فهرست مطالب کمال پیغام زاده

Aram is a new oilseed rape cultivar, extracted from the R308 (earlness line) and RGS003 (high-yield cultivar) cross population through pedigree method in three years. To reach high-yielding and compatible lines and cultivars, preliminary and advanced investigations were carried out in Gorgan and Sari (2014-2015) and Zabol, Gorgan, Sari and Borazjan (2016-2017). The line SRL-93-12 (Aram cultivar) with a yield of 2955 kgha-1 and 2774 kgha-1 was the first in the above-mentioned tests, respectively, and the SRL-93-12 line was also recognized as the most stable genotype based on the lowest Lins and Binns superiority index and highest seed yield. Extension research project results on farmers' farms in Behbahan, Moghan, and Gorgan regions showed that the new line with 594 kgha-1 higher yield than the check cultivar was in the first rank. According to the results as well as desirable agronomic traits such as good tolerance to dormancy and uniformity in maturity, this line was released with the name Aram.

Like many other sesame-producing countries, Iran has numerous local sesame populations adapted to their respective production regions' climatic and soil conditions. However, these populations are not suitable for large-scale cultivation and mechanized farming. In 2016, a sesame genotype resistant to seed shattering was imported into the Iran suggesting its potential contribution to sesame cultivation programs in the country. Due to the lack of information regarding the appropriate planting arrangements and densities for this imported shatter-resistant genotype, especially in Golestan province, this research was conducted.

The experiment was carried out in 2020 and 2021 in the research fields of the Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Gorgan), located at 54° 24' longitude and 36° 53' latitude, with an elevation of 5.5 meters above sea level and temperate climate with hot and dry summers. The experiment was set up as a split-plot design in an RCBD with three replications. The main plots consisted of three-row spacings (30, 45, and 60 cm), and the sub-plots included four plant spacings (5, 8, 11, and 14 cm). The morphological traits, yield components, seed yield, seed oil percentage, and oil yield of the imported shatter-resistant genotype were evaluated. The data were analyzed using a mixed model approach assuming the random effect of year, and the analysis was performed using SAS software version 9.4. Mean comparisons of main effects were conducted using the LSD test at a significance level of 5%, and in the case of significant interaction effects, mean separation and comparison were performed using the LS-means test.

The results showed that in the first year, the tallest plants were obtained from the 60×8 cm planting arrangement (193 cm), while in the second year; the tallest plants were obtained from the 30×11 cm planting arrangement (211 cm). Increasing the planting density from 10 to 35 plants per square meter increased the plant height by 22 cm, but further increases in density due to increased competition decreased plant height. Furthermore, the highest number of capsules per plant (201 capsules) in the first year was obtained from the 60×14 cm planting arrangement, and in the second year (169 capsules), it was obtained from the 60×11 cm planting arrangement. Decreasing the distance between rows and plants, which corresponds to increased planting density, reduced the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, and the thousand-seed weight. The results indicated a significant interaction effect of row spacing and plant spacing on seed yield. The highest seed yield of 3025 kg.ha-1 was achieved with the 30×11 cm planting arrangement. Although increasing the planting density decreased the number of branches and yield components, this decrease was compensated for by increasing the number of plants per unit area, and the highest seed yield was obtained at a density of 30 plants per square meter. Additionally, the results showed that increasing the planting density beyond 30 plants per square meter led to a decrease in seed oil percentage.

The results of this study revealed that the average and maximum seed yield of the shatter-resistant genotype were approximately 3 and 4 times higher, respectively, compared to the average sesame yield in the Gorgan region. Therefore, considering the mechanized harvesting potential of this genotype and its high seed yield, it is recommended to cultivate this genotype using the 30×11cm planting arrangement and a density of 30 plants per square meter in the Gorgan region.

