فهرست مطالب پرگل قوام مصطفوی

In this study, γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized via solvothermal method and after coating a silica layer (SiO2), TiO2 nanoparticles were used as a core to grow on the outer surface to get γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@TiO2 nanocomposite. In order to increase the photocatalytic efficiency, the obtained nanocomposite was doped with different metals such as copper and nickel. Different techniques such as XRD, SEM and FTIR were used to characterize and determine the properties of the produced nanoparticles. Antibacterial activities of the doped magnetic nanocomposites on the gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E.coli strains were investigated by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The results obtained from the inhibition amount of the bacterial growth showed that the γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@TiO2 nanocomposite has high antibacterial properties which could be increased by doping with copper and nickel metals. The amounts of 15 mg were selected as the minimum inhibition amount of the growth of the bacteria for the two photocatalysts consisting of copper and nickel. It can be concluded that the synthesized nanocomposites with photocatalytic properties have a suitable potential to remove harmful bacteria from the aquatic environments.

The Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species in the world, among ducks. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and genetic diversity of Aythya ferina in Iran using cytochrome b gene.

For this study, samples were taken from 10 pieces of Aythya ferina that were taken from the north and south of the country. Haplotypic and nucleotide analyzes were performed using MEGA, Papart, DNAsp and Network software.

In general, 7 different haplotypes were identified by examining 8 fragments of 929 pairs of cytochrome b gene of Aythya ferina. Haplotype diversity was calculated 0.818, nucleotide diversity was calculated 0.00149. The value of Nm or the amount of gene flow between the sampling logic was 1.383, which indicates a high gene flow and in other words, a very small gene distance between the populations of this species and its European and Asian populations. Rogers-Harping index, Tajima index and Fu Fs were calculated 0.112, -0.028 and -1.288, respectively. The mismatch distribution diagram is also plotted as a single view, all of which show an indeterminate population history similar to the model of sudden expansion.

According to the results obtained from the haplotype network and the cognitive tree, as well as a slight genetic difference between the studied populations, there is a possibility of migration of this bird from both Europe and East Asia to Iran. Considering the results of the present study, Iranian wetlands should be recognized as important and key areas and the necessary management and protection measures should be taken in these areas.

In this study, the density and species diversity of sea cucumber in the Pozm bay in the north of the Oman Sea and adjacent to the Chabahar bay of Iran in three seasons of spring, autumn and winter were studied. Sampling was done by diving method in an area of 314 square meters in Pozm bay in five stations with different substrates. The samples were identified after transfer to the laboratory with the help of valid identification keys and the species Holothuria leucospilota, H. arenicola, H. atra and Stichopus variegatus were identified and H. leucospilota was identified as the dominant species in the region. Shannon, Margalf, Simpson and Pilo indices were used to study the species diversity of sea cucumber. The results showed that the highest density was recorded in winter 94 with an average of 4.64 73 0.73 in 314 square meters and the lowest in spring with an average of 0.419. 1.8 in 314 square meters. Also Shannon (0.12 ± 0.97, 0.25 ± 1.16, 0.23 ± 1.16), Margalof (0.11 ± 1.46, 0.09 ± 1.69, 0.21 ± 1.61), Simpson (0.04 ± 0.356, 0.07 ± 0.164, 0.01 ± 0.245) and Pilo ( 0.11 ± 0.112, 0.08 ± 0.837, 0.18 ± 0.91) showed different values in winter, spring and autumn, respectively. Therefore, different species of sea cucumbers in the Pozm bay were identified with species richness and low density that if proper conservation and exploitation measures are not taken, the current stocks of sea cucumber in this ecosystem will be severely reduced.

