فهرست مطالب وحید حسن پور

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive-motor exercises on pain, range of motion, and quality of life in elderly female patients with knee arthritis. In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elderly female patients referred to the physical medicine ward of Tabriz International Hospital were selected via a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental (n = 16) and control (n = 14) groups. Patients in the experimental group performed cognitive-motor exercises for eight weeks, three sessions per week, and each session for 45-60 minutes. Range of motion of the knee joint were used to measure pain and quality of life via electro goniometer and the KOOS questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using combined analysis of variance test at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS18 software. The research results showed that after cognitive-motor exercises, the amount of pain (P = 0.001), range of motion (P = 0.001), and quality of life (P = 0.001) improved significantly. As the findings indicated, it seems that cognitive-motor exercises can be used as a useful method for the rehabilitation of elderly women with knee osteoarthritis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morning exercise of mental health and some factors of physical fitness of citizens of Marand city.

68 subjects were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 34) and a control group (n = 34). The experimental group was trained for 3 months and 4 sessions per week for 45 to 60 minutes of morning exercise under the careful review of the research. To assess mental health, Goldberg and Hiller (1979) 28-item general health questionnaire, and to measure the flexibility of the session and performance test, to measure the standing balance of the standing test, to measure the dynamic balance of the upper and lower steps, and To measure the strength of the affected limb, the number of sitting and getting up from the chair in 30 seconds was used as a research tool. Finally, the data collected using paired t-test were compared experimentally to compare pre-test post-test and for differences between independent t-test groups at a significant level of 0.05, so it was analyzed.. The results show that the trial of manufacturing companies in morning exercise in all research variables is currently usually performed better than others in practice (P <0.05). According to the findings of this study, it seems that morning exercise can be used as a useful way to increase physical fitness and mental health of other elderly people

Obesity and overweight resulting from modern lifestyle cause physical, motor and even cognitive-cognitive problems. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of four week walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes on body composition, muscle strength, proprioception and balance in overweight male.

In this experimental study, 30 students overweight male in a randomly design were allocated in three equal groups: walking training on a treadmill with opened eyes (EO), and walking training on a treadmill with closed eyes (EC) and control. Then, the subjects participated in a four week training protocol (three sessions per week). All subjects participated for 20 minutes in the walking exercise on a treadmill with a desired speed and, slope 10 percent. Indicators assessments (proprioception, balance, weight, muscle mass, fat percentage and lower body strength.) were performed 24 hours pre and post intervention. Covariance test were used to determine the changes in stages. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18. The significance level was considered at less than 0.05.

A significant increase in proprioception and balance were observed after walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes. Also, four week walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes significantly reduced weight and fat percentage and significantly increased muscle strength of lower body.

Based on the present results, it can be concluded that the walking training on a treadmill through improving of proprioception and lower body muscle strength would be increased body balance in overweight individuals.

Given the positive effect of gaming on reducing child consumption in this study following or answering this question, can virtual games through WhatsApp reduce the consumption of patients and patients with Quid-19 during quarantine?

The present study employed a quasi-experimental research design with a control group. A total of 68 children of parents with Covid-19 disease who were in-home quarantine with an age range of 8-12 years were selected voluntarily and available as a research sample and randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 33) and control (n = 35). The Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) was employed to assess COVID-19 anxiety. Then physical game training for two weeks in eight 45-60 minute sessions was provided through WhatsApp for the experimental group. Analysis of covariance at the significance level of 0.05 was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that after virtual exercise, in the experimental group, anxiety, physical symptoms (P = 0.001) and psychological symptoms (P = 0.001) significantly decreased.

Playing in cyberspace seems to reduce anxiety in children whose parents were in home quarantine.

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), as a developmental neurological condition, has increased in recent years. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-motor exercises on the improvement of some large and delicate motor skills of children with autism based on Gentilechr('39')s Two-Stage Model. In the present Semi-experimental study, one of the rehabilitation centers under the supervision of Tehran Welfare Organization was selected as via the convenience sampling method and 20 children aged 6-10 years with autism were randomly divided into two homogeneous experimental and control groups. The subjects in the experimental group participated in a six-week training protocol (three sessions per week). Each session was made up of 60 minutes of cognitive-motor exercises based on Gentile’s model. Bruininks-Oseretsky subtests of motor proficiency were employed for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated that after cognitive-motor training, running and agility skills, static and dynamic balance, upper limb coordination and response speed in the experimental group increased significantly (p<0.05). As the findings showed, cognitive-motor exercises designed as a useful method can be used to rehabilitate the fine and gross motor skills of children with autism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morning exercise of mental health and some factors of physical fitness of citizens of Marand city.

