فهرست مطالب یحیی سخنگویی

Osteoarthritis is the most common musculoskeletal pain, causing more disability and clinical symptoms in the knee than in other joints, and according to evidence around the world, it is a major health problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of exercise in water on pain intensity, balance parameters and gait in elderly women with osteoarthritis of the knee. Thirty elderly women with osteoarthritis of the knee were randomly selected as subjects and divided into experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The ocular pain scale (VAS) of Romberg test and BESS balance error assessment were used to collect data. The samples performed a water exercise program for 8 weeks under the supervision of a hydrotherapy instructor. Independent and dependent t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed significant improvement in pain intensity, static balance and dynamic water balance after treatment (P <0.05). The results showed that water exercise program can be considered as a safe and effective training method to improve pain, static and dynamic balance in elderly women with osteoarthritis of the knee.

The effect of knee frontal plane deviations on postural sway and kinematics ofgait in active male adolescentsKnee structural abnormalities can lead to changes human movement strategies and posture control. The aimof this study was to evaluate and compare gait and stability patterns in genuvarum, genuvalgum and healthysubject groups. In this study subjects were divided into three groups of 12 people based on Q-angle valuesand their postural sway were evaluated in three modes of perturbation and kinematics of their lowerextremity joints measured during gait. The results of this study showed a significant difference in staticbalance between genuvalgum group and the other two groups. In addition, in kinematic factors, the mostsignificant differences were observed between healthy and genuvalgum groups. According to the results ofthis study, people with genuvalgum have more stability and movement disorders than two other groups and itis necessary to pay attention to balance and movement programs in athletes with this disorder

Background and Aims Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the common knee disorders, which can cause injuries or more complicated medical conditions. Proprioception is one of the factors that can be considered in the assessment of people with PFPS. The present study aims to compare the knee joint proprioception between female volleyball players with PFPS and healthy peers.Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 30 female athletes (16 with PFPS and 14 healthy) with a mean age of 24.33±3.39 years, height of 178.72±3.28 cm and weight of 67.76±8.04 kg participated. Knee joint proprioception was evaluated in two modes: weight-bearing (single-leg squat) and non-weight-bearing (knee extension). Kinematic data were recorded by eight motion capture cameras (Vicon, UK) at a frequency of 1000 HZ. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS software, version 26 using independent t-test. The significant level was set at 0.05.Results Findings showed that the error of reconstruction angles in weight-bearing (P=0.001) and non-weight-bearing (P=0.003) conditions was significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion The knee joint proprioception is weaker in female volleyball players with PFPS than in healthy peers, which can lead to more injuries. it is recommended to strengthen the proprioception in athletes with PFPS during treatment and rehabilitation, and more accurate tests should be designed to evaluate it.

Background and Aims This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercises using fitness equipment in parks on the lower limb muscle function of inactive women in Iran.Methods This is a prospective quasi-experimental study. The study population includes all inactive women in Tehran, Iran, aged 25-35 years. Of these, 40 women with no history of physical activity in the past year were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of control (n=20) and exercise (n=20). The training program consisted of workouts using fitness equipment in parks (sky walker, aero rider, and leg press machine) at 8 sessions, two sessions per week. The tests included Sargent jump test, triple jump test, star excursion balance test, and 6-meter single-leg timed hop test. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (to examine the normal distribution of data), and the analysis of covariance (to examine differences in variables between the two groups) in SPSS software, version 24.Results After controlling the effect of pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test score of the parameters of muscle function, indicating that exercises using the fitness equipment in parks can affect the lower limb muscle function of inactive women.Conclusion Exercises using park fitness equipment can be used to improve the lower limb muscle function of inactive women.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sports massage on the proprioception of the shoulder joint of disabled female basketball players. In this quasi-experiment research, 30 disabled female basketball players who were playing in wheelchair basketball teams of Tehran were selected using convenient and volunteering method based on demographic information then assigned randomly into two test and control groups. The shoulder joint of dominant hand of members in test group had massage for 8 days (one 10-minute massage each day). Joint position sense of respondents measured and compared at first and end of study with angles 0, 45 and 90 degree using Biodex System 3 Model of Isokinetic Device. Findings showed a significant change in position sense of test group members after having massage (P<0.05). Results indicated that 8 sessions of exercise massage had positive effect on shoulder joint position sense of female disabled basketball players.

