ندا کارگهی

 Oral complications can significantly impact not only the treatment process of patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy but also their overall quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of oral complications in patients undergoing radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in Milad Hospital of Isfahan in 2020-2021.

 This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 43 patients diagnosed with cancer who were admitted to the chemotherapy and radiotherapy department at Milad Hospital. Two dental students examined the patients for oral lesions and complications. The data were recorded in SPSS and analyzed using Spearman's correlation, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and the t-test (p-value < 0.05).

Among the 43 patients, the most common oral lesions included mucositis, xerostomia, taste dysfunction and dysphasia. Statistically significant correlations were found between mucosal hemorrhage and cancer site, oropharyngeal ulcer and average radiotherapy dose, mucositis grade and average radiotherapy dose, xerostomia and average radiotherapy dose, and nausea and average radiotherapy dose. However, no significant relationships were observed between other factors and the study variables.

 The intensity of some complications caused by radiotherapy on oral mucosa, including mucositis, xerostomia, oropharynx ulcer and neusa in patients, increased with higher radiations doses. Therefore, clinicians can potentially manage oral complications more effectively by implementing various strategies, including carefully controlling radiotherapy doses and providing comprehensive oral hygiene education to patien

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cancer. The prognosis of OSCC depends on many factors. The stage of the tumor and the condition of the lymph nodes are two important factors in determining the treatment methods and prognosis. Since the identification of clinicopathological indicators, especially the cervical lymph node involvement, can increase the accuracy in estimating the prognosis and adopting the appropriate treatment method, the aim of this study is to compare the frequency of tissue eosinophils in OSCC with and without cervical lymph node involvement (CLNI).

In this cross-sectional study, 17 OSCC samples with CLNI (group 1) and 17 samples without CLNI (group 2) from the samples registered in the Pathology Department of Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, which were treated by neck dissection surgery, were selected and clinicopathological data were extracted. Then, in order to determine the number of tissue eosinophils, slides prepared with Congo red staining were blindly examined by two oral pathologists with an optical microscope.

88.2% of the group with cervical lymph node involvement had lymphovascular involvement, while 88.2% of the group without lymph node involvement did not have lymphovascular involvement, and this significant difference was reported (p<0.001). Also, the mean number of tissue eosinophils in group 2 (19.95±5.67) was higher than group 1 (7.36±3.39), indicating a significant relationship with CLNI (p=0.039), but no significant relationship was found with any clinicopathological parameters.

According to the results of this study, the number of tissue eosinophils is an important prognostic factor in OSCC, and it can be used to better evaluate patients and provide more appropriate treatment.

 Trauma to the teeth is a prevalent problem in children that can lead to depression, psychosomatic issues, social problem, dysphasia and esthetic cancerns for them. Dentists play a crucial role in reducing the side effects of dental trauma so that their knowledge about the causes, prevention and treatment of such truma is of paramount important. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of general dentists’ in Isfahan regarding the management of dental trauma.

 The present study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study that used a questionnaire consisting of demographic information and general dentists' knowledge about the management and treatment of dental trauma (22 questions) and their attitudes towards the subject (11 questions). The questionnaire was completed by 125 general dentists in Isfahan city who were randomly selected in 2019. The data were analyzed using statistical tests including t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Spearman's correlation coefficient (p value < 0.05).

 The mean score of general dentists’ knowledge was 13.65 ± 2.71 and the mean score of attitude was 39.01 ± 5.98. Women had higher knowledge about dental trauma than men (P value = 0.002). There was also a negative correlation between age (p value = 0.001) and job experience (p value = 0.026) regarding dental trauma knowledge.

 General dentists’ knowledge, who worked in Isfahan, regarding the treatments of TDI in 2019 was at a moderate level. It is suggested that with holding dental trauma retraining courses about how to manage and urgent treat this traumas, thus being more hopeful to rescue these teeth by increasing the awareness of dentists.

the malignant transformation of types of erosive and atrophic oral lichen planus has been further studied. Epithelial growth factor receptor is an intramembranous receptor which is related to carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of EGFR marker in erosive and reticular oral lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia.

