مهناز رضایی

Le « mythe » est une notion culturelle très ambiguë. La littérature et la mythologie sont étroitement liées. La poésie et le mythe peuvent communiquer avec leur public avec un langage symbolique. A l'époque où l'être humain attribue à la seule raison la capacité de connaître la vérité, la littérature ne crée plus de mythe dans le sens ancien du terme, mais recrée plutôt des mythes antiques. En étudiant la présence des mythes dans la littérature, nous pouvons comprendre ses significations et fonctions dans la littérature contemporaine. Dans cet article, nous examinerons la reprise des éléments mythiques chez les figures majeures de la nouvelle poésie persane Akhavan, Sepehri et Chamlou, ainsi que dans Le Rêve mexicain de Le Clézio, écrivain français contemporain, en nous référant à leurs points de vue communs sur le mythe. Nous expliquerons enfin les raisons de la reprise des mythes et les fonctions de ces derniers dans la littérature contemporaine, dont l’intérêt pour le modernisme dans le style, échange des idées et la mise en scène des enjeux socio-politiques.

Passing the time and increasing growth of urban population and the limitation of land in cities, vertical development became popular and apartments and then residential complexes were formed. This trend of housing development has reduced designers' attention to open and semi-open spaces in residential complexes that this issue has a great impact on the human body and soul in the penetration of natural light into the interior space. The main question of the current research is what factors in the openings and their design in residential interiors can improve the quality of natural light. The aim of the current research is to evaluate the opening factors in the main residential space in the amount of utilization and its effect on natural light, which was done using the library documentation method and it is included in descriptive, analytical and applied researches. The area studied in this research is a land with an area of about 44222 square meters in the 2nd district of Tehran, which due to the high population density, the need to create residential complexes in this area is felt. The analysis of information using simulation by Design Builder software has been done with the aim of determining the influencing factors on the use of natural light in residential units. The results show that the area and depth of the space 48%, the dimensions and proportions of the window 32%, the type of glass 8%, the orientation and position 7% and the window separator 5% have an effect on the use of natural light in the interior space.

Considering the importance of the subject, in this research, the factors affecting the hydrological changes of the Taleghan River have been investigated. Descriptive-analytical methods have been used in this research. The most important data of the research included Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images, the SRTM 30-meter height digital model, Taleghan synoptic station climate information, and regional discharge information. Also, the most important tools used in the research were ArcGIS, ENVI, and SPSS. According to the subject of the study, this research has been done in several stages. In the first stage, the evaluation of land use changes, in the second stage, the evaluation of changes in climatic elements, and in the third stage, using IHA indicators, has been paid to evaluate the hydrological changes of the Taleghan River. The results of this research have shown that during the years 2000-2017, the average temperature of the region has increased and the area covered by snow has decreased. Also, under the influence of population growth, the use of artificial areas has increased and the use of gardens and pastures has decreased. Also, the total results of this research have shown that the discharge of the Taleghan River under the influence of natural and human changes, in terms of all IHA indicators, has had a significant decreasing trend. Also, among the stations in the region, the Glink station, which is located downstream of other stations, has faced more changes, which can be considered as the result of human activities and climate changes.

Architecture is not only creating a space for living, fulfilling and establishing communication, relations and needs. In fact, an architectural space should convey some feelings to its occupants and engage them in memories and dream. It is not only the walls, floor and ceiling which fulfills human needs and feelings; If the building is empty of any atmosphere, it cannot satisfy human needs and feelings. Therefore, it is necessary to create architectural spaces that originates this desired atmosphere for mutual accompaniment between people and the environment, as well as responding to all human needs. For this purpose, we can use the phenomenological approach. Phenomenology is a method in architecture in which all human senses and perceptions are addressed to reach architectural atmosphere. In this paper, first we studied the research background and theoretical foundations and then the theoretical framework was obtained from them; The data of the present research has been analyzed using a combined quantitative-qualitative method. In a quantitative method, according to the research hypothesis and concerned components and variables, a questionnaire was prepared and the data obtained with a sample size of 331 people was evaluated by SPSS software and the Friedman test method; And in the qualitative method, data analysis was done using MicMac software and cross-effects matrix analysis. The obtained results show that the factors related to "dasein or existence" have the greatest effect on the visitors satisfaction, and then the factors related to "pure awareness" and "body and senses" are in the next priorities, respectively.