Genuvarum, genuvalgum are two common conditional disorders in the knee joint that making changes to the normal position of the lower extremity ,causes changes to the center of gravity over the reliance level and restricts control of balance and movement of the body. The purpose of this study was to The effect of a period of corrective and exercise movements on improving the deviations of the frontal plate in adolescents active with Genuvarum, Genuvalgum. Subjects of this study were divided into three groups of 12 (genuvarum, genuvalgum and healthy) by angle values ​​of Q. The exercise protocol was conducted for 8 weeks per day, including 10 minutes of warm up, 45 minutes of selected training program and 5 minutes of cool down and was added to the time and the number of repetitions during the exercise. The results of this study showed that 8 weeks of corrective and exercise exercises can significantly increase the angle of Q in the genuvarum group and reduce in the genuvalgum group. According to the results of this study, the need to pay more attention to corrective and exercise movements in athletes with this disorder is felt.

With aging, muscle strength decreases, and older people try to stay healthy as much as possible while maintaining their independence. Regular exercise is needed to control and delay the negative effects of aging. This study aims to investigate the effect of a combined exercise program on balance and respiratory fitness of active older men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 40 active older men (Mean age= 62±12.74 years) participated who were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into control and exercise groups. Their balance and respiratory readiness were measured using a static balance gauge and spirometry test, respectively before and after the intervention. The exercise group participated in combined exercise program (aerobic, resistance, and balance exercises) for eight weeks, three sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. The control group continued to perform their daily activities during this period. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 22 using paired t-test and independent t-test. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The combined exercise program had a significant effect on improving static balance in both groups (P=0.002), but not on forced vital capacity (P>0.05). Regarding the forced expiratory volume over 1 second, its effect was significant only in the exercise group (P<0.05).

It seems that the combined exercise program can improve static balance and respiratory fitness of older men. It is suggested that the older men use this combined exercise program to increase their balance and respiratory fitness.

 An increase in the movement of one or more joints beyond the normal range of motion is known as hyper-mobility. However, in most cases, joint hyper-mobility is observed as a confined phenomenon referred to as generalized joint hyper-mobility (GJH). The present study aims to compare and evaluate the prevalence of GJH among Iranian students.

 The present cross-sectional and retrospective study enrolled both male and female students aged 8 to 18 years who were willingly enthusiastic to participate in this study. For this, 1225 students (726 girls and 499 boys) were chosen through the convenience and targeted sampling method. The research tool was a self-assessment 5-part questionnaire for identifying GJH (5PQ; Sensitivity: 80-85%; Specificity: 80-90%) (Hakim & Grahame). Due to the Covid-19 pandemic and no direct access to students, the questionnaire was designed in Google Forms Survey Administration software and distributed online among sports teachers or students through social networks. The data gathered from completed questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS version 22 using the two-way chi-square test.

 The prevalence of GJH among female students (41.2%) was higher than that among male students (30.7%). The two-way chi-square test revealed a significant difference in the rate of GJH between female and male students (p=0.001, ƛ=13.97). According to the results, "gender" accounted for 10% of the prevalence of hyper-mobility in students. The statistical tests revealed that "age" causes no significant difference in the rate of hyper-mobility among students (p=0.54, ƛ=10.79).

 The present study revealed a high prevalence of GJH among Iranian students. The prevalence of GJH among female students was higher than that among male students. Thus, these results entail paying more attention to this phenomenon, as it may provoke physical and psychological complications in the future for students affected by GJH.