Rapeseed with the scientific name (Brassica napus L.) are one of the most important oilseed crops in the world. Considering the country's increasing need to import oil and the importance of rapeseed among oilseeds plants, increasing the yield and percentage of oil is very important. Therefore, identification the traits that increase seed yield, play an important role in the success of breeding programs. Yield is a complex trait that is affected by many factors. direct selection of a variety for yield is not often very effective, so investigating the relationships between grain yield and other traits for indirect selection may be effective. In such a situation, correlations may not clarify the relationships well, therefore, multivariate statistical methods and path analysis can help in understanding the nature of the relationship between traits for direct or indirect selection and improve the efficiency of selection in breeding programs plants become useful.

In this study, eight genotypes of spring rapeseed (SPN-202, SPN-204, SPN-206, SPN-207, SPN-217, SPN-225, SPN-227, SPN-182) along with 56 rapeseed hybrids (F1) were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019-2020 crop years in the research farm of Gorgan Agricultural Research Station. During the experiment, phenological, morphological traits, yield and yield components were recorded. The normality of the data was evaluated based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. In order to understand the relationships between traits and to identify the traits affecting on grain yield, at first, correlation coefficients were estimated, then stepwise regression were done. Then, path analysis based on correlation coefficients was used to determine the direct and indirect effects of traits. Finally, all traits were grouped based on principal component analysis.

The results of analysis of variance indicate a significant difference for all studied traits at the probability level of one percent. The coefficient of variation (C.V) for the traits varied from 1.37 (physiological maturity) to 10.31 (number of sub-branches), which indicates that there is sufficient accuracy in conducting the research. The results of correlation evaluation showed that number of pod per lateral branches (0.864), number pods per Plant (0.865), number of lateral branches (0.466), physiological maturing (0.329) and number of grain per pod (0.358) had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield (P<0.01). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the traits of number of pods per plant, number of grain per pod and 1000-grain weight has a decisive role on grain yield. Based on the results of path analysis, number of pods per plant had the most direct effect (0.881) and number of grain per pod had the most indirect effect (0.053) through the number of pods per plant on grain yield. In order the results of principal component analysis, four components were able to explain 75.91% of the changes in the measured data of 64 rapeseed varieties.

Results of the path analysis showed that number of pods per plant, number of grain per pod and 1000-grain weight had a direct positive effect on grain yield. Also, the stepwise regression analysis showed that the stated traits have the highest regression coefficients. Therefore, selection for these traits can be very effective in achieving high performance

Over the past four decades, pod anormaly disorder has been one of the most important factors affecting soybean seed yield and production in Golestan province in Iran. To assess the role of crop management factors on soybean pod anormaly and seed yield, 80 soybean fields were selected randomly during 2018 and 2019 in Gorgan and Aliabad in Glestan province. Stepwise regression analysis showed that seed yield model (Yield = -442.5 + 6.9 X1 + 180.2 X2 + 866.2 X3) was determined with three factors of potassium fertilizer (X1), number of irrigation (X2) and insect pest management (X3). Potassium fertilizer, number of irrigation and insect pest management explained 19.2%, 18.7% and 62.1% of the yield gap components, respectively, and reflected the importance of these factors for increasing soybean seed yield. Among 80 soybean fields, 15 and 18 fields had full and partial pod anomaly disorder symptoms, respectively. The mean soybean seed yield for fields without and partial pod anomaly disorder was 3039 and 848 kg ha-1, respectively. The results of this study showed the importance of optimum insect pest management to prevent and control the incidence of soybean pod anomaly disorder in Goletan province in Iran.

Over the past four decades, pod anomaly disorder has been one of the most important factors affecting soybean seed yield and production in Golestan province in Iran (Payghamzadeh, 2017; Malek Shahkouei et al., 2019; Faraji et al., 2023). This conditions has led to disorders in the flower and pod system of the soybean plant which ultimately causes no or low pod set, modified of pods shape, stay-green plants, and so called by the farmers, fodder plants In fact, in the affected plants, a mechanism prevents the transfer of assimilates from leaves to seeds, hence the leaves remain green and the plants continue vegetative growth. In 2015, about 13765 hectares out of the total of 35107 hectares (about 39% of the soybean growing areas) suffered from this disorder. Due to luck of adequate quantitative information on the role of each of the factors in the incidence of this disorder and seed yield reduction, it would be necessary to investigate the effect of each of these factors on reduction of the soybean seed yield to enable farmers to overcome these limiting disorders by adopting appropriate crop management strategies.
 

