مهدی زنگنه

Social tolerance is the foundation of democracy and civil society, and cultural capital is one of the prerequisites for the emergence of social tolerance in a community. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of the cultural capital of the youth on social tolerance in three cities that are distinct in terms of population, geography, and culture. This is a fundamental study that adopts a descriptive-analytical and survey method. Data was collected using both documentary and field survey methods (questionnaires). The statistical population of the study includes young people aged 18-35 living in three cities of Khaf, Sabzevar, and Mashhad in Razavi Khorasan province. A sample size of n=1135 was calculated by Cochran's formula for the three cities using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data analysis was conducted using variance analysis, correlation coefficients, and multiple regression tests. The indices of cultural capital (subjective, objective, and institutional) were measured with 17 items, while social tolerance (identity-related, belief-related, and behavioral) was measured with 26 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.7, indicating the reliability of the research instrument. The results show that with rising population of cities, social tolerance is improved. Furthermore, as the components of cultural capital—whether objective, subjective, or institutional—improve among youth, their social tolerance is enhanced as well. The regression analysis of these indicators explains 59% of variance in the dependent variable (social tolerance). According to the findings, subjective cultural capital wields the greatest impact on social tolerance in the studies cities, followed by objective and institutional cultural capital, respectively.

 This research aims to investigate the spatial distribution of public services and measure the level of satisfaction of residents with the quality of access to them in Torbat Heydarieh.

Method and data: 

This research was done using a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the legal area of Tarbiat Heydarieh and the samples were selected using stratified probability sampling. The required data was collected using library and field methods. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

 The spatial analysis of the distribution and dispersion of public services based on Moran's index shows that educational services and green spaces are irregular and clustered, health and treatment services are regular, and administrative and commercial uses are scattered. The results of the mean comparison test showed that the overall level of satisfaction of the residents with the quality of public services is greater than the average. The correlation coefficient results between the variable of income level and satisfaction with access to services show a significant positive correlation between the two variables.

 The findings of this research underscore the importance of fair distribution of public services in enhancing the quality of life and residential satisfaction of the residents. Planning for equitable distribution, proportional to the number and density of the population in different areas of the city, with a special focus on the underserved areas, is of paramount importance for urban planners and policymakers.

Innovation: 

This research stands out from similar studies due to its comprehensive approach. In addition to measuring the level of satisfaction of residents by different neighborhoods and the type of services, it also measures and analyzes satisfaction based on income groups. This unique aspect provides a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between public service access and satisfaction, contributing to a more holistic approach to urban planning.

Attention to the remaining areas of urban development is one of the most important problems facing all cities in the world, especially in less developed countries and the Third World. Urban regeneration policy is one of the newest methods of intervention in the old contexts and The issue of social capital is also raised as one of the pillars and requirements of the urban regeneration process. The main purpose of this study is to assess the indicators of social capital to examine the realization of the regeneration approach in the dilapidated fabric of Jaghtai city. Data were collected through two methods documentary and field (questionnaire). Data were analyzed using mean comparison data, analysis of variance and correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, and multivariate regression in SPSS software. Cronbach's alpha was used to test the reliability of the research and the SWOT technique was used to present the strategies. Is. The indicators of social capital that have been considered in this study include social participation, social trust, social awareness, social solidarity, social relations, and a sense of belonging to the environment. Also, the urban regeneration approach was measured in four dimensions of physical, social, economic, and human capacity components. The results show that the average social capital of the residents of the study neighborhood is lower than average. In the case of components of tuition regeneration, the mean of physical characteristics is lower than average and the mean of other components is above average and in good condition. Strategic results are more offensive, so it is suggested to use existing internal strengths to create and strengthen existing opportunities.

Today, with the expansion of cities and the increase in the city's population, we always see the distribution of the population in different areas of the city. From services and as a result injustice in social welfare. Therefore, the present research was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of analyzing social justice and population distribution in the distribution of urban public services, using GIS software in the city of Torbat Heydarieh. The statistical population of this research consists of 13 districts in the city of Torbat Heydarieh, which are zoned in the Arc GIS environment. Also, this research calculated population distribution and dispersion by using Gini model and Shannon entropy model, and finally by using ArcMap environment to draw maps of distribution pattern and spatial dispersion of the closest neighborhood distance of uses and public services and ranking of areas in 13 districts of this city. Paid. The results show that areas (2-7-8-4) are very favorable areas, areas (1-5-10) are favorable, areas (11-12-3) are relatively favorable, areas (5-6) are Deprived and district (13) are ranked as the most deprived district of urban public services in this city. Therefore, in different areas of Torbat Heydarieh city, the distribution of public services is not fair and proportional to the distribution and number of the population; So that some areas have desirable public services and some others, especially the outskirts of the city, lack services or are distributed in an unfavorable manner, which requires basic planning and budgeting.