Tous les œuvres d’Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, écrivain français du XXe siècle, ont été traduites en persan et son Petit Prince a été traduit près de 70 fois en Iran. Ses éditions se multiplent chaque année, en moyenne, avec un tirage de 1000 à 3000 exemplaires. Il est intéressant donc d'examiner les traductions et les retraductions de cette œuvre en persan. La problématique de cette recherche est de traiter les retraductions de cette œuvre et la raison de leur apparition en donnant comme exemple la traduction en persan d’une expression dans Le Petit Prince. Nous voulons voir de quelle manière celle-ci a été perçue par les traducteurs et pourquoi. Dans cet article, après avoir présenté les perspectives théoriques des théoriciens de la traduction et de la retraduction tels que Berman, Chevrel, Gambier et Meschonnic, nous exeminerons les traductions différentes en persan de « créer des liens » dans Le Petit Prince. Pour comprendre ce qu’entend l’écrivain par cette expression, nous metterons en œuvre sa pensée et sa philosophie. Nous esseirons d’analyser et de remarquer les raisons de l’émergence de ces retraductions, des différences entre ces traductions et des compréhensions différentes de cette expression en persan. On va voir également le vrai sens de cette expression et son équivalent juste en persan. Nous verrons si ces divergences dans la traduction de cette expression est à cause de la pluralité de son sens ou non.

Theater, as one of the literary types, has created a link between literature and performing arts. There have been two types of theater, comedy and tragedy. In the past, the type of tragedy was superior to the type of comedy. In the seventeenth century in France, with the appearance of Molière, comedy flourished and a revolution took place in the classical theater. In Iran, playwriting does not have much history. But its traditional and religious forms have always existed. In this article, we have done a comparative study of two comedy plays, Molière's The Miser and Akhundzadeh's The Tale of the Miserly Man. In the two studied works, miserliness is shown as one of the biggest moral pests that not only affects family relationships, but also involves social relationships. In this article, we have benefited from the theories of Michel Viegnes in the field of theater and his classification of types of humor and the theories of Ménandre, the ancient Greek playwright, in the field of classification of the characters of classical plays, and by examining and comparing the content, character, we have discussed the structure of two works to see how and in what cases Akhundzadeh imitated Molière and what was his purpose in writing this play. In fact, the era of comedy flourishing can be considered the post-Renaissance era and the 17th century. With the emergence of playwrights such as Molière, it became possible to pass from the rule of tragedy to the flourishing era of comedy, and the kings and princes of tragedy gave way to trivial characters of comedy. Molière had a significant influence on the playwrights of the world and also influenced the Iranian theater during the constitutional period. The plays of Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzadeh (1228-1295), an Iranian writer, thinker and critic, were among the first plays written following European plays. The title, structure, characters, and content of his play The Tale of the Miserly Man also convey his impression of Molière's The Miser.

Comparative literature arose in France in the nineteenth century. Researchers of French comparative literature or the "French school of comparative literature" emphasized the issue of "relationship" between literatures. According to Guyard, "the researcher of comparative literature should focus on the exchange of themes, opinions, books or feelings between two or more literatures." (Guyard, 1958:12) With Guyard and after him Pierre Brunel, comparative literature becomes more of a science than a type of literary criticism. In addition to the issue of historical investigation, Yves Chevrel also brings the issue of boutiques into this topic. In his opinion, "comparative literature should add comparative boutique studies to its studies." (Chevrel, 2016: 48) In the American school of comparative literature, which is led by René Wellek (1903-1995), the historical study is abandoned and the focus is placed on the works themselves: "Everything It should be examined from the perspective of a literary work." (Brunel & Chevrel, 1989: 189-190) As mentioned, Akhundzadeh was influenced by Molière and the similarity between these two works is not accidental. Therefore, in this article, our research will be comparative literature based on the French school and we will discuss the influence of thoughts and themes and the comparative style of two works. To examine the types of humor in these two plays, we will rely on the theories of Michel Viegnes, a French writer and researcher, and to examine the characters of the plays, we will rely on the theories of Ménandre, the ancient Greek playwright.

