مهدی هوشیار

Organisational culture is a new topic in management knowledge and organisational behaviour. In military and law enforcement organisations, organisational culture is a set of views, attitude, norms and social values that determine police behavior models, relationship with society and police organisation which detwrmine police behaviour models which despite general characteristics similar to other organisational culture has a unique specific culture. The difference that distinguishes military organisation from others lies premarily in its mission, legal definition and management. Therefore, the purpose of present study with descriotive the analytical method and in a comparative manner with ethical charter of British Police is to analyse the organisational culture of military forces in role of judiciak officers and its effect on the rights of the accused in fair proceedings a focusing on a three school, transformationalism and legalistic models. Research finding indicates that military organisation is organised, powerful, closed and hierarchical unit and its role has been defined by law in the field of continuous communication with citizens (security provisions, judicial officers) social life, organization protection of political social and economic interest and their performance. Performance management and motivation, organization learning, creativity and innovation ability, talent management, discipline, religious belief, organizational structure, community cooperation with police, ability and training of behavioral skills such as respecting citizenship rights and dignity of citizens among other factors have influential impact on desired organizational culture and its manifestation in protecting the rights of the accused by judicial officers.

Legal formalism takes an inflexible approach in the field of criminal offenses by giving importance to the unquestioning acceptance of the law in the field of crimes and determining the punishment for criminals. In contrast to this approach, another type of criminal law has been proposed, which defends the role of various factors in the occurrence of crimes, such as: individual characteristics, environmental and social factors, and also giving importance to the role of interpretation of laws, the authority of the judge. and issuing judgments based on the status of criminals entered the arena under the title of realism. Therefore, the realism approach can be considered as a critique against formalism. The findings show that in response to the inefficiencies of this approach in determining punishment in criminal matters, legal realism has been proposed. Realism is a method to overcome the shortcomings of the law, its inflexibility, replacing community-oriented methods instead of prison and retribution, paying attention to the judge's creativity in cases where the law is not a solution, and also a more accurate application of crime and punishment. In domestic criminal laws, alternative punishment, considering justice and benevolence in determining punishment and crimes, and also assigning a role to the judge's creativity are solutions for using realism in the field of the criminal system. The present research method is also descriptive and analytical and using documentary and library sources.

Exclusionary rule has been accepted in different legal systems and has not been clearly accepted in Iranian legal system. this rule can be justified both on the basis of individualism thinking and in the idea of collectivism. In the first approach, the goal is to further protect the accused and guarantee his human and individual rights, in the second approach, the goal is to improve the quality of the trial and the performance of the judicial system. Studies show that the dominant approach in Iranian law, as well as in many other individualistic legal systems, has been the reason for the exclusionary rule. the changes that have taken place in the legal system have caused the ideological foundations of this rule to change and society to thinking be in the center of attention rather than the individual, which in turn raises the status of the judiciary and, in other words, increases legitimacy. This study was conducted with a comparative study in the USA and Iranian legal system and the result is the confirmation of the rise of both legal systems to collectivist thinking as the basis for identifying exclusionary rule and attention to social feedback on the performance of the judiciary.

Federal courts are the chief guarantors of individual constitutional rights under the Federal Constitution. As such, they have a duty to protect citizens from state laws that criminalize or chill constitutionally protected activity (overbroad laws), or that subject citizens to unclear or arbitrary exercises of state power (vague laws). With these doctrines in mind, a federal court might view itself as the last bulwark of protection against overreaching state legislatures, and therefore decide that only complete invalidation will suffice. Thus, in this research, at first introduced and explained the nature and goals of the doctrine. Then, due to the connection and closeness of this void for vagueness doctrine, the opposition of the two in practice has been dealt with by focusing on the opinions of the US Supreme Court in a descriptive-analytical procedures. The results of this study indicate that; This doctrine is a good way for protecting fundamental rights in the field of freedom of expression enshrined in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution .This doctrine investigates law in a facial review. A law may be both overbroad and ambiguous at the same time. If a comprehensive law is not overbroad, but at the same time provides the defendant with a fair notice that the conduct is criminal, the defendant cannot challenge that law under the void for vagueness doctrine. On the other hand, if the law lacks sufficient explicitness, it can be invalid according to the vagueness doctrine. States can interpret laws in a limited way to reduce the scope of that law in order to protect their laws from the scrutiny of the face of the over breadth doctrine. In examining whether a law is invalid in face, the Court should consider any restrictive interpretation proposed by a state court or executive agency.