Among the most significant contemporary needs of societies is paying attention to children and their social needs in cities. Most urban spaces are not good enough to be used by children and adolescents. There are no cities that pay attention to children’s needs, their feelings, and psychological aspects of living in the cities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate a child-friendly city indicators in Golbahar, Iran and to determine children’s needs. The statistical population of this applied and descriptive-analytical study includes children between 7 and 15. The sample consists of 312 children. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. Four blocks were selected from each neighborhood. The reliability coefficient was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a value of 0.8 and one-sample t-test, regression analysis, and children’s collaborative analysis (painting of favorite city). The results showed that the indicators of child-friendly city in Golbahar are not good. That is, the sense of belonging among the children is at low level, and participation willingness among children is at optimal level. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that access indicator has the highest impact, followed by the design, social and environmental-physical indicators. The indicators will have an increasing impact on building child-friendly city. Moreover, the children’s paintings of their favorite city showed their tendency towards green spaces and facilities for play and entertainment.

Urban sprawl is a well-known feature of most cities in developing countries. Unbalanced urban expansion towards the surrounding rural areas has led to the disorderly development of the city, the destruction of natural lands and the conversion of suitable agricultural lands to other uses. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating and predicting land use changes in villages around Sabzevar city. The current research is descriptive-inferential in terms of its practical purpose, and analytical-composite research from the point of view of doing it. In this research, four major uses of built spaces, gardens, vegetation and barren spaces have been investigated and predicted. The time period of the images from 1985 to 2020 is considered to examine the changes in uses and to 2040 for forecasting. To process images, Kappa coefficient and Markov chain models have been used in GIS, ENVI, Tersset and SAGA programs. The results show that the development of built uses will cause changes in vegetation and garden classes and reduce barren land use. Markov model prediction shows that the area of built spaces in 1985 was equal to 13 square kilometers, which increased to 42 square kilometers in 2020 and is predicted to reach 54 square kilometers in 2040, with an annual growth of 1.3 percent.

Rural migration has shaped a wide range of problems for developing countries in different dimensions. One of the direct effects of unplanned migration from rural areas to cities in Iran is the formation of informal sectors in urban areas of the country. It is obvious that the formation of this sector is the direct result of rural migration along with the phenomenon of urban population growth, which is now one of the challenges of urban management in the country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of rural migrations in the formation of informal jobs with an emphasis on economic dimensions in Mohammadabad district in Qarchak city. The current study was an applied and descriptive-analytical research. Data were collected by library and survey methods. In order to analyze the data single sample t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests were used. According to Cochran's formula, the statistical population of the study is 168 sellers in Qarchak Mohammadabad district, which reached 260 to determine accuracy. The results of the research show that most of the employees in the informal sector are in the study area of rural immigrants. The status of informal sector workers was also economically desirable and there was a significant relationship between the educational status of immigrants and the formation of informal occupations in the study area. The results indicated that lack of proper employment, lack of expertise, and insufficient capital were the reasons for the expansion of the peddling business in the study area.

The purpose of this study is to explain the pattern of spatial distribution of inner city parks with the approach of spatial justice in the city of Sabzevar. The research method is descriptive - analytical. In order to analyze and explain the distribution of spatial patterns of spatial statistical methods such as the nearest neighborhood and the city Park Service Service network analysis in GIS was used. What distinguishes the present study from the previous research is the study and analysis of the pattern of spatial distribution and the amount of access in different classes of urban parks in different levels of Sabzevar city. The results showed that the functional radius of urban parks in Sabzevar city, at the regional level, indicates the desired functional radius in the central urban contexts, which decreases its desirability by moving away from the city center. Lack of proper distribution of inner city parks in the western part of Sabzevar has reduced the usefulness and performance of regional parks and excessive concentration of these parks in the eastern part of the city has increased the radius of performance and usefulness in the eastern parts of Sabzevar. Inadequate and unjust distribution of inner city parks in different levels of Sabzevar city On the other hand, the disproportion of population and per capita green space has led to intensified unfair distribution of parks in urban areas, districts and neighborhoods because The population is 7088 people with a per capita of 24 square meters, ie for each person there is 24 square meters of green space and a surplus of green space.