In order to investigate the role of management factors affecting the seed yield and incidence of pod abnormality disorder in soybean, during the years 2018 and 2019, 80 soybean fields in the two cities of Gorgan and Aliabad, were determined and investigated. These fields included good, medium and poor fields and even seed production ones. Soybean variety cultivated in all investigated fields was Katul. During the growing season, the stages of development, including the date of planting, emergence, beginning and end of flowering, podding, seed filling, physiological maturity and harvest maturity were determined (Fehr et al., 1971). For data analysis, the collected information was normalized (SAS, 1997). To determine the yield model, qualitative variables were coded as zero and one. Then, the relationship between all quantitative and qualitative measured variables with yield was investigated through step wise regression method and data analysis was performed using the statistical method of yield comparison analysis (Soltani et al., 2009). Finally, using the yield model and parameter values, potential yield, yield gap and the contribution of each factor causing the yield gap were determined.
 

Out of 80 studied soybean fields, 47 fields had completely normal soybean plants and no pod anomaly disorder, 18 fields had moderate pod anomly disorder and 15 fields had completely affected by pod anomaly disorder. Mean seed yield in fields without disorder, with moderate disorder and complete disorder was 3039, 848 and 0 kg ha-1, respectively, indicating considerable sedd yield reduction of 72% and 100% in fields with moderate and complete disorder in comparison with fields without disorder. These results reflected the importance of pod anomaly disorder in reducing soybean seed yield. The seed yield model estimated the average and maximum seed yields as 2003 and 4792 kg ha-1, respectively. The estimated yield gap was 2789 kg ha-1 that with approperiate crop management particularly effective insect pest control, adequate potassium fertilizers application and adequate number of irrigations can be narrowed and even closed. The results of this two-year field study showed that under the conditions of Golestan province, it is possible to significantly increase soybean seed yield by application and adoption of appropriate crop management startegies and techniques.

oilseed rape is one of the most important oilseed plants for supplying required oil and its products. To extent its cultivation area, the introduction of new cultivars with higher genetic diversity is necessary via breeding programs.

To establish of new genetic diversity and evaluation of genetic parameters, the 11 oilseed rape genotypes were crossed in full diallel method; consequently, different traits of parents and their F1 offspring were evaluated in a randomized complete block design replicated thrice.

Analysis of variance revealed that traits including days to flower initiation, physiological maturing, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of grain per pod, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield were significant. The genetic parameters analysis by Griffing's method I model II showed significant GCA, SCA, and REC effects of different traits which represent the evaluated traits were controlled by additive, non-additive, and cytoplasmic gene action effects. Analysis of combining ability represented that among parents, genotype SRL-97-1 had the highest GCA for physiological maturing, number of pod per plant, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Also, cross SRL-97-4×SRL-96-20 and SRL-97-15×SRL-97-3had the highest SCA and REC for grain yield, respectively. Besides, the broad sense heritability was higher in traits such as plant height, number of pod per plant and grain yield (H2=0.99); meanwhile, grain yield had a higher narrow sense heritability (h2=0.39).

Consequently, results showed that there was sufficient genetic diversity among evaluated genotypes in which the achieved diversity from the crossing of these genotypes could be applied in cultivar introduction. It is recommended that, genotypes with higher GCA and SCA are suitable for the foundation of a desirable population for selection of promising pure lines with higher yield attributes.