In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, after specimens selection(20 erosive oral lichen planus(with no dysplasia), 20 reticular, 20 oral epithelial dysplasia lesion, 10 Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia (control group)) Immunohistochemical staining with EGFR antibody kit was performed and mean percentage of stained cells with EGFR Marker, pattern of staining, intensity of staining and stained-cell place  in each sample was investigated simultaneously   by two oral pathologist. finally, Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software (VERSION 20) and Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney and Fisher tests (Pvalue<0.05).

There was no significant difference between the mean percentage of stained cells in erosive and reticular oral lichen planus(Pvalue=0.213).while erosive lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia presented significant difference in this regard(Pvalue=0.017). There was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of staining  pattern in groups(Pvalue=0.16)also there was no significant difference between the intensity of staining and the stained-cell place in 4 groups(Pvalue=0.19 , Pvalue=0.90).

The expression of EGFR in patients with oral erosive lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia was higher than patients with oral reticular lichen planus and control group and it probably shows the higher potential of dysplastic changes in erosive lichen planus than reticular.

In addition to the effects that arise from psychiatric disorders, these patients are endangered by threatening physical health problem, including oral and dental problem. The present study evaluated dental health and oral pathologic lesions in patients with psychosomatic disorders hospitalized in Moddarres and Khorshid hospitals in 2019.

in this descriptive-cross-sectional study, patients hospitalized in Modarres & Khorshid hospitals in Isfahan were entered. According to the checklist, the demographic information, including age, gender, duration of hospitalization, type of the disease, and the educational level were recorded. Then these patients were examined in terms of dental health and oral lesions. The data were analyzed with SPSS, Fishers’ exact test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression logistic(P-value<0.05).

Of 43 patients with mean age of 36.7±13.8 years, 72% of the patients had oral lesions among which the most common ones were red-white lesions (23.1%). The mean score of DMFT index was 12.8. Patients who suffered from xerostomia comprise 37.2% and 16.3% of them had oral self-injury. Xerostomia was significantly associated with type of lesions and type of disorders. Oral self-injury was remarkably associated with acute ulcers(P-value=0.001).

The xerostomia led to deteriorate the oral health among the psychiatric patients. Oral self-injury is another risk factor for the exacerbation of oral lesions. Organized follow up of psychiatric patients might be able either to reduce the incidence of oral lesions as well as dental caries, or to help earlier diagnose and better treatment.

Cathepsin-D is a well-known protease that promotes invasion in tumoral lesions. Considering the cystic neoplasm nature of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), the aim of this study was to compare the expression of cathepsin-D in this lesion with the unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) and orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) for better understanding of its behavior.

In this descriptive-analytical study, we used paraffin blocks available in the archives of oral and maxillofacial pathology department of dental school (8 unicystic ameloblastoma (UA), 8 odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and 8 orthokeratinized odontogenic cysts (OOC)) which they were stained immunohistochemically with cathepsin-D. Then, the samples were observed simultaneously by two oral pathologists for detection the intensity and pattern of epithelial and stromal cells staining. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 and Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square test (P<0.05).

The staining intensity of the epithelial cells of UA group was significantly more than OOC and OKC (P=0.02). The staining intensity of the stromal cells of UA was more than the other two groups, although this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.32). The pattern of cell staining in epithelium and stroma did not show any significant difference between the three groups in this study (P=0.15, 0.22).

The results of this study regarding the intensity expression of cathepsin-D in these three odontogenic lesions could be considered as a probable evidence for the new odontogenic lesions classification (WHO2017) in terms of reintroducing OKC as an odontogenic cyst. If this idea is rejected, it seems that cathepsin-D expression is not associated with the invasive behavior of this cyst, and further investigation of other markers in the epithelium and stroma simultaneously is suggested for a better understanding of its biological nature.

The residual periapical cysts are the most common type of odontogenic cysts associated with dysplastic transformations. Therefore, considering the importance of the malignant potential of these transformations, the present study aimed to determine the extent of the dysplastic transformation of residual periapical cysts.

In the present cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, all the medical records of patients with a distinct diagnosis of residual periapical cyst over a period of 30 years (1989-2018) were extracted from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of Dentistry School of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Following that, the hematoxylin–eosin-stained slide which contained residual periapical lesions were simultaneously examined by two oral and maxillofacial pathologists for the extent of dysplastic transformations with a light microscope. The obtained results were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using descriptive, Chi-square, Fisher exact, and t-student tests (α=0.05).