Competitiveness in the financial markets puts many companies at risk of bankruptcy and out of competition. This can cause concern for investors. Bankruptcy risk is mentioned as an important fact in the life cycle of modern business units that can lead to heavy economic and social costs to shareholders, creditors, managers, employees and the economy as a whole. The key here is to identify the factors that can be used to predict the risk of bankruptcy in the near future. This research will be conducted with the question of whether accrued earnings management and the type of business strategy of the company can help shareholders and managers in predicting the risk of bankruptcy of the company? The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of business strategy on earnings management and bankruptcy risk in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the present study, after applying some of the limitations in this study, consists of 140 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2914 to 2020. Multiple linear regression model has been used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the study indicate that earnings management has a positive and significant effect on bankruptcy risk. The results also showed that cost leadership strategy has a significant negative effect on bankruptcy risk. In addition, the results showed that the product differentiation strategy has a significant negative effect on bankruptcy risk.

The main purpose of the research is to compare the quality indicators of residential environment in informal settlements and additional villages of Sabzevar city. This research is of developmental-applied type and descriptive-analytical research method. The data were collected by both library and survey methods and used to analyze the data analysis of single-sample t-test, independent t-test, Spearman, Kai-Esquar, Pearson, regression, vikor and SOAR for strategies. The sample size for the two tissues was 380 questionnaires, which were completed for the tissue of the informal settlement of 252 and the additional villages of 128 questionnaires by multistage clustering. The alpha value for all indicators was 0.78. The research results show that of the 8 indicators examined in any of the studied tissues in the two contexts, only the index of trust and interaction is at the desired level and other indicators such as spatial affiliation, housing quality, hope for the future, environmental-physical, access They are not good for services, security, economy. Also, the results of multivariate regression show that the housing quality index has the greatest effect on improving the quality of the residential environment of the two studied tissues of Sabzevar city and in the next levels, the index of spatial affiliation and hope for the future are placed.

Housing is the most important urban element in the sustainable development of the city. It is essential to pay attention to it because housing development, in addition to the environment, affects the economy, culture and social issues. Therefore, achieving sustainable housing in order to increase and improve the quality of life of the current and future generations is a serious matter, because today with the growing population, the need to build housing is increasing day by day. Therefore, achieving urban sustainable development and paying attention to sustainable housing can play a constructive role. In terms of social sustainability, sustainable housing is the one that, in addition to providing the necessary facilities and public services for a better human life, is in line with the culture, methods and traditions of its inhabitants and causes family stability, social growth, increasing the safety of people and specially to promote culture and peace of mind of family members. In this regard, the present study (with the aim of achieving indicators of sustainable social development) intends to study and compare indicators of social sustainability in two different residential contexts in Sabzevar city.

The present research has been done in two old and new contexts of this city. The central context has a population of 14843 people (5011 families) and Tovhid town which is located 5 km away in the northern part of Sabzevar city has a population of 18239 people (4933 families). The present study is applied-developmental in term of type, the method of research is descriptive-analytical and carried out in survey method (questionnaire). The statistical population in this research is two old and new contexts of Sabzevar city. The sample size according to Cochran's formula was obtained 750 people and the number of samples for the old contexts was 374 and the new ones was 376 samples, which were completed and conducted by stratified random sampling method. Data were analyzed using the one-sample t-test, comparison of means, Pearson and Chi-square, and multivariate regression. The value of alpha for all indicators is equal to. 0.74 which indicates that this scale has appropriate reliability.