Genetic diversity is key to breeding programs and increasing selection efficiency. In this study, 19 promising advanced lines (F7 generation) along with two cultivars, Dalgan and, RGS003 were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three experimental field stations (Gorgan, Sari and, Zabol) during the 2020–2021 growing season. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations was found for number of lateral branches and number of pods per plant, respectively. The highest broad sense heritability was estimated for days to end of flowering, and days to start of flowering and the lowest broad sense heritability was estimated for the plant height. The genotypes G16, G18, G15, G1, G2, G5, and G20 with a higher SIIG values as well as a higher seed yield above average were introduced as superior genotypes with respect to yield and other agronomic traits. Therefore, these genotypes can be used for further testing, including adaptation tests. Also, the results of factor analysis and genetic correlation coefficients indicated a positive relationship between number of lateral branches, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod with seed yield and seed yield. Generally, it can be concluded that number of lateral branches, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod traits could be used as the appropriate criteria to select for increasing seed yield in rapeseed breeding programs.

Soybean is one of the most important oilseeds and the selection of high-yielding genotypes is especially important. Also, study on relationships between yield and other agronomic traits will improve the efficiency of a breeding program with appropriate selection criteria. Therfore, the objectives of this research were to selection of new soybean line and finding interrelationships among traits.

In this study, 15 promising advanced lines along with two cultivars Saba and Amir were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in agriculture research station of Gorgan during the two growing seasons (2020-2021). The phonological, morphological characteristics and yield and its components including days to flowering starting, days to podding starting, days to end of flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, branching height, number of nodes, number of sub-branches, number of pods in the main branch, number of pods in sub-branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight and seed yield were measured. In this study, the selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) and factor analysis were used to select soybean genotypes and study the relationships between traits.

Based on the SIIG index, the genotypes: G15, G5, G12, G1, G4, G13, and G11 with the highest SIIG values (0.645, 0.638, 0.615, 0.600, 0.600, 0.544, and 0.520 respectively) were the best genotypes.  On the other hand, G17, G16, G7, G10, and G9 genotypes with the least amount of SIIG value (0.309, 0.319, 0.376, 0.384, and 0.386 respectively) were the weakest genotypes for most studied traits. The lines of G4, G5, and G13 with high SIIG value and seed yield were recognized as superior genotypes from the point of yield and other agronomic traits. Also, the results of factor analysis indicated a positive relationship between number of seeds per pod and early maturity with seed yield.

Generally, the results indicated that the lines: G4, G5 and G13 were superior genotypes from the point of yield and other agronomic traits. Also, the traits of number of seeds per pod and early maturity could be used as suitable selection criterions for increasing seed yield in soybean breeding programs in Golestan province.

Bilateral diallel crosses of eight rapeseed genotypes were used to graphically analyze and estimate of genetic parameters for agronomic and physiological characteristics. F1 along with their parents (64 genetypes) were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Gorgan Agriculture Research Station, in 2019-2020. The results of analysis of variance showed that a and b components were significant for all traits. The results of the Jinks-Hayman test indicated that hypothesis of the genetic analysis were satisfied for pod length, number of pod per lateral branches, number of pods per plant and 1000-grain weight traits. Analysis revealed significant values for D and H1 estimation for all traits, which indicated the existence of both additive and non-additive effects on genetic control of these traits. While the proportion of non-additive variance was higher than the additive effects for all traits, which was in agreement with high mean levels of the degree of dominance. The positive and significant sign of F confirmed that there are much more dominant alleles than recessive alleles in parents, regardless of whether they have a negative or positive effect. Based on Hayman graphical analysis, 1000-grain weight was influenced by the dominance of genes. Narrow-sense inheritance levels were low for all traits, which could indicate a greater impact of environmental and non-additive effects on their genetic control. The results showed that selection-based methods were not very effective in canola yield improving and production of hybrids and exploiting the effects of gene dominance is necessary.

Pod distortion anomaly (PDA) is a particular type of growth along with flower and pod abnormality in that soybean plants remain green long after pod maturation which caused significantly yield reduction. To identification of proteins that involved in soybean pod distortion anomaly incidence, the proteins expression profiles of PDA and non-PDA soybean cultivars viz. Katul and Gorgan 3 were compared via proteomics and bioinformatics approaches.