Organizational culture refers to a pattern of basic assumptions and a set of values, beliefs, understanding and inference, a way of thinking that guides the members of a group. The present article seeks to examine the organizational culture of judicial officers and its role in fair criminal proceedings, focusing on the rights of the individuals accused in the preliminary investigation phase in Iranian and British law.

The present research is conducted using descriptive-analytical method.

The police in the UK legal system has historical, theoretical-criminological and pragmatic foundations using the approach of criminal population management and has major authority and mandate with regard to quitting criminal proceedings or preventing perpetrators from entering the criminal justice system. This mandate is referred to as out-of-court police responses or alternative solutions. Due to the lack of a suitable platform for police judicial intervention or a coherent organizational culture in the Iranian law, the officers' actions are not as effective as they are expected to be, there is no possibility of delegating judicial authority to them, similar to the UK. The organizational culture of bailiffs in Iranian law has been formed in the light of the policing-security approach, while in the UK there is a fair protection-oriented approach on police actions in relation with judicial issues. The governing organizational culture could be transformed into an effective and productive culture through recruiting competent people, proper training, continuous supervision and encouraging or threatening reactions. On the other hand, strengthening the organizational culture will delegate active judicial role to the bailiff and will lead to effective cooperation in the criminal system.

The crime of "rebellion against law enforcement officers" due to the status of victims who are law enforcers, will have adverse consequences and effects on the sense of security. Therefore, the importance and necessity of serious and meticulous attention, caused in this article to study the role of social and psychological factors in rebellion against police officers and its effect on citizens' sense of security (Case study of Fars province). In order to identify and analyze the causes of insecurity in the occurrence of the crime of rebellion against law enforcement officers.

The present study is a quantitative method based on the purpose of the applied type and descriptive-survey in which the statistical population is victims, offenders, experts, university professors and experts, which is a sample of 135 victims and offenders, and .. During 1998 and 1999, by probabilistic sampling method and according to the sampling framework of the list of individuals, it was systematically randomly selected and used the researcher-made questionnaire technique to collect data and the validity of its content collection tool and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method. High (0.7) is measured. Pearson correlation test, multiple regression, and smearing data were used to analyze the data using SPSS18 software.

This study indicates the relationship between the components of tolerance threshold level (0.129), police determination (0.491), social interactions (0.229), legislative and judicial policies (0.335) with a sense of security. Also, the independent variables could explain about 31% of the variance of the dependent variable.

Although one of the requirements of the implementation of the Merida Convention is the criminalization of "bribery in the private sector", the Iranian legislature has not yet considered this issue and there is no clear approach in the judicial process in this regard. From the point of view of international instruments and comparative law today, there is no doubt that bribery in the private sphere, as well as doing it in the public sphere, can be a manifestation of financial and administrative corruption that should be specifically criminalized and punished. However, in Iranian law, the question is what is the nature of paying and receiving bribes in the private sector. And, what is the reaction to it? Findings of the research indicate this: in Iranian criminal law, according to Article 588 of the Criminal Code of 1996, a specific type of private bribery (a receipt of money or property by judges, auditors and experts) has been criminalized. The judicial practice seeks to extend this prohibition to all private sectors responsible for public services in accordance with the principles of the crime and other related provisions. In particular, it seems that the provisions and basis of the "Unanimous Vote of Procedure No. 798 of the General Assembly of the Supreme Court", which has just been issued, have made this possible even more. Because, in this vote, by considering the criterion of "public services" and considering the employees of private banks as "public service agents", the said employees are considered to be subject to Article 598 of the mentioned law. According to this rule and the stipulation of "public service officers" in Article 3 of the Law on Intensification of Punishment for Perpetrators of Embezzlement, Bribery and Fraud, there is no distinction between the mentioned crimes and a single procedure should be established for them. However, jurisprudence cannot compensate for the shortcomings of the legislation in this area.