Since today, considerable attention is paid to public sports and according to the definition, a person who exercises 3 times a week for 30 minutes each time is known as a public (non-professional) athlete (1-6), but It is noteworthy that the physical condition of individuals (men and women) are completely different. For this reason, there is a lot of emphasis on the need to apply special standards for these devices. It is recommended that human tools and equipment should be designed and used according to the characteristics of users (6-11). They believe that some sports equipment installed in parks and sports clubs, in addition to not having a standard installation, even the way they are made is not suitable for both women and men (12). Some of these devices are installed especially in public places; Most of its dimensions and size are suitable for adults and it is not even suitable for men and women to use the same device. This is while due to the lack of necessary standards in the design of these sports devices and its non-compliance with the physical characteristics of different users due to the design and construction of these devices abroad and the use of men and women by one Device with special features Sometimes using them is not only not useful, but also causes irreparable damage to users. The equipment used in athletes' bodybuilding clubs should be designed to fit the body parts of each type of user, in order to have a safe and effective performance (13). Also, park fitness machines and clubs, as one of the equipments that have attracted a lot of users, are no exception to this principle. If the design of these devices is not based on the anthropometric characteristics of users, not only will it reduce the effectiveness of movements and user satisfaction, but it can also cause complications, injuries and physical abnormalities and prevent users from using it. From these devices or even not engaging in sports activities (11). Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the present study examines the appropriateness of ergonomic indices of bodybuilding machines used for women athletes (people who regularly go to the gym 2 to 3 times a week) and all Such a study deals with the relationship between anthropometric and biomechanical parameters in these individuals. Using the obtained information, it is possible to design devices that are in accordance with the anatomy of the body of Iranian women athletes, so that in addition to professional or non-professional blowing, their body is not injured (15). On the other hand, due to the topic of anthropometry, researchers and major industrial designers have a very long history and in recent years, access to anthropometric data due to the growing need for such studies in the field of equipment design and human factor engineering. Among the field of sports that is currently considered by the public, has been more important, but in our country has not received much attention and the need for it in recent years is strongly felt and with the Considering that the basic model of these sports equipment is not only Iranian and in terms of major climatic differences as well as the use of one type of equipment taking into account the physical differences between men and women athletes may cause injury and Serious physical problems. As a result, it is very important to ensure that these devices are compatible with the structural characteristics of the community (men and women). In order to increase the efficiency of bodybuilding machines, their important standard and safe features based on ergonomic principles should be used to ensure the general health of users. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to various issues regarding bodybuilding machines and their users.Ealbaygi et al., By examining the proportionality of ergonomic indices of outdoor bodybuilding devices with anthropometric indices of men, showed that most of the desired dimensions of the devices with the relevant and optimal dimensions of users, there is a significant difference and these devices It is not ergonomic from an anthropometric point of view and it seems necessary to adopt a method for standardization (6). Nazarizadeh et al. Investigated the degree of conformity of ergonomic characteristics of park bodybuilding devices with anthropometric characteristics of female high school students in Tehran. The results indicate that the above devices installed in schools are not suitable for anthropometric measurements of female high school students in terms of dimensions (7). Due to the lack of studies in this field and increasing attention to public sports in the country, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the ergonomic and anthropometric characteristics of axillary press and aviation in vertical and horizontal position in female athletes.

Among the bodybuilding machines, Nirvana bodybuilding machine in parks and clubs was selected as a sample. Of the 154 people who used the devices regularly, 124 agreed to cooperate after receiving the necessary explanations from the researcher. And their anthropometric characteristics including: height, shoulder height, sitting height, sitting shoulder height, shoulder width, chest depth, elbow thickness, buttock width, buttock-knee length, leg thickness and sole length were measured and then measured with dimensions Bodybuilding machines were compared. First, the dimensions of the park bodybuilding machines were measured and recorded by a plumb line and an engineering meter. Then, in order to collect anthropometric information, the samples were present at the measuring station and from the measurement of their anthropometric features, initial anthropometric data were obtained. In the next step, using these initial data and based on how users are placed on the devices, bodybuilding standards and trigonometric functions, anthropometric computational data were obtained.The collected data will be statistically analyzed with Excel and SPSS software. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe frequency, standard deviation and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine the natural distribution of data. Also to analyze anthropometric data using kinematic biomechanics and to test the hypotheses from the correlation test (depending on the normality or abnormality of the data from Pearson or Spearman test) to test the hypotheses and determine the level Significance (p <0.05) is used.

The results showed that there is a relationship between ergonomic and anthropometric indices in the axial press machine in the horizontal position (horizontal distance from the back of the seat to the handles and the optimal horizontal distance from the shoulder blades to the grip) in women athletes. Based on the results of Table 2, it can be said that because the calculated correlation coefficient (0.518) with 95% confidence is equal to or equal to the correlation coefficient of the critical table (0.518) and the significance level value (0.000) is less than the error level It is 0.05, so the research hypothesis is confirmed with 95% confidence. There is also a relationship between ergonomic and anthropometric parameters in the axillary press machine in the vertical position (vertical distance from the beginning of the seat to the handles and the optimal vertical distance from the beginning of the buttocks to the grip) in women athletes. Based on the results of Table 3, it can be said that because the calculated correlation coefficient (0.615) with 95% confidence is equal to or equal to the correlation coefficient of the critical table (0.615) and the value of the significance level (0.000) is less than the error level. It is 0.05, so the research hypothesis is confirmed with 95% confidence. The results showed that between the ergonomic and anthropometric parameters of the aviation device, including devices that simulate walking and are suitable for strengthening the cardiovascular system and leg muscles, can even stretch the leg muscles and help balance the body. (The horizontal distance from the bottom of the shoe to the abutment and the optimal horizontal distance from the heel to the toe) There is a relationship in women athletes. In addition, there is a relationship between ergonomic and anthropometric parameters of the aviator (vertical distance from the bottom of the shoe to the support and the optimal vertical distance from the heel to the toe) in female athletes.