Therefore, leaf samples of two cultivars were collected at flowering growth stage and subjected to protein extraction using TCA/acetone extraction method. Protein separation and comparative analysis was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and nESI-LC-MS/MS mass spectrometery, respectively.

The 2-DE analysis revealed that 5 out of 155 protein spots in Katul and 11 out of 143 protein spots in Gorgan 3 had significantly different expression levels in PDA and non-PDA plants. The differential analysis of significantly expressed spots by nESI-LC-MS/MS showed that most of these protein had already been discovered to regulate cellular activities as diverse as energy production, metabolism, signal transduction, gene transcription and translation as well as protein destination and storage.

Taken together, it is possible that 14-3-3 like protein, OEE2, ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunite and NACA proteins are among the most important regulators of  pod distortion anomaly incidence.

The sunflower is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world and its oil has nutritional and high economic value. Identification and selection of high-yielding genotypes with desirable characteristics are especially important in this plant. Evaluating sunflower genotypes under different environmental conditions would be useful to identify genotypes with high stability and yield potential. Therefore, this study was conducted to the selection of the best sunflower hybrids.

In this study, 24 new sunflower hybrids along with Golsa cultivar were evaluated in a simple lattice design with two replications in four experimental field stations (Karaj, Boroujerd, Shahroud, and Gorgan) during the 2020 cropping season. GGE biplot statistical method (genotype effect + genotype × environment interaction) was used to study the stability of genotypes in the studied environments.

Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of environments, genotypes, and genotype × environment interaction were significant, suggesting that the genotypes responded differently in the studied environment conditions. So, there was the possibility of stability analysis. Results of stability analysis using the GGE biplot method indicated that the two first and second principal components of the GGE biplot explained 67.7% of the total seed yield variation. Based on the polygon view of biplot, the genotype G13 in shahroud environment, the genotype G6 in Karaj and boroujerd environments, and genotypes G5 and G19 in Gorgan environment were superior genotypes with the high specific adaptation. Based on the hypothetical ideal genotype biplot, the genotypes G6, G14, G3, and G4 were better than the other genotypes for seed yield and stability and had the high general adaptation to all environments. Also, the results showed that all environments had high discriminating ability so that could able to show differences between genotypes. The Boroujerd environment was the nearest environment to the ideal environment that had the highest discriminating ability and representativeness.

Consequently, the genotypes G6, G14, G3, and G4 were better than the other genotypes for seed yield and stability. Therefore, these genotypes can be used for further testing, including adaptation tests.

Oilseed rape is one of the most important oilseeds in Iran. Due to limited genetic resources, the development of its cultivated area requires genetic diversity by hybridization in breeding programs and, finally, introducing potential lines to the agricultural community. Therefore, this study aimed to generate genetic diversity by hybridizing eight spring rapeseed genotypes using a complete diallel design and investigating the inheritance and genes action of some agronomic traits, yield, and its components in F1 progeny in a complete block design with three replications in 2018- 2019 and 2019-2020 crop years. Analysis of variance components showed that the mean squares of general combining ability were significant only for branching height, podding height, pods per lateral branches, and pods per plant. In contrast, mean squares of specific and reciprocal combining ability were significant for all traits. The highest and lowest values of sprecific heritability obtained for podding height (18%) and grain per pods (0.4%), respectively. The GCA/SCA ratio also indicated the importance of additive effects for branching height, podding height, pods per lateral branches and pods per plant. Parents SPN-182 and SPN-202 had a positive and significant general combining ability for lateral branches, pods per lateral branches, pods per plant, grain per pod and grain yield. SPN-207×SPN-182 and SPN-206×SPN-182 hybrids with the highest positive and significant specific combining ability are essential for grain yield traits to produce single cross hybrids.