The slides of 197 patients were extracted from the archive which of them, slides of 19 patients were excluded due to distortion, and finally, the slides of 178 patients were analyzed. The dysplastic changes observed were mild in 16 cases and moderate in 1 case. The frequency distribution of dysplasia was not significant based on age, gender, and anatomical location.

In the present study, the prevalence of dysplasia in residual periapical cysts was low (about 10%); nonetheless, due to the malignant potential of dysplastic transformations, further research is recommended.

Attendance of students in theoretical classes is one of the requirements of the educational environment that has been neglected in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigating the factors affecting the presence of dental students of Isfahan Dental School in theoretical classes.

This descriptive cross- sectional study was performed on all undergraduate students of Isfahan Dental School from the entrance of the 2013 to 2016. The census was conducted by a questionnaire containing 34 questions which the reliability and validity were confirmed. Data were analyzed using Chi- square test, T-test and One- way analysis of variance, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS. 

 A total of 267 students ,50/6% (135 persons) were boys and 62/9% (168 persons) lived with their families. The mean age of the students was 23/43 ± 2/77. From the studentschr('39') attitude, the field of professors and their teaching methods (3/91±0/51) was the most effective factor and the field of studentschr('39') problems (3/53±0/95) had the least effect on studentschr('39') presence in theoretical classes. The most important factors affecting the presence of students were the teacherchr('39')s teaching method (73/8%) and the applicability of the subjects presented on the patientchr('39')s bedside (72/7%). The mean scores of all fields except the students᾽ problems field were significantly higher in the girls rather than the boys.

From the studentschr('39') point of view, professors have a very special role in the attendance of students in theoretical classes, therefore improving the quality of chr('39') teaching, holding expression art workshops, as well as promoting and modifying educational programs, will help students to reduce their absence from the class.

radicular cyct(RC), dentigerus cyct(DC) and odontogenic keratocyct(OKC) are the most common odontogenic cycts, respectively. Awareness of the clinical and histopathological characteristics of these lesions is very important in dental treatments, that inflammatory cell infiltration can play an important role in DC and OKCthese odontogenic cysts’ clinical presentationspathogenesis.

In this descriptive-analytic study, 396 patient’s files (216 RC, 90 inflammatory DC and 90 inflammatory OKC) histopathologicaly were examined by two oral and maxillofacial pathologists simultaneously for evaluation the epithelium thickness, type and degree of inflammatory infiltration. The data were analysed using spss software using Spearman and Mann-Whitney tests.

Histopathologicaly the cyst linings were mainly normal in DC and RC and atrophic in OKC and RC. In all three cycts, sever inflammation were more common. There were a significant relation with epithelial thickness and degree of inflammation in RC (Pvalue=0.004). In RC, mixed inflammation with plasma cell predominance was seen while, chronic inflammation with dominance of lymphocyte were presented in 2 other cysts.

it seems, thickness of epithelium has been atrophic in periapical cyst and inflammatory odontogenic cyct and it would be normal in inflamed Dentigerous cyst. There was a reverse relationship between epithelial thickness and degree of inflammation in periapical cyct.

Human ergonomics or engineering with proper design and change of work and requirements creates the most productivity based on human physiology. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of awareness of dental students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences about the basic principles of ergonomics in dentistry.

In this descriptive-analytical, sectional study, a questionnaire containing 10 questions was distributed and completed by easy sampling method among 74 final year students of the general doctorate of Isfahan school of dentistry. After collecting the questionnaires, the students were given an educational pamphlet. To evaluate the questionnaires, each correct answer was given a score of one and the wrong answers were given a score of zero. Data were analyzed by T-test, Kai Square, and Mann-Whitney statistical tests using SPSS23 software. P<0.05 was considered as a significant level. P<0.05 was considered as a significant level.

The average score of the knowledge of principles of ergonomics was intermediate (6.23±1.25). Student knowledge was not significantly different based on the student gender (P=0.25) and academic semester (P=0.059). Also, 55% of students had a history of muscle pain that did not have a significant relationship with gender (P=0.258) and average score of the knowledge (P=0.288).

Unfortunately, ergonomics cannot be considered part of the principles of dental education and even later. Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most common complaints of dentists and is a factor in reducing their quality and function. Therefore, it seems that training and evaluation of ergonomic principles in dental education is necessary.