Many divisions of laws have been presented for a long time, one of the most important of which is the division of laws into substantive and formal. This division has its roots in the developments of Western Europe, including Roman law, which believed in the primacy of substantive law over procedural law. However, in the criminal systems, some distinctions have been accepted and a solution has been presented to enforce the laws to establish justice, respect the rights of the common people, and also to be the basis of the law. In Iran's criminal law, some distinctions have been raised by jurists and included in the law, but in some cases, the laws are similar. However, failure to resolve claims before referring to judicial institutions has led to ignoring the law, which causes problems related to proceedings. The question of the current research is, what are the criteria for separating the substantive laws from the form in terms of goals, features and functions in Iranian criminal law? The answer that can be given is that the criminal law system considers the goals of the substantive laws to be the originator of the right, dependent on the values ​​and norms of the society and a basis for the formation of laws. In contrast to formal laws, their purpose is to enforce the law, to restore the rights of the parties to the lawsuit, and they are considered a tool for the realization of substantive laws. In this article, the descriptive-analytical method is used.

Perpetration of a crime is result of interference of a multidimensional process. Rebellion against police officers, regardless of its various factors and dimensions, requires proper reflection and rethinking in terms of the special mission of the police in maintaining security and maintaining order and defending public rights. Apply effective and productive management need to pay attention to various components. Among other things, feedback on police behavior may motivate criminal and defiant behavior. Adopting both scientific and empirical methods for the emergence of behavioral management, controlling the emotions of police in carrying out their missions and preventing criminal behavior under the heading of rebellion.

This study in terms of purpose, is applicable and in terms of style, is quality and using the review of documents of 195 cases in the disciplinary command of Fars, Khuzestan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces and the demographic characteristics of criminals and delinquents will show up between the years ranging from 2012 to 2016.

The crime of rebellion must be seen in the context of inevitable social interaction of the police forces with the people. The rebellious and victim at time of rebellion carry many characteristics that provide the grounds for its realization. Among these, demographic characteristics are among the factors that can be studied and researched. The desired characteristics include: age, sex, level of education, service history, rank, indigenous or non-indigenous officer and the category of service in the group of victims as a police officer and Characteristics include: age, sex, level of education, employment and criminal history of desperados has been considered. These characteristics provide the ability and relative capacity to recognize the criminological factors of police violence in a preventive scientific and field study.

Significant differences in demographic factors in the components considered in this study can be seen in three provinces of Fars, Khuzestan and Sistan and Baluchestan. Accuracy and attention to quantity of these components and numerical, quantitative and statistical comparisons in crisis planning to prevent violence and rebellion against police officers and to identify the environmental, social, psychological and personal factors of this crime as a basis for further research is necessary.

War journalism selects situations that constantly foster war campaigns, conflict, strife, demonstrations, marches, and even verbal, behavioral, and other forms of violence. It also tends to report differences between groups to ignore similarities, previous agreements and the process of current issues, as well as the reasons and results, and shows that the needs of one party can only be met by defeating the other. But peace journalism seeks to correct these tendencies. Its definition is: creating opportunities for a large community for non-violent reactions in conflicts; This requires defining non-violent policies and making them available to the public. In this library research, the researcher tries to find out the reasons for the importance of paying attention to peace journalism and its emptiness in the country's journalistic literature. Finally, strategies to change the perspective of media people from war journalism to journalism. Provide peace. The main question of this research is what is the nature of war journalism and why is it time to replace the peace oriented approach? The necessity and importance of paying attention to peace journalism, the process of media ethics, the role of peace journalism in promoting a secure society, the role of capitalist interests in war journalism, the need to reconsider journalistic values and provide solutions to the newspaper's practice. Writers are one of the most important topics in this article.

