مینو محمدی

Genocide has been committed in all regions of the world and in all past periods. Although this phrase is so clear and clear, many people still believe that genocide is the problem of poor countries, or autocratic countries, or "other" countries. It is very important to understand that genocide can happen anywhere and anytime. In this way, we do not let down our guard and are constantly on the lookout for warning signs. Case studies in this article show how genocide has developed in several places and times. In this article, we cover the world from Africa to Asia, to the Middle East, to Europe and to the ocean, and we do not focus on a specific region or country. Here, to analyze the evolution of the phenomenon of genocide, we are going to an era when genocide was not even a word in its current form, and it was not established at all to be criminalized and punished for it. While reading these case studies, an attempt is made to clarify the warning points, the warning that kidnapping does not belong to a specific time or place, but can be committed at any time or in any region.

Article 85 of the Iranian Maritime Law approved in 1343, which was added in 1391, assigned duties to the captain of the ship to manage the crime scene on the ship as a bailiff in the event of a crime being committed. Basically, the actions of the captain of the ship are carried out within the framework of the criminal procedure law. In this essay, the researcher is trying to answer the question by analyzing the research records and investigations that have been done, based on the criminal policy of Iran, what is the status of the captain of the ship as a bailiff when the crime occurs?

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method.

The captain of the ship, in the position of the general bailiff, according to the duty assigned by the Iranian maritime law, in the event of a crime occurring inside the vessel under his command, he should, within the framework of the criminal procedure law, first try to discover the crime, preserve the traces and signs and Collect evidence of the crime, identify, find and prevent the escape and hiding of the accused, and in the next step, according to the location of the ship, make the necessary arrangements to obtain the assignment regarding how to continue the investigation and deliver the accused to the competent judicial authority. .

Review Nowadays, marginal health in tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz and Kermanshah are one of the most important management challenges in the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate and measure the mental health of women living in the city in two marginal areas and the main text of the city and the impact of marginalization on them. The type of applied research and the method used descriptive-analytical and for data collection, library and field methods (questionnaires) have been used. The statistical comprehensive of this study is women living in the city that based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed in Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz and Kermanshah randomly in two marginal regions and the main text of the city. In addition to descriptive and inferential tests, logit model has been used to analyze the effect of marginalization on women's mental health. The findings showed that mental health status in the main text of the city is higher than the margins of the city. The average of the main text of the city from the perspective of urban women is 2.79 and for urban margins is 2.22. Also, the results of logit model showed that with increasing marginalization of mental health of women in the first situation (disease) increases by 35%, but in border condition this variable is effective and the amount of this variable in normal mental health is 0.29%, which indicates that if the person is in normal mental health condition. The effect of marginalization

The position of restorative justice in Iran's laws, until the approval of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 2013, can be divided into two periods of legislative manifestations before and after the revolution, in which in the pre-revolutionary manifestations, we see the formation of institutions such as the Houses of Justice and the Arbitration Council. After the revolution similar institutions, including dispute resolution councils, are recognized as symbols and symbols of non-criminal (rehabilitation) effects in the fight against crime.The main question of this research is to examine the place of the restorative justice approach in the new criminal procedure law.The current research method, in terms of the goal, is a part of problem-oriented applied research, the method of collecting data and information is documentary and library, and the collected data and information are analyzed analytically and descriptively.The findings of the research show that the criminal procedure in the past was more security-oriented and paid less attention to the rights of the accused and the rights of citizens.With the emergence of the opinions of legal scholars as well as the emphasis of international organizations, Iran's criminal legal system also used the restorative justice model in the Criminal Procedure Law of 2012 and legal institutions such as abandoning the prosecution, filing the case,suspending punishment, and mediation in the Criminal Procedure Law in the prosecution phase. has been given and in this direction,it seeks a balance between the rights of the society, the rights of the victim and the rights of the criminal.

Producing and presenting any image, sound, text or any other object that contains explicit sexual scenes and content is called pornography. In most cases, this has negative consequences for the victim, many negative effects on the people around him and finally the society. The victims of this category of acts are mostly children and women, but nowadays we see the spread of these cases against men as well. One of the main issues of society's response to this category of crimes is the approval and development of criminal laws to deal with their perpetrators. However, the fact that criminal laws have criminalized all instances of pornography or that the definitions and legal conditions presented are correct, complete and comprehensive, creates this concern for lawyers and legislators in the criminal field to try to regulate comprehensive regulations and obstacles in dealing with this category of crimes, so that the commission of these crimes is prevented and the rights and freedoms of the victims are properly guaranteed. Considering the nature of the subject, the present research was conducted in terms of practical purpose and information gathering in a documentary way and through the study of laws and reliable sources, and the obtained information was analyzed, and at the end we reached the conclusion that the criminal phenomenon of fornication In the criminal law of Iran, rape is criminalized in the form of crimes against chastity and can be prosecuted and penalized.

when we speak about protest, Immediately the mind becomes attention of the poets such as Akhavan-Sales, Shamlou, Kasrai, Mosadegh, Shafiei Kadkani, and poets like them. perhaps the idea of protest by Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1980 AD) to the sociopolitical system of the community of his own age, for many It is difficult to accept, because he has chosen a different way from others in this context called deviation. Because of a different approach he had to this category, he has faced difficulty getting many of his objections. The present study seeks out two of his poems, "Ab" and "Poshte daryaha", and he tried recognizing his personality and globalization by presenting Sohrab Sepehri's protesting methods, which has been neglected so far. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results are analyzed using a content analysis method. The results show that Sepehri tries to show his protest against the status quo by drawing his utopia and by opposing the status quo to the ideal one (utopia).