 3-1. Content review As one of the freedom-loving playwrights of the Qajar era, Akhundzadeh criticized the traditional customs of the society through theater. Moliere's theater can also be defined as a realistic reflection of the performance of the members of a society. In this section, we will discuss the socio-political content of the plays and the analysis of the characters.  3-1-1. Socio-political and anthropological satire Moliere's play The Miser and Akhundzadeh's play are both social comedies. Moliere's The Miser depicts the bourgeois society of Paris during the reign of Louis XIV. Harpagon is a typical example of the 17th century bourgeois, who later became a type of personality in such a way that today in France, a stingy person is called Harpagon. Akhundzadeh's story of the miserly man also portrays the society of Iran in the early 13th century. In their works, these two playwrights describe the characters with a realistic, anthropological and sociological perspective and thus study different human aspects. In the preface of Tartuffe, Molière clearly states that "comedy can be effective in reforming some customs and traditions." (Molière, 2016: 5) In fact, for both authors, the main purpose of art is to cultivate positive qualities in human beings. According to Akhundzadeh: "It should be known that what is meant by the art of "comedy" is moral refinement. It means knowing the ugly and beautiful of human nature by looking at the shape and resemblance" (Adamiyat, 1349: 63). 3-1-2. Personality psychology According to the theories of Ménandre, the ancient Greek dramatist, the characters of the classical drama belong to three categories of people: 1) young people who intend to get married but face obstacles; 2) A slave and servant who is very clever and cunning and removes obstacles to marriage; and 3) secondary funny characters that provide joy and happiness in the theater scene. (Blanchard, 2000: 22-24) The main characters of both plays under our study are miserly and domineering old men, young people in love and simple-hearted, clever and cunning servants, and wise women. The choice of such characters actually shows the classicity of these two plays. Boileau emphasizes that "in Molière's plays, humor is created due to the mocking aspect that is rooted in the psychology of the character" (Conesa, 1995: 146). 3-2. Structural investigation Akhundzadeh, like Molière, is not only concerned with showing some social and moral problems, but also emphasizes the artistic aspect of writing. In his plays, although he maintained the "unity of action", Molière questioned the "unity of place" and "unity of time". In other words, he followed the principle of classical theater according to which the plot should revolve around a single event. But refuse to limit this event to one day and one place. Akhundzadeh also wrote his play The Tale of the Miserly Man in a classical style and in five chambers (curtains) and did not limit it to a fixed place and time of one day. 3-2-1. Language and style The language of Akhundzadeh's play, like Molière, is close to reality and effective. The story of the play and the dialogues of the actors are told with sweet and attractive expressions. In that period, the written language and the spoken language were significantly different. In this play, Akhundzadeh tried to distance himself from the common prose of his era and use spoken language for the characters. Regarding the similarities of the language of the two plays in question, it can be pointed out that the language used is vernacular. In this play, Molière's language is a natural and spontaneous language that shows the reality of the present and is performed quickly and impromptu by the actors. Another characteristic of Molière's language is his writing rhythm, to the point where we sometimes see a special rhythm in consecutive sentences and answers (Attaque des répliques). 3-2-2. A combination of humor Writers and theoreticians have always tried to classify its types since the emergence of comic theater. In this research, we try to explain the types of humor from Michel Viegnes’s point of view. Viegnes divides humor into three types: personality humor, verbal humor, and situational humor. (Viegnes, 1992: 88) Molière and Akhundzadeh have used all three types of humor in their plays.One of the theater techniques mentioned by Michel Viegnes is the monologue ou soliloque technique. With soliloque, in fact, the character "thinks out loud" (Viegnes, 1992: 60) and this issue provides reasons for laughter. Like Molière, Akhundzadeh used monologue to show the humor of a characterThe scope of comic language or verbal humor is very wide. And "Includes exaggeration and exaggeration, changes in the construction and shape of the language, playing with words." (Viegnes, 1992: 9) According to Michel Viegnes: "In all languages, people have laughed at people whose way of speaking is out of the norm." (Ibid.)According to Michel Viegnes, "situation comics go beyond speech and include all kinds of kicking, spinning jumps, spinning on heels, and...." (Viegnes, 1992: 98).