Due to increasing urbanization and industrial development, environmental pollution has increased and heavy metals are one of the most groups of pollutant. Sediments act as indicators of heavy metal in coastal environment, they are the main reservoir of heavy metals. Inorder study about environmental pollution and the andemic species, sediments and T. mutabilis samples were collected from 5 transects (South Golshahr, Khaje Ata, Posht-e- shahr, Jahanbar rahe Se, Soro) of the Bandar Abbas (NE Persian Gulf) in cold and warm season, and the metal concentrations were determined for them. Metals contents were analyzed by using ICP-MS. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 18.0 software. The highest amount of metals belongs to Fe, Al, Mn in warm and cold season. Sediment quality was measured by Contamination Factor. Cd, As, Hg, Zn, Cu & Pb levels in sediments from all transects higher than the recommended values of standard (USEPA ,1996; ROPME, 2003).

Nanotechnology is one of the emerging and advanced sciences that has been highly developed in recent years and has caused environmental pollution. Therefore, in this study, the toxicity of silver nanoparticles on the green alga Chlorella vulgaris was investigated. Chlorella vulgaris cells were exposed to concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.001, 0.05, 0.01, 0.5 and 0.1 mg / l silver nanoparticles over a period of 96 hours. The results showed that the cell density of Chlorella vulgaris decreased with increasing concentration of silver nanoparticles compared to the control group and even at the lowest concentration of 0.005 mg / l caused the cell growth inhibition (p<0.05). With increasing concentration of silver nanoparticles, the survival rate decreased compared to the control group and did not change during the 96-hour period. The amount of chlorophyll a, b and total pigments in the concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg / l and the duration of 24 hours were the highest, but the values ​​of carotenoids showed the highest in 96 h and the concentration of 0.01 mg / l of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles are highly toxic to Chlorella vulgaris and if silver nanoparticles are released, the production, survival and chlorophyll content of this microalgae, as one of the main primary producers in freshwater ecosystems, is damaged.

Genetic analysis of fish populations is essential for conserving biodiversity and increasing knowledge about the survival of species, and finding the factors threatening or contributing to the survival of these populations. The present study is aimed at investigating phylogenetic relationship of Yellowtail Scad in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea by sequencing mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene. Ninety yellow tail Scad have been collected from Bandar Abbas, Bushehr, and Chabahar port. Genomic DNA was extracted using Ammonium acetate method. After electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel, Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), using pair of primers. After sequencing of PCR product, the phylogenetic tree was drawn by MEGA7 software with different methods (Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony, and Bayesian) using (Esox lucius) as an extraspecific group. All samples from Bandar Abbas, Bushehr, and three samples from Chabahar port were located in the same clade. Chabahar sample with a little more distance was located in separate clade and due to high supportive degree (bootstrap) showed sister group relationship. Moreover, these two clades were located with more evolutionary distance from extraspecific group. Consequently, COI gene sequencing was an appropriate and reliable method for phylogenetic relationship of Yellowtail Scad, providing useful information about protection and management of this valuable species.

Asteroidae, or starfish, have about 1900 extant species as one of the classes of phylum Echinodermata. Thirty specimens of starfishes were collected from the northern islands of the Persian Gulf for morphological identification, molecular analysis and phylogeny. The first starfish samples were distinguished morphologically then they were identified after DNA extraction by CTAB and Chelex 5% and its amplification based on 16S rRNA gene in molecular analysis. The phylogenetic relationships of asteroids were analyzed using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The morphological and molecular identifications displayed 6 species of Luidia hardwicki, Astropecten indicus, Aquilonastra watersi, Aquilonastra iranica, Linckia laevigata and Pentaceraster mammillatus belonging to 5 genera and 2 families. Our results showed Luidia hardwicki and Astropecten indicus species were grouped with sequences of the same species from GenBank in separate clades. As Aquilonastra watersi and Pentaceraster mammillatus in 16S rRNA gene are reported for the first time so their sequences were placed in sister groups with Aquilonastra yairi and Pentaceraster cumingi, respectively. Since the species of Linckia laevigata species (orange-green morph) have been identified based on molecular analysis, this technique along with morphological studies can provide more complete results for Asteroids. The results of Asteroidae classifications at the genus and family levels indicated phylogenetic tree of mt 16S rRNA gene based on Bayesian method is consistent with previous phylogenetic results.