The Tazkareh of Dawlatshah Samarghandi (896 AH) is the most exceptional and most innovative poetry reference in Iran's history and literature, which, in spite of many historical mistakes, provides the most information about the poets and their period of life with the most systematic Possible ways to reach the audience. Investigating the special way of Dawlatshah Samarghandi to gather information and reliance on orals, the importance of his technique in introducing the elaborate and legendary poets by providing the necessary historical descriptions of the clans of their era and the role of the sultans in the poet's intellectual and artistic life and expression the sociological reasons for this method of Tazkareh are the goals of this research. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the results are analyzed using content analysis method. Results show that away any exaggeration, can claim that the author of this tazkareh did not just seek to provide a tale of names and examples of poetry of Persian poets, but has tried to identify every poem in the historical context of a period of It has arisen to make a more accurate assessment of his intellectual and artistic position. This is because the Tazkareh of Dawlatshah, in addition to explaining the life of the poets, is the main function of such books, is a brief summary of the majority of government dynasties and local governments in different parts of Iran, and at the same time, the aesthetic course of poetry art in past literature, and the sociological philosophy has put the quality of the development of myths in the lives of poets to audience.

To evaluate demographic and ocular features, etiologies and outcomes of surgery in patients with sensory strabismus as well as to detect factors influencing the type of deviation and outcomes. One hundred and seventy-seven patients with strabismus related to low vision included in this interventional case series. Data related to demographic features, visual acuity, refraction, etiologies of low vision, age at the time of visual loss and age of deviation onset, type and amount of deviation, type of surgery and its outcomes after 2 months and at the last follow up visit was collected from the patients’ records. The association between ocular parameters and the direction of deviation and results of surgery was investigated. The mean patient age was 24.4±11.4 years and 110 (62%) patients were male. The mean follow up period was 30 months. One hundred and seventeen (66.1%) patients were exotropic and 60 (33.9%) patients were esotropic (P=0.035). The mean age at the time of visual loss in the esotropic group was lower than that in the exotropic group (5.8±7.2 vs. 11.1±9.7 years, P=0.001). The main causes of visual loss in the esotropic and exotropic patients were congenital and acquired, respectively (P<0.001). The most common congenital etiologies were anisometropia and cataract whereas, the most common acquired cause was trauma. The most common refractive error was hyperopia in the esotropic patients and myopia myopia in the exotropic patients (P=0.01). The mean axial length of the normal fellow eye was significantly shorter in the esotropic patients (22.18±1.24 vs. 23.15±1.77 mm, P=0.001). At the last examination, 69% of patients were orthophoric. Overcorrection and undercorrection more than 20 PD were observed in 4.6% of patients. The success of the surgery correlated significantly with the preoperative amount of deviation (P=0.003) and visual acuity (P=0.026) The most common type of deviation in sensory strabismus is exotropia and its most common cause is ocular trauma. Exotropic patients are predominantly myopic with higher axial lengths in comparison with esotropic patients. Outcomes of surgery in sensory strabismus are acceptable. Preoperative amount of deviation and visual acuity of the deviated eyes were two important factors influencing final outcomes.

To report a case of cluster headache associated with secondary blepharospasm and its management. Case Report: A 37-year-old lady was referred because of unilateral severe blepharospasm. She had a history of severe headache in the same side of blepharospasm with features compatible with cluster headache. Blepharospasm was treated with botulinum toxin but treatment of headache was challenging and finally responded to beta blockers and anti-psychotic medications. In secondary blepharospasm, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease in addition to blepharospasm.

Cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare but dangerous complication that occurs more often in young adults. This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics، the predisposed population، the underlying causes and paraclinical findings in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis in Kermanshah city. In this case study the patients'' files in six hospitals during 6 years، from 2002 to 2008 were addressed. Approximately 75% of patients were females aged 40. 2 + 17. 22 years. Most visitors were preceded in December and February. Superior Sagittal sinus was the most common location for cerebral venous thrombosis. Tomography scan was reported normal in 47. 5%.

Political, social, and cultural situation of every era has direct effects on poets’ views. Black and pessimist Romantic literature as a literary genre has emerged in Iran’s society after one decade of mobility and tension in different social and political areas; it was indeed a kind of Protest against destructive consequences of coup detat 1332 (1953) which suddenly sunk many social and cultural activities in complete stagnation. Poets, in this era, expressed their Protests in various kinds, sometimes semi-obvious and sometimes indirectly, though there were severe censorship and strangulation. Symbolism was one the invisible methods of fighting against censorship; however, black and romantic literature was an obvious and hidden and somehow negative battle against political blockage that reflected poet’s rebellion and Protest focusing on destructive consequences caused by coup detat in political, social and cultural areas. It is tried in this article to review some reasons of emergence of this literary genre and its reflection in “Nosrat Rahmani” poet as a poet of Black Poetry.