These two playwrights, in fact, study different human types and their disadvantages from a sociological and anthropological point of view, and depict the complexity of the human spirit in order to force the society of their age to think about their weaknesses through a humorous language.The style of both authors is classic, but it has undergone many changes and innovations. In fact, they present a mixture of comedy and tragedy to the audience.In this research, we come to the conclusion that with the help of comparative study, we can identify the roots of the currents of thought that influence the literature of the interior. With the help of comparative study, from an aesthetic, content and even theoretical point of view, literature can be studied not individually, but in its relationship with foreign literature. The comparison of the studied works is to test their similarities and convergences in order to consider literary phenomena in their transnational reality. Akhundzadeh's acceptance of this foreign genre, drama, and its rules, is important. In fact, with the help of this comparative study, we examined the entry and acceptance of a style, a theory, a theme in the literature of the country. Akhundzadeh's play is actually a kind of rewriting and literary representation in a transnational perspective. The purpose of literature is not only to connect with its reader and accept the work by him, but it is the influence of languages and thoughts on each other and the influence and influence, and as a result, progress and innovation in literature.

Thermal comfort in semi-hot and dry climates is one of the main factors for the presence of people in open urban spaces. The present research seeks to achieve a greater presence of people and reduce heat stress for the comfort quality of the micro-climate of the garden. Each of the artificial components of Jahathe n Nama Garden and the effective climatic conditions, has dealt with all of them. Thermal comfort has always been one of the main factors in architecture and urban planning, and among the solutions that respond to climatic conditions, we can mention the Iranian gardens, which have had a great impact on modifying the climatic conditions of the environment since ancient times. Elements that cause human comfort and have natural and artificial dimensions and components. Due to this issue, the Iranian garden model has created green and pleasant spaces for comfort and tranquility and the presence of people, which has been able to make the climatic conditions of the environment livable, desirable, and pleasant.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and, in terms of method, qualitatively and quantitatively simulated with Envi-met 4 basic software, which is selected by selecting eight points in the garden, on the first of July by comparing them with the PET thermal comfort index between points. Therefore, the research is based on two strategies of logical reasoning, library analysis on the one hand and quantitative measurement based on ENVI-met 4 basic simulation software. On the other hand, the effective components such as (the location and structure of the garden, and materials) are compared between the mentioned points. Ross data analysis was performed at 9 am, 12 noon, and 5 pm on the 1st of July, the hottest day of the year in the afternoon.

By examining the models (change of materials and orientation), the comfort conditions of the garden are improved and the change of orientation of the garden is more effective than the change of materials. Also, the average radiant temperature has the greatest effect on thermal comfort. R1=0/73  R3 = 0.70, R5 = 0.74, and R7 = 0.74 indicate their correlation. The artificial components of the Jahan Nama garden greatly affect the thermal comfort of the garden in hot seasons. 

 As a result, the choice of materials and proper orientation leads to controlling the rate of absorption of air temperature and circulation, which reduces heat stress. In the end, the research findings show that the synergy of the components of the Iranian garden in hot and semi-arid climates increases the thermal comfort in the microclimate of the garden and in creating urban open spaces with quality and optimal energy consumption Warm seasons and physical and mental health and reduction of heat stress are very important and the research findings are presented as a model that shows the synergy of these components to provide outdoor thermal comfort.