68 subjects were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 34) and a control group (n = 34). The experimental group was trained for 3 months and 4 sessions per week for 45 to 60 minutes of morning exercise under the careful review of the research. To assess mental health, Goldberg and Hiller (1979) 28-item general health questionnaire, and to measure the flexibility of the session and performance test, to measure the standing balance of the standing test, to measure the dynamic balance of the upper and lower steps, and To measure the strength of the affected limb, the number of sitting and getting up from the chair in 30 seconds was used as a research tool. Finally, the data collected using paired t-test were compared experimentally to compare pre-test post-test and for differences between independent t-test groups at a significant level of 0.05, so it was analyzed.. The results show that the trial of manufacturing companies in morning exercise in all research variables is currently usually performed better than others in practice (P <0.05). According to the findings of this study, it seems that morning exercise can be used as a useful way to increase physical fitness and mental health of other elderly people.

Today, one of the most important factors on people's health is exercise and physical activity and affects the dynamics of performance and vitality of children, adolescents, adults and the elderly. An inactive lifestyle and poor nutrition have led to an increase in cardiovascular disease and obesity (Yolanda and Olira, 2012). While sport appears to provide numerous benefits to participants around the world, the level of sporting participation has declined or stagnated (Chalip, 2006). Among the exercises, morning exercise is one of the useful exercises for all ages. Morning exercise not only causes positive physiological and physical changes but also has very beneficial psychological effects. According to some views, sport is a mediator and a factor of communication between the individual and himself or others, this aspect of cognition can be involved in social adjustments and personality (Ahmadi et al., 2017). Also, exercising in the morning to use the clean air in the morning is more useful in the functioning of different body systems compared to exercising at other times. And becomes anxious (Danward et al., 2011). Lack of proof of the functions of morning exercise on all factors as well as the lack of scientific evaluations has led to the lack of appropriate scientific evidence on the functions of morning exercise in various dimensions among the groups participating in morning exercise. This issue has caused the present study to be designed and implemented with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of morning exercise on physical and mental performance of citizens of Marand city. Therefore, the main question of the present study is whether morning exercise affects the physical and mental performance of the citizens of Marand city?

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study includes 84 elderly men and women in the age range of 60 to 70 years. Among them, 68 people were selected by convenience sampling and divided into two experimental groups (n = 34) and a control group (n = 34) by simple random sampling. The experimental group performed research sessions for 45 to 60 minutes of morning exercise for 3 months and 4 sessions per week under the supervision of the researchers. To assess the mental health of the subjects, a 28-item general health questionnaire was used. This questionnaire was presented by Goldberg and Hiller (1979) and has 4 sub-scales which are: Physical symptoms (attitude of the person in this questionnaire to physical condition, related to health or ill health), symptoms Anxiety and sleep disturbance (unpleasant conditions expressed in terms such as worry, anxiety, panic and fear). Social function (a person's way of thinking, in relation to his or her social function in society and in relation to other people) and depressive symptoms (a type of mood disorder whose two main characteristics are frustration and sadness, in which the person, in addition to these two characteristics, Feels inadequate and worthless).

The results of paired t-test showed that there was no significant difference in physical symptoms (0.858), anxiety (0.398), social function (0.432) and depression (0.695) in the control group. But physical symptoms (0.023), anxiety (0.001), social functioning (0.008) and depression (0.03) Pre-test-post-test There is a significant difference in the experimental group. The results of paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of static balance (0.987), dynamic balance (0.211), muscle strength (0.435) and flexibility (0.885) in pre-test-post-test in the control group. does not have. However, there is a significant difference between static balance (0.001), dynamic balance (0.018), muscle strength (0.031) and flexibility (0.001). Pre-test-post-test in the experimental group.

Undoubtedly, morning exercises can be considered as one of these strategies, which has taken a more complete form with the civilization of human beings. According to the background of the present study, morning exercise can have many positive physiological and psychological effects such as: weight loss, improving its control, increasing bone density and preventing osteoporosis, reducing resting heart rate, lowering blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart disease. Vascular, reduce the risk of various diseases and prevent anxiety and depression in the elderly (Gholam Ali and Nourshahi, 2012). It is also observed that the effect of regular movements and sports exercises in various systematic parts of the body has an important and significant effect on individuals and increases the health of individuals and thus the health of family and society. Now, in a situation where the average age in our country is increasing, the need for society to research and study in this field and examine the challenges that exist or will arise in the future, is essential. With further study in this case and by carrying out practical strategies and creating the necessary ground and suitable bed by the officials and those involved, our country will move towards a healthy society of the elderly. On the other hand, the need to provide appropriate and useful solutions also makes our researchers determined to conduct research and research in this field.