In principle, the proportionality of crime and punishment, which is based on the point of view of punishment, what connects the punishment to the crime is the severity of the crime committed. But it should be noted that the severity of the crime has a fundamental role even in the utilitarian views of punishment. Legislator regardless of blameworthiness and harm and dangers resulting from the crime, which are the criteria for determining the severity of the crime. has proceeded to impose punishments, subsequently criteria and indicators for evaluating the severity of crime and punishment have not been provided to judges, as a result, in many cases, the principle of proportionality of crime and punishment has been violated, and subsequently it has led to the formation of inconsistent judicial procedures, which is decisive It is the punitive or utilitarian point of view of the judge. Therefore, if two criminals commit the same crime under the same circumstances, due to the lack of criteria to determine the severity of the crime, they may face different punishments. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the application of the criteria for determining the severity of the crime.

The purpose of this study is to identify a variety of discourse and frameworks constructed in two iraninternational and Deutsche Welle sites. The main subject of this study is the American maritime coalition project in the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. The number of selected samples in this study is 8 news and news reports. Findings indicate that the two websites in terms of lexical items, persons and institutions mentioned in the text, polarization, citations, presuppositions, connotations and the consensus and agreement and underlying predicates in the outset, middle and end of the four countries events,  those have a great differences and low similarities.  According to the research results, Irainternational's main discourse has been a "iran fobia" in the " America's Savior Framework". The Persian Deutsche Welle has also spoken in the form of “Anti-tension dialogue" within independent Germany framework.

This research is opt to compare and survey on the similarities and differences of discourse variety and news image making in two news networks, “Farsi BBC & Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (IRNA)”. This will be done on the news coverage in Middle East & North of Africa in a time period from December 2010 to May 2011, in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya & Bahrain. This research tries to uncover some facts about the news policies of the two Farsi speaking news agencies in regard to reformations in Arab countries. To achieve this goal, critical theories in the realm of news such as Framing, Media Imperialism of News, Image Making, Discourse and Ideology have been applied.  The methodology of the research is based on discourse analysis using Van Dijk’s discourse exploration method. The statistical population of this research is the whole related news about political reformations of Arab countries: Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain & Libya, gathered in the 2 News agencies through the mentioned time period. After a survey on statistical population with Targeted Sampling, 47 News cases were selected to be explored. The findings of the research show that the 2 agencies have tangible differences in their texts via lexical items, polarization, citations, persons & institutions. This is also implies for pre-suppositions, connotations & components of consensus agreement, as well as for underlying predicates in the outset, middle and end of occurred events. These four Arab countries have less in common but abundant differences.

Recognition of occurrence factors of a crime is a complex and multi-dimensional process that has a different path and way of dealing with each crime. Many studies have been done on common crimes in societies. In this case, occurrence of the insurgency crime against the government officers in terms of condition that perpetrator has a crime, is more to contemplateThis is much important when the government officer in police uniforms is on duty and dealing with crime of society. In this study, the study of citizen behavior toward employees and law enforcement force officers is one of important aspects of the management process and pathology of law enforcement force function. Undoubted,effective management practices on the police require insight into the behavioral complexities of audience and visitors, and adoption of appropriate measures and methods of conduct and use of appropriate skill patterns to control them. The purpose of the study is to identify effective factors affecting the occurrence of rebellion crime against police officers in Fars province in order to facilitate scientific planning to reduce frequency of this crime.

the present study is applicable in terms of purpose, practical and in terms of qualitative method and using documentary review of 82 of the rebellion cases in the law police headquarter of Fars province and done deep interviews with internal and external organizational elites and criminals and victims of rebellion crime.

The courante of rebellion should first be studied within the context of a social interaction between the people and the police, what has begun to happen in the ventricle of a social interaction between people and part of society is law offender, which is highly qualified for individual, social,economic and political factors. The arrival of law offender to intended interaction can be followed different dimensions and effects. In this regard, occurrence of violence in the interaction is probable for law offender that legislator has named a rebellion and imposed sanctions on it. Individual, psychological, social and environmental factors are the most important factors that can be discussed in occurrence of violence and rebellion against police based on the factors.