King soldier bream is one of the species of family Sparidae, which is commercially and ecologically very important in the Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. The species of this family are morphologically very similar to each other and they may be mistakenly known as another species. Therefore, molecular identification of them has to be considered.

In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of king soldier bream fish based on mitochondrial region(CO1) was investigated using DNA sequencing method. For this purpose, 90 samples were collected from the soft tissue of the caudal fin using Ammonium acetate, and its quantity and quality were determined by Spectrophotometry and Electrophoresis. Optimal DNA samples for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing were examined. After gene amplification and sequencing, Bio Edit version 7.0.1, BLAST, MEGA 7.0.2 and DnaSP 5.10.01 software were used to draw phylogenetic trees.

Based on the phylogenetic tree obtained from the sequences, king soldier bream was divided into two main branches in Bandar Abbas, Bandar Bushehr and Bandar Chabahar areas. All samples of the first branch showed a sister relationship with the second branch and all the samples of branches one and two showed sisterhood with samples KJ012292 and kJ012291 from the Gene Bank in Italy with 82, 67 and 86% accuracy.

The results can provide useful information on the conservation and management programs, for the preservation, revitalization, and resource of the population this valuable species.

In this study, to investigate the seasonal changes in some biological parameters of the Persian Gulf, a coupled physical-biological ROMS model is used. The biological model coupled with the physical model has seven state variables includes two nutrients, phytoplankton, chlorophyll, zooplankton and small and large detritus (N2PChlZD2). The results show that the pattern of seasonal changes in chlorophyll-a in the Persian Gulf can be divided into two regions. The first region is the northwestern part, where the growth of chlorophyll begins in spring and extends eastwards along the southern coasts until late summer and early autumn. The amount of chlorophyll-a in this region throughout the year is higher than the other parts of the Gulf and also peaks in early spring. The second region, which includes the middle and east parts of the Persian Gulf blooms in summer and peaks from late summer until early autumn. Moreover the results also show that the pattern of growth and expansion of chlorophyll-a in the Persian Gulf are independent of the Sea of Oman pattern, and its changes follow the pattern of Persian Gulf currents. In addition, the results show that there is a high concentration of nitrate in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, that it is a good reason for beginning of the phytoplankton blooms from the northwestern part of the Persian Gulf and its extension to the other parts along with the regional currents.

In addition to introducing foraminiferal communities, this study aims to investigate the relationships of these communities with the environmental parameters of water and sediment. Nine sediment samples were collected in 2019, from three stations in Qeshm Island. Environmental conditions including temperature, DO, salinity, pH, grain size, TOM, and CaCO3 were measured. Our results revealed that grain size, TOM, and DO factors controlling the diversity and distribution of benthic foraminifera. Thirty-five species from 26 genera and 21 families of foraminiferchr('39')s assemblages were identified where Quinqueloculina was the most abundant genus in all stations.

In the past, morphological traits were used to classify organisms, but because of the problems encountered in classification using this method, the use of molecular markers was due to its advantages. Mitochondrial markers are one of the best options for the study of phylogenetic relationships. In this study, 10 specimens of green sea turtle were collected from three areas of Chabahar, Govater and Konarak in Sistan and Baluchestan province. After DNA extraction, the samples were sequenced. Sequences were studied using MEGA, BioEdit and Arlequin software. The results showed that based on the phylogenetic analysis of the studied population, all of the samples were placed in three populations. The average distance of the population with the help of P-distance was 0.18. The results of the Clustal W show that the greatest difference between the sequences is at the beginning and the end of the sequence. The amount of haploid variety was zero, and the number of polymorphic sites was zero, which indicates that the difference was not such as to make the species derivative. No recombination has taken place in sequences that are consistent with the nature of the area under study. The results of this study, can be used to study the genetic diversity of marine turtles in different geographical conditions. It can also help to manage this population and prevent extinction. It can also be a good solution to provide a suitable Gene bank for the identification of this species through molecular techniques, especially in cases where only the eggs or meat of this animal is present.