Pre-cancerous lesions of the oral mucosa as important malformation need acceptable knowledge of dentists. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of Isfahan city general dentists about pre-cancerous lesions of oral cavity.

This descriptive cross-sectional study based on validated questioner form was performed in 115 general dentists in Isfahan City in 2019, associated with sex and year of graduation from general dentistry course. The mean score was in the range from 0 to14. Data were recorded in Microsoft Excel and then analyzed by SPSS. In order to compare quantitative variables, independent T–Test, One-Way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney was used. P≤0.05 was considered as significant.

The mean age in the participants of: lower than 5 years, between 5-10 years, and more than 10 years of graduation were 28.6±4.9, 30.6±4.0 and 47.9±10 years old, respectively. In total population, the mean score of knowledge was 5.97±2.79. There was not any significant difference between the mean score of knowledge in women when compared to men (5.96±2.99 versus 5.98±2.6; P=0.58). The mean knowledge score in the participants of: lower than 5 years, between 5-10 years, and more than 10 years, of graduation were as follow: 7.8±2.2 versus 5.8±2.9 versus 4.4±2.1, correspondingly (P≤0.05).

For the early diagnosis of pre-cancerous lesions of the oral cavity, retraining program based on oral cavity pathology courses is recommended for the dentists in Isfahan city.

Plagiarism refers to the assignment of another work without the permission of that person. The purpose of this study was to determine the mean score of knowledge and assessment of attitude of dental residents and professors of Isfahan Dental School regarding the plagiarism.
Method & materials: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out in a questionnaire series of dental residents and professors of Isfahan Dental School in 1396. Questions of the questionnaire consist of three parts. The first part assesses the level of encounter and familiarity of dental residents and professors with this phenomenon. The second part is related to knowledge and the third part is related to the attitude. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using t-test and descriptive statistics. (P ≤0.001)
 the average score of professors' knowledge was 61.5% and resident knowledge was 62.01% which does not show significant difference. In evolution of the questions related to the assessment of attitude of both groups, the highest percentage of agreement to the cause of plagiarism was lack of adequate skills in their scientific writing. The tendency to impose stricter penalties on perpetrators amongst professors was more intense. Also, professor’s cognize the damage to the scientific community was the major consequence, while the assistants are more likely to relate this phenomenon to Contradiction with the rules.
It can be said that the knowledge and attitudes assessed in this study are far from ideal, and executing of scientific writing courses focusing on this phenomenon is suggested.

Odontogenic cysts and tumors are important jaw lesions. Sometimes their behavior is influenced by non-epithelial factors. Myofibroblasts are specific cells of the stroma. Mast cells affect the differentiation and function of myofibroblasts. Regarding the importance of stroma in the progression of tumors, the present study examined the presence of mast cells and myofibroblasts and their effects on odontogenickeratocyst (OKC), odontogenicmyxoma (OM) and adenomatoidodontogenic tumor (AOT). In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 10 blocks of OM, 7 blocks of OKC and 6 AOT blocks from the Archives of the Department of Pathology, Isfahan Dental School, were stained with αSMA immunohistochemistry marker and toluidine blue histochemical marker. The mean number of myofibroblasts and mast cells, the color pattern of myofibroblasts and the severity of inflammation of the lesions were evaluated. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests (α = 0.05). The degree of myofibroblast staining was not significantly different between the lesions (p value = 0.55), but the severity of inflammation was significantly different (p value = 0.02). The severity of inflammation in OKC was significantly higher than AOT (p value = 0.025) and OM (p value = 0.023) but there was no significant difference between AOT and OM lesions (p value = 0.87). There was a significant difference between the distribution patterns of the lesions (p value = 0.015). The frequency of the focal pattern in the OKC was minimal. The number of intact (p value = 0.72), degranulated (p value = 0.69) and total (p value = 0.75) mast cells were not significantly different between the lesions. There were no significant differences in the number of mast cells and myofibroblasts between the lesions, but myofibrroblasts were expressed with higher levels in OM, which is more invasive.