The results show that the average score of the Housing Social Sustainability indicator in the central context is 2.924 and in Tovhid town is 3.206. Findings show that the average indicator of social sustainability of housing in the central context (old context) is significantly lower than average and in Tovhid town slightly higher than average. In other words, the indicators of social sustainability of housing in the Tovhid town are close to sustainability and are unsustainable in the central contexts. In the following, the two means are compared with the two assumptions of equality of variances and the assumption of inequality of variances. Given that the significance level of the F test is less than 0.05, the assumption of equality of variances is rejected. And since the level of significance in comparing the means with the assumption of inequality of variance is equal to zero and less than 0.05, it indicates that the difference between the two means is significant. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the studied contexts of Sabzevar city in terms of social sustainability of the residential environment. The results of the correlation coefficient show that there is a significant positive relationship between household income/ occupation/ length of stay/ ownership and housing social sustainability indicator in both the central context and Tovhid town. There is a significant negative relationship between education level and social sustainability indicator of housing in the central context. Thus, it can be said that people with higher education have more knowledge and information about the quality of municipal services as well as citizenship rights, and as a result, they expect to get more benefit from these services. Using the combined multiple regression model, the factors and indicators affecting the social sustainability of the two residential contexts were identified. The results indicate that the nine indicators included in the model, explain 72% of the changes in the dependent variable (social sustainability). In the central context, the Beta values (​in the above table) show that the security indicator has the greatest impact on the old social sustainability of Sabzevar (central) and after these, the indicators of housing quality and identity, in the second and third priority, will also have increasing effects on the social sustainability of the central context. In the new context, the Beta values ​​ (in the above table) show that the participation indicator has the greatest impact on the social sustainability of the new context of Sabzevar (Tovhid town), and after these identity and access to services indicators, in the second and third priority, will also have increasing effects on the social sustainability of the new context.

The results obtained in the studied contexts show that the two central and new residential contexts of Sabzevar are not the same in terms of social sustainability indicators. Indicators of place attachment and identity in the central context are more desirable than the new context. the security indicator is not appropriate in any of the contexts. Citizen health in the new context is more desirable due to cleaner air, lack of noise pollution and wider parks. This last indicator has made the residents of the town more cheerful. The housing quality indicator in Tovhid town is considered more desirable than the central context and in general, the average score of social sustainability in the new context is higher than the old one. Also, the results of multivariate regression in the central context show that the security indicator has the greatest impact on the social sustainability of that context and in the new context, the participation indicator has the greatest impact on the social sustainability of that context. Therefore, in order to achieve social sustainability of the two studied context, the two indicators of security and participation have an important place.

With increasing environmental concerns and reducing fossil fuels, the significance of producing electricity via renewable energy resources and replacing it with conventional fuels is increasing day by day. At the same time, the dependency of renewable energies on environmental conditions makes it challenging. One of these challenges has been managing the energy resources of the hybrid power system. Hence, in this research, a fuzzy intelligent controller has been designed and implemented to manage the energy resources of a grid-tied hybrid power system including solar energy and battery storage in laboratory dimensions. In the present study, by using the Arduino board as an energy management unit in the hybrid power system, tried to provide a basis for the use of renewable energy resources in real dimensions and mass production. The mathematical modeling of the system's equipment is presented and the hybrid power system is simulated using MATLAB software. Moreover, the ability of real-time data monitoring has also been added to the system. Eventually, the capabilities of the proposed smart fuzzy logic controller have been assessed by applying a usual day in springtime. The outcomes indicate that the suggested hybrid power system and the controller can save energy about 60 percent.

Housing indices, as the core of a comprehensive program and an indispensable tool for expressing the various economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions of housing, have a special place in housing planning. The present study has been carried out to investigate, analyze and classify the provincial development rate based on quantitative and qualitative indices of housing using descriptive-analytical method and TOPSIS, VICCOR and Copeland multivariate decision making models based on population and housing census statistics of 2016 in provinces. The overall purpose of this research is to highlight uneven development and to show housing inequalities in the peripheral areas of the country as a result of uneven development. The results of housing leveling indicate the development focus on the central regions of the country in the three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Qom. The three provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari and South Khorasan also have the lowest share of housing. The results spatial statistics and the analysis indicate that the pattern of provinces' development in the housing sector is clustered, with the developed areas being the center of the country and the less developed areas being the country's border and peripheral areas. Also, based on the results of the most inequality distribution method in the housing sector, in the quantitative indicators of Poor housing, housing for every ten thousand people and the percentage of housing shortage can be seen, which indicates that the housing problem in Iran is low and the imbalance between housing production and population.