Bryozoans are known as one of the coral-associated and cryptic fauna that plays an important role in sediment stabilization and contributes to framework-building species same as corals. However, little is known about bryozoan species occurring in the coral communities of Iranian islands. During a coral survey in Abu-Musa and Sirri Islands, Celleporaria pigmentaria was observed on some dead parts of Porites harrisoni and coralline red algae at depth of 3-8m. After sampling, specimens were bleached and were examined under a stereomicroscope and SEM. Specimens were identified to the species level based on skeleton and morphological traits according to available taxonomic guide. This species is one of the common and successful coral-associated bryozoan that belongs to Cheilostomatida. The C. pigmentaria easily recognized with black encrusting colonies, white blotches scattered over the colony surface as well as the non-uniform arrangement of its zooecia. This case study is the first report of C. pigmentaria in coral communities of Iran.

Polychaetes are ecologically important in the food chain, and also vital in ecosystem monitoring and environmental stress assessment. In the current study, sequence variation in a segment of COI gene sequencing by mitochondrial DNA barcoding and comparing nucleotide divergence was employed for molecular analysis of Perinereis polychaetes (Nereididae). Analysis of 50 sequenced specimens, representing 39 new sequences, and 11 sequences with 100 percent similarity with GenBank records, which revealed 1.8 times more sequence divergence between than within species (1.96 versus 3.52%). Phylogenetic analysis data indicated that maximum divergence within barcode clusters increased by the number of specimens. The phylogeny also suggests that most of the identified Perinereis species in this research showed low genetic relationship towards similar species from other world regions. Assessment of genetic similarity rate showed that Perinereis polychaetes in Bushehr province were highly similar, while Perinereis polychaetes in Bandar Abbas were less similar to Bushehr Perinereis polychaetes, the observed divergence was mostly at subspecies level and it can be concluded that in terms of species structure, Perinereis polychaetes of Deylam, Bushehr, Dayyer and Bandar Abbas, showed low genetic divergence.

Ibuprofen, as a drug contaminant, has deleterious and in some cases irreversible effects on aquatic organisms and in general on living things, which in many cases can result in genetic damage and damage to the DNA structure. The effects of different concentrations of ibuprofen on DNA damage and damage to zebrafish are investigated. In this study, genetic changes of p53 gene and its expression in zebrafish after two weeks of exposure to 0.1, 1 and 10 mg / l ibuprofen in vitro were investigated.

In this study zebrafish were exposed to the above mentioned concentrations for two weeks and then RNA extracted from them. The results were analyzed using QPCR method.

The low drug, 0.1 mg / l had no effect on p53 gene expression, while the other two concentrations, which were 1 and 10 mg / l ibuprofen, respectively, showed a significant difference between the control and the drug containing sample. As a result, the p53 gene was highly expressed. Also for the internal control gene that was GAPDH, there was no significant difference at the lowest drug concentration. Ray did not show a significant difference between the treatment and control samples, while in the subsequent treatments there was a significant difference between control and treatment samples.The final result of this study was that p53 gene expression increased 1.09, 0.57 and 2.2 fold in sample with lowest drug concentration, mean concentration and highest drug concentration, respectively.

Coral reefs are one of the most important marine ecosystems and their health and resilience have been threatened by several biotic and abiotic factors. The presence of organisms that are capable of overgrowth on living corals is known as one of the destructive biotic factor. Clathria sp. is an encrusting sponge that can overgrow on living coral colonies and it has been suggested that Clathria sp. can lead to death of corals by producing toxin substances. However, there is a lack of information about the occurrence of this sponge in the Persian Gulf. The purpose of this study is to investigate its presence in the coral communities of Kish Island. Regarding the aim, four sites were selected in the eastern and southeastern parts of the Kish Island and at each site, 20 meters long transect was laid down and coral colonies were examined directly along the transect. Based on the result, Clathria sp. was observed on 18% (9 ±) of the colonies of Porites sp. in the coral carpet of Kish Island.

Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether(MTBE) increases oxygen consumption and reduces carbon monoxide and also air pollution. It is very active in soil, and its motility in water is a function of water movement in soil. MTBE is resistant to biodegradation, with high half-life and solubility in water and weak absorption in soil particles. The activities of SOD and CAT enzymes were examined in Rutilus caspicus in concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 MTBE for 7, 14 and 21 days. The mean water temperature and oxygen were 191°C and 7.60.2 respectively and salinity was maintained zero. 156 R. caspicus were stocked in aquariums, 3 specimens were randomly selected from aquarium in the first, second and third weeks. Blood serum was separated to assay the SOD and CAT activities. A strong significant positive relationship was found between MTBE concentration and SOD as well as CAT: [r(108)=0.73, P < 0.01]. Elevated MTBE increased the activity of SOD and CAT. In addition, there was a mean significant positive relationship between exposure time and SOD: [r(108)=0.41, P < 0.01]. SOD activity increased over time, and there was a negative weak significant relationship between exposure time and CAT [r(108)=-0.20, P < 0.05]. CAT activity decreased by prolonged exposure time. Moreover, there was a mean positive significant relationship between SOD and CAT [r(108)=0.41, P < 0.01].

MTBE increases oxygen consumption as well as reducing carbon monoxide and air pollution. It is very dynamic in soil, and its movement in water is a function of water movement in soil. MTBE is resistant to biodegradation, its half-life in water is long, its absorption in soil particles is weak, having high solubility in water, and being very dynamic. This research was aimed at investigating DNA blood cells of Rutilus caspicus in concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/L MTBE for 7, 14 and 21 days. The mean temperature of water was 19 ± 1°C, water oxygen was 7.6 ± 0.2 mg/l, and salinity was considered zero. 220 R. caspicus with an average body length of 150 ± 30 mm and a weight of 15 ± 3 grams were prepared from Sijawal multiplication workshop located at the Turkmen port in Golestan Province and transferred to the laboratory by means of bags containing water (1/3) and oxygen (2/3). After the adaptation period, 13 fish were placed in 50-liter aquariums. The total number of control aquariums was three, and the number of treatment aquariums was nine. In the first, second and third weeks of the test, three fish were randomly taken from each aquarium and their blood samples were collected. After performing the determined stages, the blood samples of the fish were fixed on the slide and kept in the refrigerator for observation with a fluorescence microscope. In this study, Casp 1.2.3b1 software was used to evaluate the DNA degradation. In this software, several examples of alkaline comet data are extracted in data form. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the control and other treatments in terms of DNA degradation. Furthermore, with increasing exposure time, the amount of DNA damage significantly increased (p < 0.01).

The current study has determined the toxicity effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on the some vital organs such as gill, liver and kidney of Caspian Roach; Rutillus rutillus caspicus. For this purpose, 120 fishes were used as experimental fishes and exposed to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/L of Cu nanoparticles for 21 days, and 30 fishes as control. The mean water temperature of the aquaria was 22±2 ºC, dissolved oxygen 5.2 mg/L, pH at 7±0.004 and the concentration of Calcium Carbonate was 270 ppm. On the 7, 14 and 21 days after exposing the fishes to CuNPs, three fish were randomly selected from each aquaria, sacrificed and samples from their liver and blood were taken. Changing in antioxidant enzymes level were determined by evaluation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the blood of fish. In first week, the samples that exposed to 0/1 mg/L of CuNPs concentration had more activities in SOD and CAT levels (p<0.01) but other treatments (0.2 & 0.5 mg/L) didn’t have any increase in enzyme activities. The liver microscopic sections were prepared and stained by H&E method and examined by light microscope which showed histological alternations in the liver tissues. Histological changes in liver included blood congestion in the central veins, cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes, cellular hypertrophy, congestion in the blood sinusoids and necrosis of the hepatocytes and nuclear pyknosis. The degree of damages was more intensive at higher CuNPs concentrations. Evaluation of these changes could be useful in estimating the harmful effects of CuNPs. The result of the study showed that CuNPs could cause decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and severe damages in the liver tissues of Caspian roach; Rutillus rutillus caspicus and have lethal effects for fish.