Les spécialistes de l'éducation ont toujours essayé de savoir si la capacité de traduire découle d'un talent inné ou d'un processus d'apprentissage régulier? À cet égard, plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées. Afin d'optimiser la formation, il est souhaitable d'analyser l'efficacité de chacune de ces méthodes, en recourant à l’approche de certains théoriciens dans le domaine de la traduction. Cet article a pour objectif de trouver des méthodes de la formation optimale dans le domaine de la traduction didactique qui peut être le début du parcours de la traduction professionnelle de certains étudiants à l’avenir. Pour ce faire, nous avons tenté d'examiner l'efficacité de chacun des méthodes en nous appuyant sur l'expérience pédagogique en traduction et avec l’organisation d’un atelier de traduction de trois journées pour les étudiants. Notre critère déterminant dans l’évaluation des résultats sera la progression des travaux des étudiants. Nous avons observé que dans la formation optimale de la traduction, la formation théorique et pratique sont à la fois nécessaires et complémentaires ; le travail d'équipe et avec des intervalles de temps en traduction réduit le stress et donc le nombre des erreurs des étudiants ; le professeur peut profiter de deux types d’évaluation raisonné et empirique respectivement durant le cursus et en fin du cursus

Butterfly disease is the result of genetic mutation and mostly family marriages that have thin skin and deep wounds, which has affected their daily life. This disease requires special spaces due to skin care. In the conducted research, it has been shown that by keeping the ambient temperature cool, it is possible to help reduce pain inflammation, unfortunately, there is no such space for these patients that suits their mental and physical needs. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors influencing the design of residential treatment centers for children with disabilities and the role of the context-oriented approach in the design of residential treatment centers. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors influencing the design of residential treatment centers for children with disabilities and the role of the context-oriented approach in the design of residential treatment centers. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method was used to investigate the effective components, and then a quantitative method and a questionnaire tool were used. Determining the sample size, 274 questionnaires have been provided to the patients. Effective components were analyzed using SPSS software. In this article, factors such as historical, cultural, physical, and climate have been examined, and the most effective components are physical and climatic factors. According to the conducted researches, the current research indicates that children are very interested in the design of the space in which they are located, and paying attention to physical, climatic, historical and cultural factors leads to the child's interaction with the therapeutic residential space and reducing pain inflammation. Epidermolysis (butterfly disease) is a group of rare genetic skin diseases that affects one out of every 20,000 live births. skin from two layers; which is called the outer layer of the epidermis and the inner layer of the dermis. Normally, there are protein molds made of collagen between the two layers, which prevents them from moving independently of each other. In people with EB, this double laayer lacks protein material, and any action that causes friction (such as rubbing or pressure) on the skin causes blisters and painful wounds. Contextualism is a method that deals with site interaction, Webster's architecture. Symptoms of Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)This disease is divided into the following three categories:1- Simple or (simplex) 2-severe (dystrophic) 3-JunctionalIn fact, each of these categories are divided into different types and different symptoms may be seen in them.The general symptoms of this disease are usually seen as follows.1- Hoarseness and breathing problems such as snoring and persistent coughing 2- Blisters are seen on the face, especially around the nose and eyes 3- Food sensitivities 4- The appearance of milia on the skin, which are small white spots. 5-There are problems in swallowing because the blisters around the mouth and throat become annoying. 6- The skin blisters after a change in temperature or minor damage.7- Oral and dental problems such as tooth decay8- Changing the appearance of nails or losing themContext-oriented architects are trying to find the positive points of each site and use them in their design. Contextualism is a type of architecture that responds to the specific conditions of its environment. In fact, the general context is integrated, which means the parts of the different components of the building. In this type of architecture, one must first know the environment accurately and find a suitable answer for a better combination of the building with the context. Among the principles that should be paid attention to in designing with a contextual approach are: economic, historical, cultural, social characteristics and the people who use the building. Urban features: passages, squares, streets, shops, climatic conditions: forest, cold, heat, desert, the way of life of building residents, their needs, their habits, how they use them in relation to the environmental forms of life. Context-oriented architecture emphasizes the necessity of paying attention to the environment surrounding the architectural work and believes that the balance between architecture and the environment can be an effective and strengthening factor for both the work itself and the context. Contextualism is a model for creating a more desirable environment, therefore, more knowledge and deeper understanding of context and environment is necessary and inevitable for architects and designers. Context-oriented architecture is an attempt to show the power of the desired visual environment on a larger scale than architecture. The message of context-oriented architecture is the need to pay attention to the physical environment surrounding the architectural work.