Urbanism is an important stage in the process of life in the cities, because the urban culture of people appears in how they live and their urbanism. A country may have a high percentage of urbanization, but a low level of urbanism. Unlike urbanization, urbanism is not a quantitative growth process, but it is the final and qualitative stage of urban life and is the result of urbanization. In other words, urbanism is a general concept and includes aspects of social psychology of urban life, patterns of urban personality and behavioral adaptation in the city. Paying attention to the quality dimension and adherence of urbanites to urban laws and giving importance to these laws and the extent to which these rules are applicable among the people is an inescapable point. Urbanism is an important stage in the process of living in cities because the urban culture of people appears in how they live, that is, their urbanism.The main purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of urbanism in the central, new and suburbs of Sabzevar.This research is a developmental-applied and descriptive-analytical research method. Data were collected by library and survey methods and to analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Spearman, analysis of variance and Friedman were used, and to measure the degree of urbanism in the three studied contexts, the VIKOR model was used. The sample size for the three contexts was 382 questionnaires. The alpha value for all indices is equal to /78. Is obtained. The results show that of the 6 indicators studied in the study area, only the index of self-alienation has no significant relationship with urbanism and the other indicators including citizenship identity, individualism, indifference, interactions and rationality have a significant relationship with the amount. The citizens of Sabzevar have urbanism. The results of Vickor model show that the degree of urbanism is higher in the new context and in the next ranks are the central context and the marginal context. Also, Friedman test shows that the indicators of self-alienation, indifference, individualism and interactions had the greatest impact on the rate of urbanism in the three studied contexts of Sabzevar, respectively.

Medical humanities are one of the most important interdisciplinary needs. Since the most important discussion in this field is how to achieve it, the purpose of this study is to analyze it from the perspective of humanities experts in the Iran.

The present study is a national wide qualitative study that was conducted in 2019. Considering the saturation criterion, data were collected through 22 semi-structured interviews and two open questionnaires from the participants. Study analysis was performed by thematic analysis method.

The participants were critical of the current situation of medical humanities in the country because there was no effective and serious relationship between humanities and medical sciences. To achieve this, four themes of institutional knowledge development, neighborhood (non-institutional development), policies and sociability were extracted.

The development of medical humanities requires macro-policies in the country to be done with organizational institutional support. In these policies, proximity between the two areas and attention to the field of culture are also suggested. In this regard, it is suggested to have a native approach in returning to the traditions and roots of humanities and especially the history of literature in medical education.

Special characteristics of the DC motors such as high reliability, flexibility, low consumption and simplicity of control have expanded the use of these motors in different industrials for instance steel plants, electric trains and etc. However, in the majority of applications, this system still controlled via traditional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers and in some cases, these controllers have been adjusted with intelligent methods. But this paper, in order to DC motor speed control, suggests a novel method to create a fuzzy logic inference system that is completely optimized through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed approach has applied to a DC motor model in the MATLAB/Simulink software simulation environment and compared with different methods based on PID controllers. Simulation results show the suggested approach improved the various time response terms such as rise time, delay time and settling time for DC motor speed control.

With the rapid increase in urban population across the world, meeting the goals of sustainable development in terms of securing water, food, and energy is considered as one of the biggest challenges encountered by humanity (UN,2014; Van Ham,2016). ).The issue of water shortage in Iran due to its location in the arid Middle East on the one hand and the relatively rapid growth in urban population as well as increasing per capita consumption and industrial development around cities on the other hand are also getting more serious every day so that today’s large cities are struggling to meet demands for urban water (Bustani and Ansari, 2011).
Although the city of Isfahan is located along Zayandehrood river as one of the permanent rivers carrying large volume of water in central Iran, the position of the city in terms of placement in an arid region, population growth and immigration to this city, development of water-intensive industries (steel, petrochemicals, and so on), drinking water consumption higher than the standard rate, low efficiency of water use in agricultural sector, impact of excessive exploitation of underground resources, overuse of grass for urban green space and problems in water management are among the factors affecting water shortages in the city of Isfahan . Consecutive bone-dryness of Zayandehrood River in recent years has also become one of the regional issues in Iran and it has also exacerbated water crisis within this city. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the spatial pattern of household water consumption in the city of Isfahan and to identify and analyze the factors affecting water use in this city.The results of this research study could provide the grounds for residential water demand management in the city of Isfahan. The results of this research study could provide the grounds for residential water demand management in the city of Isfahan.

