynamometer) were evaluated. To compare these variables among the playing positions, one-way ANOAVA was used. The results showed that the wing players were the shortest with average height of 180.0±5.6 which was significantly different than other players (P≤0.05). Aerobic power was significantly different between wing players and pivot, pivot players and Centers, Centers and goalkeepers, goalkeepers and wing players (P≤0.05) (goalkeepers > pivots wings > Centers(. It appears that Iranian national adolescent and junior elite male handball players are in appropriate physical and physiological conditions. Considering the especial activites, physical and physiological requirements of each position, this study is useful for emerging team handball nations in improving as a reference in the detection or identification of players in different positions.

Low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) increase skeletal muscle aerobic capacity, yet little is known about the potential mechanisms in improvement of this adaptability. The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of four weeks of HIT on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein contents in skeletal muscle of active men.

Eight active male students voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. One week before the experiment started; subjects were familiar with protocol of research. Needle biopsy samples vastus lateralis were obtained 48 h before training and 72 h after the final training session. HIT protocol consisted of 11-15 bouts of 1 min cycling at ∼85-90% of reserve heart rate separated by 1 min of active recovery between each, 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Variables were measured by ELISA. All data were analyzed using paired t-test and at the level of significance of p ≤ 0.05.
Findings: Results of study showed the four weeks of HIT lead to significant increase in PGC-1α and VEGF (p

Our findings suggest that activation of VEGF from PGC-1α pathway is part of cellular-molecular mechanisms of high-intensity interval training. So, probably angiogenesis in skeletal muscle is one of the most important factors in improving of aerobic performance, which requires more studies.

The present study aimed to compare Musculoskeletal Discomforts (MSDs) among six different common postures while working with laptop in female students of University of Tehran, Tehran City, Iran. This was a crossover trial study. Eighteen female students voluntarily and purposefully participated in all stages of the study. The study participants were randomly assigned into groups to work for 10 minutes on different postures for laptop use during six continuous nights. MSDs was measured each night after 10 minutes of laptop use. For this purpose, Van der Grinten and Smith (1992) method was applied. The obtained data were analyzed by repeated measures one-way ANOVA at a significance level of P≤0.05, in SPSS. The obtained results suggested a significant difference among six working postures in MSDs (P=0.005). The results of Bonferroni post hoc analysis revealed that the highest level of MSDs was observed in a cross-legged sitting position on the floor. While, the lowest level of MSDs was found in the sitting on a chair posture. In addition, the study participants who used a desk in order to increase the height of the laptop, reported less levels of MSDs than laptop use in the cross-legged position on the floor (P=0.039) or sitting on the bed (P=0.011). According to this study, in order to minimize MSDs during working with laptop, it is recommended to use desk and chairs instead of sitting cross-legged on the floor or bed.

This survey has been implemented in both qualitative and auantitative ways to compile on optimal children's spiritual education model .statistical population in the first phase are the spiritual education experts of study area and in the second phase are all Tehran's preschool teachers in order to have a validate pattern. Tools for collecting the data in the first phase are the content analuysis worksheets and in the second phase is the researcher's questionaire that its face and content validity has been confirmed by the experts and cronbach's alfa coefficient was used for its reliability. For data analysis, descriptive statistics methods such as average and standard devuation and in ferential statistic methods such as exploratory and level 1 & 2 factor analysis was used.The results indicate that there are three content analysis elements for spiritual education of preschool children that encompass feeling of consciousness, feeling of value and mystical feeling and the results of validation presented that preschool teachers emphasize that these three elements and their subelements should be appeared in spiritual education and observing these principles are urgent in pre schools.

Internalization and promotion of Islamic values including Hijab and modesty necessitate an effective and gradual movement. In Iran, however, serious defects have been visible in this trend. The present research is seeking to offer a theoretical model for investigating the defects of method of teaching modesty in Iranian society. The main question of the research is what the proper theoretical model for investigating the defects of method of teaching modesty in Iran is. The study was conducted through content analysis of religious texts, the works on Islamic education, and the researches in the sphere of modesty and Hijab to formulate a model and, having collected the comments of experts in Islamic sciences, assessed the validity of this theoretical model. Based on the findings of the research, the experts confirmed the defects in the sphere of teaching modesty in five domains of family, educational milieus, media, governmental institutes and religious situations, and maintained that the effect of the items of family and educational milieus is greater than other domains.

Conventional shoes due to considerable protection from foot may lead to weakness and muscle imbalance in long-term, so lower limb and back become prone to injury. Natural instability possibility in unstable shoe may lead to increase in activity of some ankle muscles to maintain balance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity of selected ankle joint muscles in both conventional and unstable shoes during upslope walking, climbing stairs and descend the stair.