Osteoarthritis is the most common articular and musculoskeletal disease, globally. It is the most prevalent complication in synovial joints, also known as osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, and hypertrophic arthritis. The exact etiology of osteoarthritis remains unspecified. However, age, gender, genetic issues, congenital defects, overweightness, the overuse of joints in daily living activities or special occupations, severe physical activity, muscle weakness, structural abnormalities, and neuromuscular disorders are among the effective factors in this respect. Despite numerous therapeutic approaches used in patients with orthosis, no definitive non–surgical treatment has been found. Furthermore, the progression of the disease has continued and surgery is the last option for patients with an orthosis. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrotherapy on pain, Range of Motion (RoM), and Quality of Life (QoL) after arthritis replacement in elderly women with knee arthritis.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of this study included the elderly female patients in the age range of 55–70 years who were referred to orthopedic specialists in Shohada Hospital with grade 4 knee arthritis and undergoing one leg knee replacement surgery by a specialist in 2017. According to Krejcie and Morgan’s Table (1970), 40 patients with 6 months past surgery was voluntarily selected as the study sample. Then, they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (n=20/group). However, 4 samples in the experimental group withdrew due to familial and financial problems; subsequently, the experimental group sample size was reduced to 16 subjects. The inclusion criteria of the study, according to the opinion of the orthopedic specialist, were as follows: adopting a similar lifestyle (approximately equal extent of daily activities); non–regular or irregular use of steroidal and Nonsteroidal Anti–Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) within 2 months prior to entering the study, and osteoarthritis only in the knee joint. On the other hand, the study subjects' non–cooperation with the researchers and absence from >3 intervention sessions were considered as the exclusion criteria. Furthermore, before and after conducting the treatment, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) (Roos et al., 1998) was used to assess pain and QoL. Besides, an electro–goniometer was applied to measure RoM in the study participants. The experimental group performed 18 sessions of the hydrotherapy training program in 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks; each session lasted 45–60 minutes. According to the physiological rules, the study subjects first conducted warm–up activities, such as walking, marching, going forward, walking backward, stepping sideways (for 10 minutes). Then, lower extremity exercises were performed for 30 minutes, (stretching & non–weighted power movements, orderly). Eventually, the research subjects were allowed to cool down for 5 minutes and return to the baseline level. The obtained data were analyzed using Paired Samples t–test for intra–group and Independent Samples t–test for analyzing the differences between groups at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS.

The results of the intergroup test indicated that after providing hydrotherapy training, the pain was significantly decreased in the exercise group (p<0.001). Accordingly, RoM (p=0.011) and QoL (p<0.001) were significantly increased in the exercise group. The results of the in–group test also signified that pain was significantly decreased (p<0.001) and RoM (p=0.001) and QoL (p<0.001) were significantly increased in the test group.

According to the current study findings, hydrotherapy exercises provided positive effects on the study participants. Furthermore, due to the numerous benefits of water–based exercises to patients with knee osteoarthritis, they can be considered as a complementary and useful method along with other conventional physiotherapy and pharmacotherapy approaches. The achieved data highlighted the importance of the rehabilitation of patients with knee arthroplasty and similar characteristics and conditions.

Introduction

This research studies the reasons for the failure of the modernization project in Iran (Pahlavi era) and its comparison with the modernization process of Turkey. In fact, this research seeks to answer the question why a similar process in the two countries produced different results and outcomes; that is, the modernization project in Iran in the first Pahlavi era failed, and Turkey has made the path of modernization, with several ups and downs. This study, in a comparative historical context, attempts to present a scientific response to this historical failure. In this study, it is believed that the 1979 Islamic Revolution can be seen as a sign of the failure of the modernization project in contemporary Iran. Michel Foucault's theory has helped and guided the discussion of this research. According to Foucault, the Revolution of Iranian people’s movement in 1979 is the failure of the linear modernization based on modernity. He believes that the process of modernization and pattern development in Iran failed and Pahlavi regime failed to achieve its goals during the modernization process (Foucault, 2006: 28-25). This can be proved through citing the evidence before and after the Revolution. In other words, the Islamic Revolution defined its existence in the negation and dismissal of a regime, which based on theoretical models of imports especially the patterns of modernist development, and based on the style of the West, set its long-term strategy regardless of the indigenous and socio-cultural conditions of the society. It has sought to impose a kind of quasi-westernized and pseudo-modernist model on the economic, political, social and cultural affiliations of the country. The occurrence of the Islamic Revolution showed that the Iranian society will not endure such a process. By presenting these premises and assumptions, it can be said that the question here is why the two Iranian-Turkish societies, at the same period of time, sharing the same interests in the fields of geographical, cultural and civilization, took steps to develop and modernize, but reached different outcomes. To put it differently, why has Atatürk succeeded in promoting the development and modernization of the Turkish community, and Reza Shah and Pahlavi Dynasty did not achieve their ultimate goal? In other words, the pattern of modernization in Turkey did not faced inclusive social mobilization and all-round resistance, but in Iran, the modernization project failed in Pahlavi I and II government with the advent of the Revolution.