Le lien entre la littérature et la société est indissociable et la littérature est toujours un processus social. La pièce analysée dans cet article, Aye bi kolah aye ba kolah, écrite par Saëdi, étant un bel exemple de la société iranienne des années quarante, fournit une bonne occasion de mener une étude sociologique approfondie selon les opinions de Bourdieu. En effet, le quartier représenté souffre des inaptitudes foncières qui sont en relation avec la position des agents et leurs capitaux ainsi que les habitus. Cette société qui est composée des agents appartenant aux différentes couches sociales est vouée à la déchéance et cette fin tragique sera tracée par les habitants eux-mêmes. Notre but consiste à trouver une/des réponses aux questions suivantes : pourquoi malgré la présence des agents de différentes classes sociales, cette société ne trouve pas d’issue face au problème et elle sera vouée à l’échec ? Sous l’influence de quelles caractéristiques individuelles et collectives, le destin des agents sociaux se précipite dans la déchéance ? Pour répondre à ces questions, on se propose d'étudier la structure de la société et ses facteurs influents selon la méthode sociologique de Bourdieu.Pour ce faire, l’étude minutieuse des concepts fondamentaux de la sociologie bourdieusienne; habitus, champ et capital sera le fondement de notre méthodologie analytique. L’habitus de classe  permettant de comprendre la logique des actions individuelles et collectives, influence le mode de vie et détermine, de façon remarquable, l’acquisition aux différents capitaux. Ces derniers recouvrant différentes formes déterminent la position des agents dans la société. Ainsi, l’analyse des facteurs ci-dessus nous orientera à découvrir les causes de l’effondrement de la société présente dans la pièce..

La sémiologie, c’est l’analyse des systèmes de signes qui lient les éléments d’un contexte entre eux. Elle étudie les signes verbaux ou non verbaux et leur signification. Autrement dit, cette étude vise à comprendre comment les signes font sens.Cette discipline scientifique est inspirée de la linguistique et peut étre appliquée à de nombreux champs d’étude comme la littérature, la publicité, le cinéma, la politique. Dans cet article, nous visons à faire une étude sémiologique des signes émis dans La Maison Paternelle, film iranien mis en écran en 2010. En effet, c’est la condition féminine ianienne dans une famille au cours de plusieurs années qui a été mise en question. Et nous sommes penchés a l’analyser en nous occupant des signes verbaux, des signes gestuels-culturels et enfin des signes architectureux. Nous avons essayé d’étudier le sens et ses manifestations à travers les multiples registres de signes qui existent dans la culture.

Rivers face many morphological and ecological changes over time, and these changes are important in environmental and development planning. The Taleghan River in Alborz Province is one of the rivers associated with many morphological and ecological changes in recent years, and for this reason, this issue has been addressed in this study. The data used in the research included library information, information obtained from Google Earth images, information obtained from field visits, as well as the 12.5 SRTM digital elevation model. Research tools also included ArcGIS and Google Earth software, as well as RQI (description and assessment of environmental conditions in riverine areas) and MQI (morphological quality index) models. This research has been carried out in two general stages. In the first stage, the environmental conditions of the studied periods have been evaluated using the RQI method, and in the second stage, the river dynamics of the periods has been investigated using the MQI model. The results obtained from RQI method have shown that intervals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with 46, 67, 69, 64, 44 and 43 points, respectively, have a poor status and intervals 7 and 8 They also have an average position with 74 and 76 points, respectively. Also, the results of the evaluation of the dynamic condition of the river have shown that intervals 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 with coefficients of 0.188, 0.156, 0.156, 0.117 and 0.242, respectively. Very poor morphological dynamics, interval 6 with a coefficient of 0.453 in terms of MQI index has a weak dynamic state and also intervals 7 and 8 with a coefficient of 0.477, have the highest coefficient and in terms of geomorphological dynamics have more dynamics than the other intervals.