Head and neck tumors in children have been reported and compared to similar tumors in adults; these tumors reveal significant differences in histological and clinical conditions and treatments. Malignancies of head and neck in children have been the subject of a few studies and the major problem in the conclusion of these studies is the lack of same or similar parameters in them. This study aimed to determine the frequency of head and neck neoplasms in age group less than 20 years in Isfahan City, Iran, during a 10-year period.
In this retrospective descriptive study, files related to patients with head and neck malignancies, holding in department of oral and maxillofacial pathology of Isfahan Dentistry School and archive of three related hospital in Isfahan City (Alzahra, Seiedoshohada, and Kashani) were studied. All the data were extracted and analyzed using chi-square statistical test at the significant level of P Findings: From all 143 cases, 86 cases were girls and 57 were boys. Thyroid (papillary) carcinoma with 60 cases and nasopharyngeal and cervical lymph nodes lymphoma with 35 cases were the most common malignancies. Distribution of patients according to the type of malignancy a significant difference between the first and second 5-year periods (P = 0.020).
Results show that the most common malignant lesions such as thyroid carcinoma and nasopharyngeal lymphoma were similar to previous studies. In addition, the prevalence of thyroid carcinoma was 5 times more among the girls and the prevalence of nasopharyngeal and lymph nodes lymphoma was 2 times more among the boys; these results were similar to other previous studies, too.

Given the importance of angiogenesis and formation of new vessels and their relationship with the progression of malignant lesions and also CD105 sensitivity in determining newly formed vessels, the present study was undertaken to evaluate CD105 protein expression in dysplastic and malignant oral lesions.
In this cross-sectional descriptive‒analytical study 20 paraffin blocks from dysplastic oral lesions and 20 paraffin blocks from squamous cell carcinoma lesions based on histopathological criteria, from patients referring to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of the School of Dentistry in the last 10 years were selected using simple sampling technique. The samples were stained immunohistochemically for CD105 marker and evaluated by two pathologists simultaneously under a light microscope at ×400 magnification. The mean of stained areas was considered as the mean vessel density with CD105 expression in each sample. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20, using Mann-Whitney test (α=0.05).
The means of CD105 marker expression in dysplastic and squamous cell carcinoma lesions were 7.58±6.19 and 19.35±8.63, respectively. Mann-Whitney test showed significant differences between the two groups in CD105 expression (p value Given the importance of CD105 marker expression in new vessels and its significant increase in malignant lesions, it can be concluded that the progression of dysplastic lesions toward malignancy is accompanied by neoangiogenesis and this marker can be useful for evaluation of the course of dysplastic lesions or as a therapeutic aim for malignant lesions.

Salivary gland lesions comprise a wide group of lesions, including infectious and obstructive lesions and salivary gland tumors. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is used primarily to identify these lesions; application of this method results in identification of cytologic features of the majority of salivary gland neoplasms and infectious lesions. The present study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of parotid salivary gland lesions.
In the present descriptive/cross-sectional study, 170 parotid salivary gland specimen were included, which had been examined by FNA initially and then treated by surgical techniques and histopathologically evaluated. The results of both sampling techniques were compared and analyzed with SPSS 22. Chi-squared test, t-test, and sensitivity and specificity statistical tests were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05).
Based on the results of chi-squared test and t-test,agreement rate between FNA and biopsy results was 87.64%, with sensitivity and specificity of FNA being 97% and 81.37%, respectively. False positive and false negative rates of FNA were 18.62% and 2.94%, respectively.
FNA can be applied primarily as an adjunctive technique for patient evaluation; subsequent steps should be taken based on the patient’s condition and the physician’s judgment.

There is limited research available on neo-angiogenesis in dysplastic lesions. Since CD105 is expressed as a marker for neo-angiogenesis, this study was undertaken to compare CD105 expression between normal and dysplastic oral mucosa.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 20 paraffin blocks were selected from dysplastic oral lesions of patients, based on histopathological criteria, during past 10 years in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of School of Dentistry, using simple sampling techniques. In addition, 20 samples were taken from the normal mucosa of patients referring for implant surgery or wisdom tooth surgery after informed consent. The samples were stained immunohisto-chemically for CD105 marker and evaluated by two pathologists simultaneously under a light microscope at ×400. The mean of stained areas was calculated as mean vessel density in each sample. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test (α=0.05).
Means of CD105 marker expression in the dysplastic and normal groups were 7.58±6.19 and 0±0, respectively, with significant differences between the two groups (p value Considering the absence of CD105 marker in normal mucosa and significant expression of it in the dysplastic group, it can be concluded that dysplasia is accompanied by neo-angiogenesis and CD105 marker can be a good marker for detecting dysplastic changes.