 The method of this study is comparative historical in nature. It is a qualitative method, the subject of which is a particular historical event (Saeed, 204: 2008). In this method, historical interpretive analysis and explicit (legal) analysis are present simultaneously (Sa'ei, 2011). In the historical interpretation analysis, the event is being studied in its own social context and analyzed with the help of the theory; but in analyzing the explanation that is causal, it is tried to analyze the case with the presence of causal conditions at the level of macro-social units. It should be noted that in this epistemological framework and the methodology of the variables is timely and cohesive and the names of countries and nations are important as variables or categories (in this study: Iran and Turkey are on a specific time). This analysis analyzes historical interpretation and explanatory analysis simultaneously and analyzes the reason and the explanatory level as a causal combination and a combination of different causal conditions. In general, this method is based on the assumption that events are complicated and it finds a methodological requirement to understand this historical method and the basic law of obligations. It should also be added that comparative historical analysis (based on historical epistemic propositions) receives interpretative sufficiency from the historical method and explanatory sufficiency from the method of the basic law.

Consequently, the result of these events is the emergence of the Islamic Revolution which, in the theory of thinkers such as Michel Foucault, can be regarded as a failure of the project of modernization (in Iran); something that did not happen in the same experience of Turkey and modernization did not face widespread social-political mobilization. Thus, the theory did not have the potentiality to illustrate this research. It is believed that modernization was achieved at the economic (modernization of industry and technology, agriculture, services and change in labor force) and cultural levels during Pahlavi I era, but it remained politically inferior. The study of the components of the types and forms of development mentioned in the theoretical part shows that development in Iran during Pahlavi era has a foreign policy and an external orientation and is not the result of an internal function of the social system. Therefore, this modernization has an imitating form which has developed unevenly. This disproportion is due to the disproportionality of cultural modernization with the traditional context of Iranian society. The cultural modernization has also activated social and cultural gaps in the society, which provided the context for the political transformations of the fifties. On the other hand, social modernization has been achieved through the concentration of power and tools and institutions of power. Modernization in Iran during first Pahlavi era has been as a project without political development including components such as political participation and competition, strong civil society, and accountability of the government. Pahlavi I reformations lacked inner logic and was from above. In fact, it was a kind of fake, inherently contradictory, discrete, and incoherent modernization. It was mentioned that this fake experience of modernity and semi-modernity was transmitted to other countries around the world and especially to Iran in an imperfect, superficial, and ideological way. Pseudo-modernization has also taken place within the framework of dependency relations and has not fundamentally changed the existing social, political, economic, and political structures in Iran. Consequently, not only it did not solve the crises and reached a modern and developed society, but also at the political level caused dissatisfaction and the occurrence of the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the failure of the modernization program. In general, it can be said that the assumptions such as the lack of endogenous social contexts, the lack of political development, which implies the failure of the modernization project as westernizing the construction of the Iranian society is confirmed in an interpretative and explanatory framework in this research and these findings are consistent with the experimental findings of this study.

The objective of this study was to identify the fungal flora of conjunctival sac in clinically normal Ghezel sheep and determine the effect of host eye,age and sex on this flora.the animals(n=50) were selected from both sexes and divided into three age groups according to age.swabs were taken from the inferior conjunctival sac of both eyes(n=100) and cultured onto saboroud dextrose agar and malt extract agar,incubated at 25C and examined for 21 days.thirteen sheep out of 50 (26%) were positive for fungi:5/50(10%) had positive cultures from both eyes.the isolated fungal genera were cladosporium spp.-7 eyes (38.88%) , Aspergillus spp.-3 eyes(16.66%) penicillium spp. -3 eyes (16.66%) rhodoteurella spp. -3 eyes(16.66%) and curvularia spp. -2 eyes(11.11%). the isolation of cladosporium spp. was significantly frequent among the left eyes,females and sheep above three years of age (p<0.05).this study is first report of funhal flora of normal ovine conjunctiva.