In this research, the potential use of five hard parts (otolith, scale, eye lens, dorsal spine, vertebral bone) of Rutilus kutum for populations discrimination and biomonitoring as well as their usability as biological archive in the southern Caspian Sea was investigated. Two soft tissues (muscle and liver) were also analyzed for assessment of the possible risk of consumption and use as biomonitoring tool, respectively. A total of 60 specimens were collected using beach seine from three sampling sites (adjacent to the estuaries of the rivers Sefidrud, Tajan and Grorganrud, respectively) in the Southern Caspian Sea in May 2016. In total, the levels of 13 major and trace elements in the samples (the seven soft and hard tissues) was measured using PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) and µ-PIXE methods. Minor similarities among the tissues were observed in the case of eye lens (for P, S and Zn) and liver (for Cl, Fe and K). There were no significant relationships between the elements and biological characteristics (weight, total length and standard length). Based on the results, it seems that all the studied hard parts, except for eye lens, may offer alternatives for biomonitoring of Ca, Cl, Fe, K and S in the southern Caspian Sea. Considering Sr level in otolith, no significant differences could be found between the sampling sites 2 and 3. So it can be concluded that the specimens collected from the two sites are probably from the same population. Similar results were also obtained based on the results concerning K accumulation in scale. It can be concluded that scales may provide an alternative structure to otolith for stock discrimination of R. kutum in the southern Caspian Sea. Among the 10 elements that were detectable in the muscle using the PIXE method, only in the case of four of them (i.e. Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) maximum allowable concentrations for human consumption have been defined, which in all the cases the mean concentrations in the present study were far below the recommended limits.

Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901), is one of the most valuable commercial and endemic fish in the Caspian Sea. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the third generation dopaminergic pharmaceutical compounds antagonists and adrenergic agonist and antagonist pharmaceutics with Buserelin (GnRHa) on plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-hydroxyprogeterone (17α-OHP) in this species. 117 gravid female were selected for the study, pharmaceutics including, Buserelin Acetate (BUS) 5 μg kg-1 BW, Ovaprim, 0. 5 ml kg-1 BW, Salbutamol Sulphate (SLB) 4 mg kg-1 BW, Olanzapine (OLZ) 5 mg kg-1 BW, Clozapine (CZ) 12 mg kg-1 BW و Metoprolol Tartrate (MTP) 5 mg kg-1 BW. Pharmaceutics were divided into 10 groups: Group 1: OLZ+SLB, Group 2: OLZ+MTP, Group 3: OLZ+BUS, Group 4: CZ+SLB, Group 5: CZ+MTP, Group 6: CZ+BUS, Group 7: OLZ+BUS+SLB, Group 8: OLZ+BUS+MTP, Group 9: CZ+BUS+SLB, Group 10: CZ+BUS+MTP. Saline 0. 7% and Inact were considered as the positive and negative Control respectively, also Ovaprim was the evidence treatment (n=9).
The results showed that the level of E2 was increased before administration of pharmaceutics in 0 h, but was decreased followed by pharmaceutics administration (12 h), so that Ovaprim, OLZ+BUS+SLB and CZ+BUS treatments were significantly differed compared with other treatments (P<0. 01). Also the treatment OLZ+SLB, OLZ+MTP, CZ+SLB, OLZ+BUS+MTP and CZ+BUS+SLB were significantly differed in P0. 05). The level of 17α-OHPwas low before pharmaceutics administration in 0 h, but was increased after administration of pharmaceutics (12 h). Ovaprim, OLZ+BUS+SLB, CZ+BUS and OLZ+SLB treatments were significantly differed in compared with other treatments in 12 h (P<0. 01). it could be concluded that, dopaminergic system was inhibited reproductive functions while adrenergic system stimulated it, thus there was an inverse relationship between the dopaminergic and adrenergic systems. So that adrenergic system agonist can be used beside the third generation Dopamine antagonists and GnRH analogue in Caspian Kutum.