According to the research results, there is a relationship between ergonomic indicators of bodybuilding machines and anthropometric features of female athletes. In this regard, research has been conducted in recent years, some examples of which are mentioned below.The findings of the present study showed that axillary and aviation presses installed in parks and open spaces are not ergonomically ergonomically for female users. This mismatch can lead to complications and physical injuries to users. Therefore, users should be careful when using these devices and avoid working with devices that do not fit their body dimensions.

Considering the exclusive effects of different training programs on structural, functional, and physiological responses of heart, vessels, and blood, cardiac rehabilitation programs have rehabilitated and therapeutic usage after heart attacks or angioplasty to reduce the rate of deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases. The research aims to examine the effects of two methods, aerobic and parallel exercises, on selected biomechanical variables of blood in the bilateral femoral artery in patients 40-65 years old after coronary angioplasty.

The research method is semi-experimental and prospective. The research was performed as pretest-posttest, with 90 male and female patients with coronary heart disease who had undergone angioplasty divided into three experiments (aerobic and parallel) and control groups. Forty minutes of aerobic exercise based on the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines followed by 20 minutes of resistance training twice a week was performed in the parallel exercise group. The Mean±SD was used for data description, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used for reviewing data distribution, Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric and Mann–Whitney post hoc test were used for abnormal variables, and ANOVA, Welch’s test, and Tukey post-hoc test were used for standard variables at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed a significant difference in diastolic blood pressure of the left femoral after performing aerobic and parallel exercises. A significant difference was also seen in the velocity of blood flow in the left femoral’s diastole phase and blood pressure of the left femoral in the systole phase after performing parallel exercises. Comparing the effect of two training methods on selected biomechanical variables of blood, no significant difference was observed between the two methods.

It is recommended to use the beneficial effects of aerobic and parallel exercises to improve biomechanical variables of blood with appropriate intensity and duration in patients 40 to 65 years old following coronary angioplasty.

Given that knee osteoarthritis, as one of the most common joint diseases in the elderly, causes pain and imbalance, leading to disruption of daily activities and performance of this group of society, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of electrotherapy and strength training of the knee extensor and thigh extensor muscles on pain and balance in elderly women with osteoarthritis of the knee with emphasis on the type of focus of attention.

In the current study 31 elderly women aged 60 to 80 years with osteoarthritis of the knee from the elderly center of Kerman after filling out the consent form, accidentally participated in two research groups as subjects in this study. The individuals in each group were randomly divided into two subgroups: the external focus and the internal focus. The exercises were performed three times a week for eight weeks. To assess pain, a VAS scale, and to assess a static, dynamic and total balance, Rumberg, TGUG, and TBT tests were used before and after the test, respectively. For statistical analysis of the data with SPSS software, version 20 and dependent ammonia test were used for intragroup comparison and independent test for intergroup comparison for normal data and for non-normal data, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used. For all tests, a significance level was p≤0/05.

: The results showed a decrease in the amount of pain in both electrotherapy and strength training of the quadriceps muscles and hip abductors group, both of which showed external and internal focus. An improvement was seen in the equilibrium index, in the dynamic and total equilibrium (p≤0.05). The results of the independent t-test for comparing the groups did not show a significant difference in the pain variable based on the numerical measurement scale between the quadriceps training group and the hip abductor training group (p ˃ 0.05). While the difference between internal and external attention was significant (p ≤0.05). The results did not show a significant difference in the balance index in any of the balance indicators between the two groups of quadriceps and hip abductor (p˃0.05), but between the internal and external attention group in the dynamic balance index (TGUG), The difference between the two groups became significant (p ≤ 0.05).

According to the results of the research, strength training of the hip abductor muscles along with common electrotherapy treatments and attention-oriented guidelines can be recommended for pain management and improving the level of performance of the elderly with osteoarthritis of the knee.

Non-specific chronic low back pain is the most common type of chronic low back pain. The use of rehabilitation to achieve a more rapid improvement in patient with chronic low back Pain has always
been taken into account.

This study was a semi-experimental, and its design was two-groups with pretestposttest. For this purpose, 40 elderly women patients with non-specific chronic low back pain to selected by convenience sampling in 2 equal groups of 20 patients. The experimental group performed core stability exercises for 4 weeks, every week, and three sessions. In order to assess Reduce pain, physical function and risk of falling of subject, visual analog scale of pain, Functional tests and questionnaires fall risk was used. The data was analyzed using a Anova test with repeated measurements to determine the statistical significance (P≤0.05).