 Twelve female students with mean age of 25.82 ± 2.27 years, height of 162.86 ± 5.71 cm and body mass of 53.51 ± 8.59 kg participated in this study voluntarily. Root mean square medial gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, anterior tibialis and soleus activity during upslope walking, climbing stairs and descend the stair muscles were determined with electromyographic (EMG) signals when walking with conventional shoes and with unstable shoes. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance with repeated measures at the level of significance of P≤0.05.

 Root mean square wasn't significantly greater in the unstable compared to the conventional shoes for all tested condition (upslope walking: P=0.344, up stair: P=0.698, down stair: P=0.192)

 The unstable shoe seemed to was not advantageous rather than conventional shoe for the selected ankle muscle activities during upslope walking, climbing stairs and descend the stair.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was known as the main specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval exercise on serum VEGF changes in trained and untrained men.

Twelve male subjects recruited and assigned into two groups trained (n=6) and untrained (n=6) according to physical activity levels. One week before the experiment was started; subjects were familiar with protocol of research. High-intensity interval exercise protocol included of 12×1min intervals at ∼85-90% of reserve heart rate separated by 1min of active recovery. Blood samples were collected from both groups before, immediately after, three and five hours after doing high-intensity interval exercise. Also, serum VEGF was measured by ELISA kit and data were analyzed by using independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures at the level of significance of P≤0.05.

Results of study showed levels of Serum VEGF, immediately after high-intensity interval exercise increased in trained but decreased in untrained men. Also, significant differences were observed between serum VEGF level changes of trained and untrained men in response to exercise (P≤0.05).

Physical fitness status can be of the effective factors in changes model of serum VEGF in response to a session of high-intensity interval exercise.

The objective of this study was to perform a narrative review of the literature to determine the adaptations of physiological performance following high-intensity interval training (HIT). High-intensity interval training generally refers to repeated bouts of relatively brief intermittent exercise, often performed with an all-out effort or at intensity close to that which elicits VO2peak. Depending on the training intensity, a single effort may last from a few seconds to up to several minutes, with multiple efforts separated by up to a few minutes of rest or low-intensity exercise. An apparent characteristic of this type of training is the very low training volume. A single high-intensity exercise bout requires the ATP provision of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. By increasing the intense frequent bouts and performing in an intermittent practice with recovery among the bouts, the demand of the muscular cells and metabolic pathways will change and then alter contribution of aerobic metabolism for ATP provision. As a result, both aerobic and anaerobic energetic systems are involved in ATP resynthesis. Overall, Physiological adaptations involving in performance improvement following HIT can refer to closed and synchronized interactions of peripheral adaptations (in skeletal muscle), neural (motor unites and CNS) and cardiovascular adaptations. Therefore, by applying this type of training can expect a wide range of metabolic and performance adaptations that result in improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic systems. These findings show that high-intensity interval training with very low volume can cause major adjustments in body and suggests high-intensity interval training is a time-efficient strategy.

Codifying national norms for anthropometric and body composition measures and determining the prevalence of overweight and obesity، which are associated with chronic diseases، are necessary for every society. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of these norms in city population in Iran. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted with convenience sampling among 991 men and 1188 women aged between 15 to 64 years old. The population was from Ahvaz، Tehran، Raht، Kerman and Mashhad. Body mass index (BMI)، waist circumference (WC)، waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)، waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percentage of body fat were measured. Data were measured using independent t-test، coefficient correlation and one way variance in SPSS software. Based on BMI، more than 49% of men and 53% of women were either overweight or obese، while 10. 2% of men and 18. 6% of women were obese. The prevalence of overweight was more in women (P< 0. 001). In both men and women، the prevalence of overweight was greater among 40-49 year olds and the prevalence of obesity was greater among those 50+ years. The study provided national norms and highlighted the high prevalence of general and abdominal overweight and obesity in both sexes of urban populations of Iran and provided evidence to support the establishment of intervention programs to manage and prevent obesity-related disorders such as diabetes.

Objective (s): Obesity is one of the primary risk factors in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The purpose of this study was to determine the anthropometric indices associated with CVD risk factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 991 men and 1188 women aged 15 to 64 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percentage of body fat were measured. CVD risk factors, including fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (Tchol), low-density (LDL-C) and high density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assessed. Using multiple regression analysis, BMI, WHtR and WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides, Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in men, respectively, whereas WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides and WC explained the highest percentage of variation of Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in women. The findings indicated that WHR and WHtR best predicted CVD risk factors in men and WHR and WC in women. Indeed the determined anthropometrics might be considered for predicting cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian urban populations.