Hermatypic corals are hosts to a group of exceptionally diverse dinoflagellate symbiont in the genus Symbiodinium (commonly referred to as zooxanthellae). The genus Symbiodinium is currently classified into nine genetic clades (A–I). These clades possess different ecological and physiological characteristics so they play an important role in survival of corals. Since the survival of coral reefs is related to the resistant types of Symbiodinium clades, so identification of these symbionts seems to be necessary. This study aims to use clade specific primers to clarify the diversity of Symbiodinium in each coral species. For this purpose nine coral species were collected. Coral fragments were airbrushed, then DNA extracted with CTAB method. PCR amplification was performed using clade specific primers. The results showed that multiple Symbiodinium clades are hosted by the most coral species. Clade D and C were detected from eight and seven of the coral species respectively while clade A was found in three of species. Since clade D is the most resistant clade against environmental changes, it is natural to identify this clade. It is predicted that hosting multiple zooxanthellae clades may increase tolerance of coral’s sensitivity to harsh environmental conditions of the Persian Gulf.

Inroduction & Bivalvia are one of the least studied orders in the Persian Gulf .A survey and molecular analysis was conducted to determine bivalvia species diversity in the Persian Gulf.Phylogenetic relationships among all described species of the bivalvia ,were examined with nucleotide sequence data from portions of mitochondrial gene 16srRNA We provide 16s barcode sequences of commertial bivalvia of Persian Gulf ,Iran.Industrial activities , ecologic consideration , and goals of the bivalvia mollecular Identification campaign make it crucial that species of the south costal be identified. The reconstruction of evolut phylogeny of these species are crucial for revealing stock identity that can be used for the management of fisheries industries in Iran. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the bivalvia species .
Material and : For the purpose , DNA was extracted using Isoamyl alcohl phenol chloroform method. The evolutionary relationships among 16 species of the bivalvia were examined using 550 bp of mitochondrial DNA from the 16s rRNA gene.
Finally the cladograms were compared and the resulted phylogenetic trees confirmed that the Iran ′s species origin is Indo west pacific species .some of Iran′s species , which were grouped with the other bivalvia taxa seem to always form a sister clade with Indo-west pacific species with strong bootstrap .
The result completely agrees with the previously defined species using morphological characters. However , we still lack any comprehensive and clear understanding of phylogenetic relationship in this group.

This study was carried out to determinate the acceptable intake without harmful effects due to vanadium in muscle tissue of Strongylura strongylura (Chingo) as the most consumed fish from Bahragan of Persian Gulf and to compare it with global health standards and it`s effects on human. In this research, in winter 1389, 18 samples of Chingo fish in 3 longitudinal group (small, medium and large) from Bahragan area, fishing platform Bahragansar was randomly hunted. Prior measuring of vanadium concentrations in muscle tissue by Atomic absorbtion (Model: 220z, varian-Austrailia) was measured. According to results, the mean concentration of Vanadium in muscle tissue was 2.5091± 1.14201 µg/g w.d. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) intake of Strongylura strongylura (carnivorous species) due to high accumulation of Vanadium, it`s consume is highly limited specially in long length groups. Considering permissible limit of Vanadium determined by World Health Organization (WHO), for an adult person weighted 60 kg, the maximum permissible consumption limit of Strongylura strongylura in big longitudinal group is tantamount to 6.354g.