The most important factors of rebellion occurrence against law enforcement officers are individual, psychological, social and environmental factors that primarily lead to law offender and then violence against police. Thus, removing some of problems associated with the factors can greatly reduce the incidence of violence against police

The main element in the field of punishment and subsequent punishment is the measurement and evaluation of the severity of the crime committed. And there is a definite correlational punishment, and the intensification of blame and reproach is not justified without increasing the severity of the crime committed. The mother of this article seeks to answer the questions: What are the criteria for determining the severity of a crime? Are these criteria basically common in different legal systems? And what are the correlations of assessing the severity of a crime? Crime (objective criterion) are two important criteria in assessing the severity of the crime committed. And these two criteria are common to all legal systems, although in some cases under the influence of factors such as history and civilization, religion, culture, beliefs and values, the degree of crime in different legal systems may vary.culture, beliefs and values, the degree of crime in different legal systems may vary.

In the process of criminal procedure, cultural defenses run among cultural minorities to preserve traditions and historical customs as well as internal unity.These methods are regarded as normal and acceptable in the relationships within the group, but they may be unacceptable to majority value judgment , Because they are not necessarily compatible with the majority ideological, cultural and social norms of the majority. Meanwhile, how majorities put up with or oppose minorities in a matter of importance in terms of acceptance or rejection of different cultures is significant.
This paper, as a Case study,tries to investigate the matter why cultural defenses are rejected merely due to their opposition to the majorities culture and religious norms,even though they are effective and perevent ethnic conflicts.
As a result , in the U.S. criminal justice system, despite the legislature's silence about the cultural defense, the criminal courts have considered in sentencing and cultural defense in some cases causing changes sentence reductions or mitigating.
In Iranian criminal justice system, legislator has rejected cultural differences of minority groups, and Criminal courts have adopted an absolute inacceptance approach to cultural defense.

Being in the minority as one of the vulnerable groups, minorities need legal support. In a pluralistic society, minorities having special characteristics and cultural differences are recognized as a vulnerable group in need of protection and legal guarantees. The principle of equality before the law cloud is both the formal (Prohibits discrimination in the enjoyment of rights for having minorities characteristics) and substantial (Equal protection of the special rights of minority groups and cultural differences). We explain the substantive criminal law from the perspective of the present study and analyzed approach to discrimination or the protection of religious minorities in this section of legal system.

Environmental problems of heavy metals are especially important. For sustainable development of mining industry environmental aspects need to be identified it. The purpose of this research is study of gold genesis and accompanying elements in Siah Jangal region in Sistan and Baluchestan province with attention to contaminating elements of the environment. The study area near the sarkahnow village located in north volcano Taftan in South East of Iran in 120 km south East of Zahedan in Sistan and Baluchistan province In geological prospect, the exploratory region of Siah Jangal – Sarkahnow is located in filishi zone of east of Iran and the adjacent of one of the active tectonomagmatic centers of Iran. This area includes filish sediments and ophiolitic rocks with Upper Cretaceous age and Paleocene، which between Afghan (Helmand) and Lut block is located. In order To evaluate the contamination of heavy metals in the region as a systematic sampling was performed. After preparation of the samples were analysed. Theresults were compared with World Health Organization standards and were determined that the elements Cd, Pb, Ni, As contamination in the area and fortunately Hg element does not create a lot of contamination. With using this results were depicted the zonation maps of contamination of elements including As, Pb, Ni, Hg, Cd in this region and was delineate that these elements caused to contamination in this region. The maps showed that the mentioned elements are causing contamination of the area.

The study region is Shiraz and Gharehbagh plains in Fars province. Most significant water requirments, especially drinking water in these regions supply are supplied with groundwater resource. In order to estimating of Arsenic contamination between water resource of the region has been done sampling from 25 resource during 4 periods in a year. These sample were analyzed with ICP method. After laboratory investigating and the comparison of outcomes to WHO standard detected highly contamination with Arsenic in groundwater. With using of contamination zonation maps of Arsenicconcentration in these regions distribution of this element could be observed easily. The distribution of the abovementioned element has not equal in different periods of sampling but significant point is increasing of its concentration at 2-3 month after sufficient rainfall.