Le présent article décrit l’expérience du département de la langue française de l’Université de Tabriz en Iran, en matière d'enseignement à distance dans le contexte de la pandémie mondiale de la Covid-19. Notre intérêt est de mettre en évidence de nouvelles modalités d'évaluation basées sur l'utilisation des TIC comme étant une alternative pour assurer la continuité de l’apprentissage. Cet article a pour objectif de désigner la démarche de l’évaluation en ligne de l’écrit adoptée par le département et les défis et les difficultés auxquelles il fait face en période du confinement. Dans cette étude, nous avons recours à l’approche de certains théoriciens, notamment Charles Hadji sur l’évaluation pour apprécier la démarche de l’évaluation en ligne. Les résultats de cette recherche montre que la majorité des professeurs et des étudiants ont des points de vue communs sur l’évaluation en ligne, ce qui désigne généralement leur insatisfaction à l'égard des processus d'évaluation en ligne et les difficultés qui en résultent, comme l’augmentation de la tricherie des étudiants, la faible validité et fiabilité des résultats d'évaluation, les problèmes techniques, le manque de relations et d’interaction efficaces entre les professeurs et les étudiants, etc. Nous avons également suggéré des propositions qui aideraient aux étudiants et aux professeurs à améliorer leur démarche de l’évaluation, en cette période du confinement.

Thermal comfort is one of the main factors for the participation of people in open urban spaces. This article focuses on the planting system in Jahan Nama Garden in Shiraz. The paper seeks to achieve the goal of reaching thermal comfort, increasing the people participation and optimization the outdoor thermal comfort in Jahan Nama garden.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of qualitative methodology. It used quantitative measurement in which the Jahan Nama garden has been simulated with ENVI-met 4. By selecting eight points in Jahan Nama Garden of Shiraz, climatic variables have been analyzed at 9, 12 and 17 ochr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))clock on the 1st of July as the hottest day of the year. By comparing these points with the thermal comfort index PET they are analyzed.

Checking the plant simulation models (trees type and canopy and their number) in their place have improved the open space thermal comfort conditions, and by passing through the garden space, the environmental conditions return to the previous state and the average rate of radiant temperature has the greatest effect on thermal comfort, which will be presented in form of bar and line diagrams.

In planting system, increasing the number of trees has a greater effect on the thermal comfort in garden space. It is to boost the participation rate and the reduction of thermal stress in the hot seasons. The height and the form trees have direct effect on the thermal comfort.

Cet article, en recourant à l'approche de Philippe Hamon sur L'Ironie littéraire, Essai sur les formes de l'écriture oblique (1996), a pour objet d'étudier l’ironie dans Les Choses de Georges Perec et les procédés qu'il met en œuvre pour montrer cette ironie. Dans cet article, nous tenterons d'illustrer que pour critiquer la société moderne dans laquelle la publicité joue un rôle important, Perec profite de l'ironie. En se moquant des comportements et des pensées de ces deux personnages matérialistes qui sont incapables dans la connaissance du vrai et de la vérité, l'auteur utilise des éléments ironiques qui donnent un ton ironique au roman. Pour ce faire, il se sert des procédés comme le narrateur hétérodiégétique, la polyphonie, l'intertextualité, les figures d'opposition, d’insistance, d'analogie et de diction. Les éléments qui instaurent une distance entre l'énonciation et l'énoncé, entre le narrateur et son discours, entre le lecteur et les personnages du récit. Les procédures qui produisent un sentiment de distanciation et d'absurdité, essentiel dans l'ironie du XXe siècle.

The symbols constituting the allegorical stories of different nations have many similarities in many facet, which continuously depict the real world. The similarities among metaphorical, allegorical and mythical stories in the world literature paves tge way for researchers who are interested in studying and discovering these similarities taking a comparative approach and makes such a research seem necessary. In this article, Conference of the Birds, the outstanding work of Attar, the seventh-century poet and Sufi from Iran and the Story of a White Blackbird by Alfred de Musset, a famous romantic French writer and poet of the nineteenth century. Different kinds of birds constitute the characters and the main structure of these two works. This study tries to give definitions of allegory in literature and the symbol of bird, to make a comparative study of the allegories and the reasons for its use in the French Romantic School and in Persian mystical literature.