The research method in this study was of descriptive-analytic type. The required data in the present study were collected through documents (statistics from Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company) and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population included all household subscribers (residential use) within the city of Isfahan. The sample size estimated via Cochran’s formula was equal to 398 subscribers. The monthly statistics regarding water consumption by the subscribers of the city of Isfahan obtained from Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company were also divided into five consumer groups with a similar pattern of water use, then an output map for the subscribers with similar pattern of water consumption by using Cluster Analysis Technique via Spatial Hot Spot Analysis was provided with the ArcGIS Software.The data obtained through the questionnaire that included information about household subscribers in the city of Isfahan as well as data about consumption rate of subscribers in Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company were entered into the SPSS Software and then analyzed via multivariate regression and correlation (path analysis).

The main purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between cultural, social, and economic characteristics of residents and their patterns of water use. To investigate the given relationship, correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis (path analysis) were used.Considering the factors affecting household water consumption,, the results of correlation tests and path analysis in multivariate regression revealed that the five variables could directly and significantly affect the dependent variable. The given variables included family monthly income, family size, number of residential units in a building, age of building, and sense of responsibility in saving water. In addition, a number of variables could indirectly affect household water use through the mediation of the variables in the first group including level of education of household head, age of household head, building area, type of housing ownership, duration of residence in a neighborhood, and type of housing (villas or apartments). Of the aforementioned variables, level of education of household head and type of housing had negative effects on the variable of number of family members and number of residential units, respectively. Among the other variables, the effects of independent variables on the mediating dependent variables were reported positive.

Based on the results of this study, there are some strategies recommended for household water demand management including cultural measures as the most important and fundamental method. In Iranian families, women play a decisive role in the sociocultural structure of the family. For this reason, mothers can have effects on the formation of culture, social behavior, and emotions since they have the most frequent presence among children and have more communications with them better than anyone else. In this regard, the positive and effective role of mothers requires knowledge and awareness of various cultural, social, and economic fields which can be met when mothers boost their awareness of issues and problems within society through education and active presence. Since 84% of women questioned as the study samples were housewives, and 40% of respondents in terms of water consumption introduced the member of families with high consumption as women and especially mothers, planners and managers can pay more attention to giving information and awareness to women in terms of water consumption and thus have a significant role in reducing domestic water use.Among the other effective measures to save and reduce household water consumption were reducing acceptable level of water consumption by conventional tariffs, separating water meters of households in apartments, establishing partnerships between subscribers and directors and officials of water supply and distribution, producing TV programs especially for water crisis and optimized domestic water use, and also having more cooperation between relevant organizations in charge of the issue of urban water.

Due to the growth of urban population in recent years and the desire to live in cities (immigration), open lands inside and around the cities has been used and also changed their usage. On the other hand, the development of cities in the past and present has been carried out by people and over time; and these developments have usually been without regard to natural hazards, including floods,earthquakes, and so on.Basically, natural hazards affect the organization and foundation of urban life more intensively and more than villages and other human settlements. One of the natural hazards that we are faced with in Iran is the earthquake. The city of Neyshaboor, as one of the middle cities of Khorasan Razavi province, has been faced with increasing population and changing the use of agricultural and open lands. In addition to its population, the city also accommodates an immigrant population every year and also provides part of the need for small towns and surrounding villages. Therefore, the present study investigates the development of cities in response to the natural hazards of the earthquake with the aim of studying and forecasting land use changes in Neishaboor city.

The present study is an applied type that was conducted through library and field studies. A major part of the research is obtained through survey work. In this study, OLI and ETM sensor images of Landsat satellite from 2000 and 2009 and 2018, were used. Initially, Landsat satellite images were geometric and radio-metric corrections. Then, the study area was separated from the images and then satellite data were classified .The method used to classify information is a supervised method. In this method, educational examples are used to classify pixels. It is also necessary to explain that the maximum similarity algorithm is used for classification of monitoring. In this method, the reflectance value of any unknown pixel are analyzed based on the variance and covariance of that particular spectral reaction class. It is assumed that the distribution of the data of each class is based on the normal distribution around the pixel of the average of that class. In fact, the variance and covariance and the average of each satellite's images in different class are calculated for the classification of phenomena, so that each pixel belongs to a class whose presence in that class is more likely to occur. Finally, based on the Markov chain model, we investigate the development of the city and investigate the active faults.