The aim of this study was to determine purpose-based self-evaluation for the diagnosis of oral pathologic lesions among Isfahan dental school students in different educational levels so that the shortcomings and advantages of theoretical courses on the subject could be evaluated from the beginning to the end of the course.

In this cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study a self-evaluation questionnaire was designed by students and approved by the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology academic staff in Isfahan Dental School. A total of 164 dental students in 6th, 10th and 12th semesters were included in the study using census sampling technique. The students answered the questions. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 using two-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and post hoc Tukey tests (α=0.05).

A total of 164 dental students from semesters 6 (68, 41.5%), 10 (51, 31.1%) and 12 (45, 27.4%) were evaluated. The mean scores of self-assessment were higher in students in the10th and 12th semesters compared to students in the 6th semester (p value = 0.001). Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of educational level and sex on the mean self-evaluation score were significant (p value = 0.004 and p value = 0.006, respectively).

Self-evaluation scores of students to diagnose oral pathologic lesions were higher in students in the 10th and 12th semesters compared to those in the 6th semester, with a significant relationship with gender and age. In this context, female students exhibited higher scores compared to boys and the scores increased with age.

Squamous cell carcinoma comprises approximately 94% of all the oral cavity malignancies. P53 is considered an indicator of malignant transformations and P63 can play an important role in epithelial dysplastic changes. In addition, HPV is associated with early stages of cancer development in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate P53 and P63 expression and their correlation with the presence of HPV in oral dysplastic lesions. In this descriptive-analytical study forty paraffin blocks were collected, which included thirty samples with histopathologic reports of dysplastic lesions (mild, moderate, severe) and ten with a diagnosis of mucocele. Immunohistochemical staining with Envision method was performed for P53 and P63 markers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for detection of HPV virus. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS software and Kruskul-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Spearman tests (α = 0.05). In this study the nuclear P53 and P63 staining was predominant in the basal/parabasal layers of the epithelium. There was a significant difference in P53 staining only between mucocele and mild dysplasia (p value < 0.05). A significant difference in P63 staining was observed between mucocele and all the dysplastic lesions (mild, moderate, and severe) (p value < 0.05). Human papilloma virus was detected in all the groups, with no significant differences between them (p value > 0.05). Based on the results of the present study there was no statistically significant correlation between P53 and P63 expression and presence of HPV virus in oral dysplastic lesions; however, there was a significant correlation between P53 and P63 intensity and expression in the two layers.

There is no bonding between amalgams and restored cavity walls. Therefore, these restorations are prone to leakage despite the deposition of corrosion products. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three cavity liners in reducing micro leakage of class V amalgam restorations. Sixty-eight extracted intact human molar teeth were selected. Class V cavity preparations were performed in all teeth and they were randomly divided into four groups. Group one was used as a control group (no liner), and the rest were Varnish, Resin Cement (Panavia F), and Light-cured dentin bonding agent (Single Bond) groups. Oralloy amalgam was condensed into the prepared Cl V cavities. All teeth were immersed in distilled water at 37º C, for 24 hours. All restorations were subjected to 1000 thermal cycles at 5-55 degrees centigrade. For micro leakage test, all teeth were immersed in 0.5% Basic Fuchsine and sectioned. Dye penetrations were evaluated by stereomicroscope. The collected data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni test. The results showed significant differences between four groups (P< 0.05). Control group showed the maximum and Panavia group revealed the minimum micro leakage. There was no significant difference between Panavia and Single Bond groups. On the other hand, no significant difference (P>0.008) was observed between occlusal and gingival margins in the control, Single Bond and Panavia groups. Although, the difference was statistically significant in varnish group (P=0.002). When compared with control group, the dentin bonding agent, varnish and cement resin groups demonstrated significantly decreased micro leakage at the enamel margin (P=0.0001). However, when compared with varnish and control group, the dentin bonding agent and cement resin groups demonstrated significantly decreased micro leakage at the cementum margin (P<0.008). Findings of this investigation clearly demonstrate the advantage of using lining materials in amalgam restorations. Therefore, we can conclude that such materials may significantly increase the sealing ability and decrease the micro leakage in Class V amalgam restorations.