Today the study of narrative discourse in the stories and novels has occupied a special status in the literary criticism. In the meantime, the study of that part of the narration, which is expressed not by the narrator himself, but by his characters has been given a special emphasis by discourse studies. Jalal Al-e-Ahmad is one of the authors who prefer to structur their stories by an alternance between the narrator and character's discours. For this purpose, the narrator of Jalal uses the common and classical type of direct and indirect speechs, as well as the free indirect speech, interior monologue and narratized discourse. But does he have any narrative or literary justification by using each types of speechs instead of other? The answer to this question is possible by a careful study of each type of speech, relying on critiques of discoursive and narrative field, such as Gérard Genette and Dominique Maingeneau, and by studying their function and their unique role in particular story situations. This study confirms that the narrator of Jalal, rather than taking the speech for himself, places this emphasis on his fictional characters. Indeed, Ahmad's realistic view of social issues has led him to choose two types of direct and indirect speechs on the other types of speechs, in order not to judge himself, but to transmit the word of character to the reader, and put him in free judgment. On the other hand, the narrator seems to have often devoted the interior monologue to stories that rely on the mental complexity of characters.

L’imagologie est l’étude des représentations d’un étranger et se focalise sur le côté pragmatique des images. Elle a pour objet l’ «altérité». Outre les images, l’imagologie étudie les éléments jugés par l’écrivain et s’occupe des pensées et des mentalités qui les provoquent. Elle a plusieurs vocations. L’une d’elles, étudier l’étranger, constitue le thème fondamental dans les récits de voyages. L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer l’image de la France dans les récits de voyages de Pirzâde et d’Aminoddole. Dans cet article, en s’appuyant sur les définitions de Daniel-Henri Pageaux et d’Edward W. Saïd du Soi et de l’Autre, nous allons voir comment cette image élaborée de la France a été présentée et comment dans ces discours sur l’Autre, les différences entre les Iraniens et les Français ont été révélées. Nous voulons aussi, connaître le rôle de l’exotisme dans la perception de l’Autre et voir comment l’exotisme devient un point de vue. Du fait que l’imagologie rejoint les études de la réception, nous étudierons enfin, les effets du contact du Soi avec l’Autre.

Il existe une lutte perpétuelle entre la vie et la mort dans l’œuvre mais aussi dans la vie personnelle de Hedayat. Cependant, la tendance pour la mort est plus forte chez lui et le destin de la plupart de ses protagonistes, comme le sien, aboutit à la mort. La présence perpétuelle de la mort sous toutes ses formes a été, plus ou moins, dépouillée par les critiques. Pourtant son œuvre, n’a jamais été étudiée du point de vue du destin des enfants. En effet, ces derniers n’ont pas de rôle principal dans ses ouvrages et même, ils disparaissent très tôt de la page de ses écritures. Donc, leur mort pose un point d’interrogation devant nous. Pourquoi les enfants meurent ou bien sont tués dans les ouvrages de Hedayat ? Pourquoi ils ne sont pas heureux chez lui ? Quelle est l’origine de leur funeste destin chez cet écrivain ? Ce sont les questions essentielles dont on va s’occuper dans cet article. Dans la présente recherche, en faisant allusion à la question de l’infanticide dans la mythologie et dans la littérature, nous l’examinerons dans quatre récits de Hedayat: Abji Khanoum, Guerdab, Talab-e-Amorzesh et Misanthrope. Certes, nous nous concentrons sur les causes et les origines de ce type de mort. Pour ce faire, et pour éviter les préjugés, nous nous référerons aux propos de Hedayat lui-même plutôt qu’à ceux des critiques. Ainsi, notre analyse du thème de l’infanticide va se baser sur la méthode analytique et documentaire, les théories d’Aristote et les archétypes des mythes gréco-romains.