The present study consists of three parts: reviewing the changes of major city uses, evaluating the development of the city with regard to the earthquake risk and forecasting the development of Neyshaboor.Land use change study: At this stage, according to satellite images of 2000, 2010 and 2018, the boundaries of Neyshaboor and surrounding areas, agricultural lands, pasture lands and Wasteland were determined. In 2000 range built in Neyshaboor city and around it was  8%, it reached 10.5% over 10 years in 2010 and reached 14.3% over the next 7 years in 2008,which indicates an increase in urban use such as residential, commercial, service, transportation and so on. And most of the construction tended to the north and northeastern parts of the city and around it. And Population from 2006 to 2016 indicate that the population growth is due to the city's rate of growth and the natural growth rate of the migratory of Neyshaboor city and around it, which is important for increasing urban construction. Evaluating the development of the city with regard to the earthquake hazard: At least 4 historical earthquakes with M> 7 occurred in less than 200 years of 1209-1405 AD near Neyshaboor in northeastern Iran. The mechanism of known faults in the Neyshaboor range is compressive or have an important component of compression. Around the Neyshaboor city there are three active faults: Binaloud fault, North Neyshaboor fault and Neyshaboor fault. The north faults of Neyshaboor and Binaloud are in the range of the Binaloud Mountain, north of Neyshaboor.City Development Forecast: Based on the Markov chain and CA Markov model, city development is forecasted. The future development of the Neyshaboor city tends to be closer to the north and northeast, while the mentioned range is within the average earthquake hazard range. And south of the city, which is in low hazard zone, is not the desired direction for future development. By the year 1409 (2030) the best direction for the development of the city is the south and southwest of the city.

What can be emphasized as the results of this research can be presented in the following cases?The Markov chain and the CA Markov model have great potential for forecasting urban development.With regard to the earthquakes occurring throughout history of Neyshaboor and its surrounding area, the earthquake for this city, like other cities in Iran, is the most important natural hazard.The development direction of the city is the northern and northeastern regions where the low depth of the earthquake is also in these areas. And earthquakes with more than 4.7 magnets have also occurred in these areas, while both of these factors increase the risks.The study area is located 170 to 340 meters from the faults, which requires safety and rehabilitation considerations.The future development of the city of Neyshaboor tends to be closer to the north and northeast, while the mentioned range is within the average earthquake hazard range. And south of the city, which is in low hazard zone, is not the desired direction for future development. By the year 1409 (2030) the best direction for the development of the city is the south and southwest of the city.In general, the northern part of the city, which is the main urban area and the main direction of city development, is more at risk, because it is located in the zone of earthquakes with a low depth and is located in the earthquake zone of more than 7.4 magnets and have a fewer distances with active faults.One of the best solutions to reduce earthquake effects is to observe the standard distance from earthquake and fault zones.The revision of Neyshaboor Urban Development Plan will protect urban management from future risks.The results of the research findings show the geography position in urban development projects more than before.

Social sustainability is one of the main pillars of sustainable development and one of the key tools in urban planning and policy making. Lack of attention to social sustainability, endangers various development programs and projects, as well as causing irreparable damage to neighborhoods and their inhabitants. Due to the importance of social dimension of sustainability, the present study aimed to investigate social sustainability in Mehregan Town of Mashhad. This study was applied in term of its purpose and it’s based on the survey method. In this method a questionnaire was used which its validity was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (0.79). The statistical population consisted of inhabitants of Mehregan Town (16745) and the sample size was determined 375. Friedman test and T-Hoteling test were used for data analysis and path analysis was used to represent the conceptual model. Respectively, social capital, housing satisfaction and spatial equality had the most effect and in the next priority sense of belonging, social participation and identity had less effect on social sustainability of Mehregan Town, according to the results of Friedman test, t-hoteling and path analysis. Also the results of Friedman and T-Hotelling tests show that three indices of sense of belonging, social participation and identity are lower than the mean and three indices of social capital, housing satisfaction and spatial equality are higher than the mean. In general, social sustainability is not desirable in the area of study.