Sunflower is an important crop that its oil has high nutritional and economic value. In this study, genotype-trait biplot method was used to study interrelationships between different traits and new sunflower hybrids. For this study, 24 new sunflower hybrids along with Golsa cultivar were evaluated in a simple lattice design with two replications in Gorgan Agriculture Research Station, Gorgan, north of Iran, during 2020 cropping season. The results showed that thousand seed weight, head diameter, seed number per head, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length had a positive correlation with seed yield. Also, a negative correlation was observed between seed yield and phonological traits and plant height. Therefore, it can be concluded that improving seed yield may simultaneously lead to improve in the early maturity and dwarfism. Based on biplot polygon view, the genotypes No. 5 and 19 had superior characteristics in terms of seed yield and its attributes. Also, based on a hypothetical ideal genotype biplot, the genotypes No. 3, 2 and 10 outranked the other genotypes in terms of all examined traits. A majority of the examined traits had high discriminating ability and were able to show differences between genotypes. The stem diameter was the nearest trait to an ideal trait and, therefore, it has the highest discriminating ability and representativeness.

Study on relationships between yield and other agronomic traits will improve the efficiency of a breeding program with appropriate selection criteria. In this regard, 24 new sunflower hybrids along with Golsa cultivar were evaluated in a simple lattice design with two replications in agriculture research station of Gorgan during 2020 cropping season. The results indicated that the highest coefficient correlation was obtained between head diameter and thousand seed weight with seed yield. Sequential stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to organize the predictor variables into first, second and third order paths based on their respective contributions to the total variation of yield and minimum collinearity. Based on the variance inflation factor and magnitude of direct effects, seed number per plant, thousand seed weight and stem diameter were considered as first order variables and accounted for 70 percent of total variation of seed yield. The t-test of significance, using standard error values, obtained through bootstrap resampling, indicating that all direct effects were significant. Generally, the results indicated three traits of seed number per plant, thousand seed weight and stem diameter could be considered as selection criterion in selecting for increased yield in sunflower. Also, the results indicated that among studied genotypes, genotypes No. 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 19 and 22 were recognized as superior genotypes regarding seed yield and traits related to yield.

Wheat is one of the most important edible crops used in several food products. The success of plant breeding programs depends on the availability of parents with desired genetic diversities. In this context, we evaluated the genetic parameters in eight wheat genotypes namely Kohdashet, Morvaread, N-80-19, Darya, UR-82-17, Ehsan, Bacounoura and Atrack as well as theirs F1 progenies in term of grain yield and the relevant traits. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Data analysis indicated that genotypes and their F1 hybrids significantly affected grain yield, biological yield, thousand-grain weight, grains per spike, grain weight in spike, plant height, peduncle length and second internode length. The Model I of Griffing's method II was used in SAS software to determine GCA, SCA and other genetic parameters. Among parents, Ehsan cultivar exhibited the highest GCA for grain yield, thousand-grain weight, grain weight in spike, plant height and biological yield. P6×P7 cross was found to have the highest SCA effects on grain yield, thousand-grain weight and plant height. In addition, among examined characteristics, the thousand-grain weight and the peduncle length had the highest broad sense (h2= 0.98) and narrow sense heritability (H2= 0.62), respectively. These findings indicated that the distinctive crosses engaged in progenitors belongs to high×low GCA; therefore, it is inessential to set crosses with high×high GCA. As a result, potential homozygous lines can be selected from transgressive segregations to increase yield. Such crosses can be applied for exploiting heterosis.

Sorghum is one of the most important crops grown for human diet and bio-energy. An understanding of genotypes efficiency by evaluating multivariate methods like genotype by traits (GT) and genotype by yield×trait (GYT) biplot is essential to detect suitable genotypes of sorghum. Therefore, traits interrelationship of eighteen sorghum genotypes were investigated based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2016-2017. The data of various characters were subjected to ANOVA, Pearson correlation, the GT and the GYT biplot analysis via SAS and GGE biplot software. The analysis of variance depicted that there were significant differences among Genetype×Year interaction based on evaluated variables (P>0.01). The evaluation of traits and their association by GT and GYT biplot indicated that there were significant (P>0.001) differences among traits and yield-trait combination which was strongly approved by numerical Pearson correlation. Also, the GT biplot indicated that the best-ranked genotypes included G4>G15>G6>G17>G18>G16>G13>G3 and the GYT biplot superiority-ranked genotypes compris-ed of G4>G6>G17>G3>G15>G10>G2>G7>G11. Both the GT and GYT biplot confirmed that FGCSI04 (G4) was the most suitable and ideal genotype strongly suitable to sorghum production according to prominent performances on plant height, panicle length, panicle width, grain yield and biological yield. This genotype evaluation showed that there were existed a high genetic diversity among genotypes for the studied variables in which GT and GYT approach simultaneously can help breeders to select prominent genotypes and reduce genetic load in the breeding programs.