Overweight and obesity are important public health problems in preschoolers because most eating and physical activity habits are established during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Tehranian preschoolers using different standard criteria and to determine their relation with physical fitness. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 381 preschoolers، aged 5 to 6 years. Anthropometric، health-related and motor fitness tests were assessed in all children. Based on IOTF reference، 7. 36% (CI: 0. 037–0. 111) and 4. 73% (CI: 0. 017–0. 078) of boys and 11. 51% (CI: 0. 070–0. 160) and 10. 99% (CI: 0. 066–0. 154) of girls were overweight and obese، respectively. Significant correlations were found between 20m sprint test، predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in boys and between modified sit-ups، predicted VO2max and most of the anthropometric indices in girls. These findings emphasize the relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity in both sexes and show that overweight and obesity were limiting factors for fitness performance levels. Overweight and obesity were indicative of poor physical fitness in both genders. Overweight and obese children، compared to their underweight and normal-weight counterparts، demonstrate inferior performance in most motor and health-related fitness parameters.

Streptozotocin-induced type2 diabetes causes functional and metabolic changes in some tissues and subsequently produces some intermediates and substances which enter the circulation. On the other hand, endurance training can modify the amount of these substances. In this study, the effects of diabetes and endurance training on resting levels of blood lactate and plasma calcitonin gene- related peptide (CGRP) were investigated. Fifty rats were divided into 4 groups including control nondiabetic (n=10) training nondiabetic(n=10) nontraining diabetic (n=15) and training diabetic. Diabetes was induced by feeding with high fat diet HFD and injecting STZ. The training groups underwent an endurance training program on treadmill. Blood Lactate concentration was measured by a lactate kit and plasma CGRP concentration was determined by enzyme immunoassay kit(EIA). In the control nondiabetic, training nondiabetic, nontraining diabetic control and training diabetic groups, the restig values of blood lactate were 2.4, 2.08, 4.5, 3.7(mmol/L) and plasma CGRP values were 0.40, 0.35, 4.9,3.0 (ng/ml), respectively. Resting levels of circulating lactate and CGRP were higher in diabetic subjects than in control nondiabetic rats and endurance training decreased resting value of blood lactate in diabetic rats but did not change the plasma CGRP. Thus, it seems that the role of endurance training in ameliorating diabetes is due to decreasing resting level of blood lactate, but not plasma CGRP.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training on selected physiological and metabolic indices in active males. Fourteen active male subjects recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: Experimental (HIT=7) or Control (CON=7) groups. Before and after the training, subjects performed: (1) A progressive exercise test to determine VO2max and peak power output in VO2max (Pmax); (2) A time to exhaustion test at Pmax (Tmax); 3) 3 consecutive Wingate tests with 4-min recovery between each. Additionally, resting blood lactate (BLa־), 3 and 20 min after the last Wingate test were measured. HIT group performed high-intensity interval training protocol consisted of 6-10 30-s bouts at 125% Pmax with 4 min of recovery between each, 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks, while CON group did not perform any training programs. All data were analyzed using independent t-test, paired t-test, and analysis of variance with repeated measures at the level of significance of P < 0. 05. After the training, HIT group showed significant improvements in VO2max, Pmax, Tmax, total work in Tmax test (WTmax), Peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO). Furthermore, peak BLa and BLa in recovery were increased and decreased significantly, respectively in HIT group (P < 0. 05). None of the variables was changed in CON group after the training (P > 0. 05). Present findings suggest that short-term high-intensity interval training program with short recovery is highly efficient that can increase both aerobic and anaerobic performances.

Supramaximal sprint interval training is an efficient means of improving physical fitness within a short period of time. However the effects of this type of training which cause hormonal and physiological adaptations to increase enhanced aerobic and anaerobic performances, are not well known. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of four weeks of supramaximal sprint interval training on some hormonal and physiological variables. Fifteen trained wrestlers were randomly assigned into two groups, the experimental (EXP=8) and controls (CON=7) groups. Before and after training, subjects performed (a) a graded exercise test and (b) four consecutive Wingate tests with 4-min recovery intervals between each. Resting blood samples were collected before and after training. Both groups followed the same wrestling training program for 4 weeks additionally, the EXP group performed a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) as a supramaximal sprint interval training protocol for 4 weeks, two sessions per week. The EXP group showed improvements in VO2max (+5.4%), Peak power output (34.9%) and Mean Power Output (29.3%) after the training (P<0.05), along with significant increases in total testosterone, total testosterone/cortisol ratio (TCR) and free testosterone/cortisol (FTCR) ratio in the EXP group, but there were no significant differences between groups. Cortisol was tended to decrease in both groups (P>0.05), but none of the variables were changed in the CON group after the training. The current findings suggest that the supramaximal sprint interval training program with short recovery can increase both aerobic and anaerobic performances. The changes observed in FTCR and TCR suggest exercise training-induced anabolic adaptations.