Informal settlements is one of the most important aspects of urbanization in Iran, in a way that not only in the big cities but also in the medium-sized and small towns, these kind of phenomenon exist. One of the cities in Iran that engage in this phenomenon is Torbat Heydarie that requires the utilization of comprehensive application for problem solving. The aim this study is to organize the informal settlements with empowerment approach in Torbat Heidarie city. This study is developmental-practical and the method of it, is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information is done in two way; library and survey (questionnaire) and for analyzing the data, the methods of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regression, were used and in order to provide the empowerment strategies of informal settlements, initially the Delphi technique was used to make the planning participatory and in the next stage, the swot strategic model was used. The statistical society are some of informal settlements of Torbat Heydarie, such as areas of high Rabat, areas of low Rabat, Koye Emam and Heidar Abad and the sample size are 400 people that were chosen by the multistage cluster sampling method. In this study, each of the indicators of authority delegating and participation, security indicator and social and economical indicators are considered as a independent variable with empowerment approach to the dependent variable. Among them, social and economical indicator have the most effects on the empowerment approach. According to multiple regression model, social and economical indicators have the most effects and in the next step respectively, assignment of authorities and participation indicator and security indicator in achieving the empowerment of informal settlements have priority. The result of swot model indicated that aggressive strategies placed as a initial priority of informal settlements empowerment.

Today, the widespread use of fuzzy controllers in electrical systems, especially, systems includes nonlinear and uncertainty terms, which are rapidly increasing. Indeed, the design of a desirable fuzzy inference system requires the correct selection of the type, number, and scope of membership functions due to fuzzifying the input and output variables of the system. But so far, no research or structural method has been introduced for the correct selection of membership functions and exclusively has been based on trial and error of the designer of the system. Considering the importance of this issue, the current paper investigated a comprehensive review of the membership functions selection in articles related to electrical systems. Finally, based on the articles reviewed and the categories carried out, suggestions for optimal selection of membership functions are presented based on the applications of electrical systems.

The lack of a sense of belonging in all urban environments ranging from small cities, towns, cities and metropolitan middle features hidden problems that rootlessness, lack of identity, indifference and non-responsibility of citizens have been exposed. This research, knowledge of the sense of place in three cities, small, medium, metropolitan, and comparing the three towns in question and the factors influencing them is a sense of place. This study is the objective, functional and in terms of methodology and survey research tools, researcher made questionnaire that its validity through the formal validity abdcronbach's alpha reliability coefficient test with 0.78 has confirmed. Population consisted of all citizens 380Sabzevar, 383 sample size samples in Khaf, 384 samples in Mashhad. According to the research questions and the whole 1-5 results in mind, figure 3 as a theoretical middle, mashhad metropolis with the greatest sense of place 4.4 and in second Khaf3.3 average and Sabzevar with the 2.3 final was in order. Regression Analysis Research's index of 5 to 85 percent of variability (sense of place) explains and the results show that the variable quality of service, maximum impact and after participating in social activities in order of increasing effect on the sense of place will be studied in three cities. The results of the present study is consistent with previous results and Nyvbay Bell (1976), which, because of both the strong sense of belonging pointed out in small cities. In this study, the city KHAF as one of the small towns showed a high sense of belonging. Keywords: sense of place, towns, medium City, metropolitans, Khaf, Sabzevar, Mashhad

Security as one of the basic needs of citizens in urban structures are gone and by the inclusion of special importance to feel relaxed and comfortable environment for citizens. The mass is caused by several factors, one of which is physical agents. Prevention Crime by reducing the environmental factors responsible for the crime could have a significant role in reducing urban crime. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of environmental crime prevention design (CPTED) and present the strategies to improve the region. Therefore 6 indicators (lamps, lights and urban furniture, pollution, urban fabric, visually balance) environments that have a significant role in the crime is discussed from the perspective of citizens. The research method used in this research is quantitative, qualitative and are applied based on case studies is analytic. The population of Mashhad slum area of town means that the sample is based on a sample of 280 people. Inventory data by GPS locating and Screened SPSS and GIS software space have been analyzed. The results show that the sense of security in each of these indices is much lower than the standard level. So that the security measures in the passages with 84%, 85% lights and urban furniture, visually balance 67%, grain size and compactness 66%, 46% dose pollution remains a low level of citizen satisfaction. So, the solution to enhance security and reduce crime in the area can be user modified, monitoring and patrolling police officers, correction of alleys and streets of the city and represented.