The aim of this study was investigation of phonological relationship with some yield and yields component traits at different management systems in two soybean cultivars namely Gorgan 3 and Katul in Gorgan region. Therefore, 16 and 18 fields of Gorgan 3 and Katul were selected, respectively. Consequently, in each field the phonological and yield related parameters were evaluated. Generally, regression relationship showed that in each cultivar, the regression relationship of phonological stages with number of pod per plant, number of grain per meter square, shoot dry mater and grain yield was significant. However, the regression relationship between the number of days from sowing to physiological maturing with shoot dry matter in Gorgan 3 (R2= %70**) and Katul (R2= %62**) was positive and significant. Moreover, the regression relationship between days from sowing to flower initialization and days from sowing to physiological maturing with grain yield was significant in each cultivar. Meanwhile, this relation in Gorgan 3 was second best linear regression (R2= %71** and R2= %80**, respectively) and in Katul was a simple linear one (R2= 69** and R2= %51*, respectively). Also, the regression relationship between shoot dry matter and grain yield in each cultivar was logarithmic and significant (P>0.01). This logarithmic relationship was demonstrated 53 and 67 percent of variation in Gorgan 3 and Katul cultivars, respectively. The results of this experiment showed that with understanding of phonological and agronomical traits relationships in soybean growth cycle under field condition and with time scaling of growth stages, the yield can be increased.

In this experiment the effects of two type of medium cultures, gibberellic acid and dark/cold and light/warm culture conditions on mature embryos germination of a local cultivar of walnut were investigated. The mature fruits were collected at 22 weeks postanthesis and after disinfection the mature embryo along with cotyledon pieces were excised and then were cultured on MT and modified DKW medium cultures supplemented with different concentration of gibberellic acid. Then, cultures were transferred on different culture conditions such as dark/cold (4±20C) and light/warm (25±20C with 16.5 h photoperiod) culture conditions. Significant differences were observed between different medium cultures, gibberellic acid and physical factors. Percentage of embryo germination and main shoot length was higher in modified DKW medium, dark/cold culture condition and 2 mgL-1 gibberellic acid than other treatments. The MT medium and dark/cold culture condition was very efficient for root proliferation than modified DKW medium and light/warm culture condition. In this experiment gibberellic acid have a negative effect on root growth, wherein main root length in 0 mgL-1 gibberellic acid was more than 2 mgL-1 gibberellic acid. Percentage of embryos germination was higher when gibberellic acid and dark/cold treatments were simultaneously applied (%63.17 germination) as compared to those when applied separately.

Propagation of walnut via tissue culture technique play a very important role in rapid multiplication of cultivars with desirable traits and production of healthy and disease free plants. Wherein; for propagation of walnut by any explants specific requirements and method at the different stages. Furthermore; recent researchers with converting of different stages would be required of plant cell and tissue culture from conventional methods to advance and mechanization methods, and with increasing of efficiency of plant regeneration systems via somatic embryogenesis, embryo culture and etc, attempt to decrease of propagation cost of this value species in widespread area. Due to that researchers attempt to us liquid culture instead of solid and it is a way of mechanization in tissue culture techniques. In walnut, there are several reports which indicated rapid regeneration and multiplication through organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and embryo culture. In present manuscript the executed researches of valnut tissue culture and main factors influenced on will be discussed.