The findings of the present study showed that 12 sessions of core stabilizing exercises reduced pain, increased function and reduced the risk of elderly women with chronic non-specific low back pain in people in the experimental group compared to the controlled group.

The results of the present study showed that core stability exercises have a significant effect on reduced pain, physical function and the risk of elderly women suffering from chronic non-specific low back pain. Therefore, it is recommended that rehabilitation clinics pay special attention to central stability training in their treatment programs

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a combined training course on selected biomechanical variables of the elderly active male athlete. 40 active elderly men participated in this study voluntarily in two groups. The experimental group practiced in a combined training program and the control group continued to perform their daily activities during this period. To compare the results before and after exercise in each group, Parametric Paired t test and non-parametric Wilcoxon test were executed using SPSS ver. 21. The results show that a combined training session was not significant in posture control and gait function, but can be effective in improving motor control, balance in active older men and reducing the risk of falls.

Scoliosis the spinal anomalies, if not detected in advance and progressed, can create problems in the appearance of the person. In the severe cases may even cause respiratory impairment. Different methods have been developed such as surgery, brace and physical activity to correct this abnormality. Today, in scoliosis abnormalities, different approaches and styles related to physical activity have been proposed all of which are designed to correct their abilities according to the type of abnormality. Recently, an approach has been developed that claims to have a good effect on this index; hence the purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of the Evminov training program with SEAS on abnormalities of nonstructural scoliosis in boys aged 10 to 14 years. 

The present study was semi–experimental. The statistical population was all primary and secondary school students from the 4th to 8th grades who participated in the movement correctional centers of Karaj (Alborz province, north of Iran), including 752 people. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 45 boys 10 to 14 years old with non–structural scoliosis with curvature less than 20 degrees, which were identified by random sampling into three groups of 15 experimental subjects (2 groups of SEAS and Evminov exercises) and a control group. Inclusion criteria included 1) 10 to 14 years old boys with non–structural scoliosis with lateral curvature of less than 20 degrees; 2) non–use of other therapies for treatment; 3) lack of employment for specific work or regular exercise. Exclusion criteria included 1) had any pathological symptoms, history of fractures, surgery or joint diseases in the spine, shoulder and shoulder belt; 2) regular weekly physical activity, membership in sports teams, and lack of completion of a training program based on the goals of the research or the lack of interest of the subject; 3) structural or functional shortness of more than 2 centimeters in one of the lower limbs 4) scoliosis convulsion or structural and protic scoliosis, including spinal rotation and apparent deformities of the trunk during the Adams test in forward folded forward position 5) weight outside normal range or BMI less than 18 or more It was 25. The research tools included the standard Evminov board, the EOS700D digital camera, and the corresponding tripod, digital astronomy, digital scale for the subjectschr('39') weight, Corel Draw 110, and a small and large training platform ladder. The training program for SEAS and Evminov was for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. In the Evminov training group, each move with 3 to 5 repetitions between 10 to 12 seconds and the rest of 12 to 15 seconds and a 10 to 20 gradient degree Evminov board. In the SEAS training group, six different types of exercises ranged from 10 to 12 seconds and three to five repetitions with a rest time of 12 to 15 seconds. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test used for normality investigation, data analysis, and t–test and ANOVA test and LSD post hoc test used for data analysis. Also, the statistical significance of 95% confidence level with alpha less than or equal to 0.05 considered at all stages of the test. After data collection, using SPSS software version 24, the results were interpreted.

The results of this study showed that 12 weeks of Seas and Evminov exercises had a significant effect on the malformation of nonstructural scoliosis in boys aged 10 to 14 years (p≤0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference between the results of SEAS and Evminov exercises on nonstructural scoliosis abnormalities. 

It seems that corrective exercises, especially exercises based on the principles of SEAS and Evminov practices, can be effective in reducing the angle of lateral deviation of the spine, and it is suggested that further research be conducted to increase the external validity of the study.

There are few studies that highlighted the effectiveness of exercise on unstable surfaces in eldely subjects. This study was done to evaluate the effect of training on stable and unstable surfaces on walking kinematic and timed-up-and go (TUG) test variables in elderly wemon.

In this quasi-experimental study, 75 elderly women were non-randomly assigned to exercises and control groups. Cadence, step length, stride length, step width, walking speed, and TUG were measured. Gait kinematics (cadence, stride length, walking speed, step width) was recorded by an image recording camera. Gait kinematics variables were measured. The average of three repetitions was recorded for analysis for each subject.

Exercise training had a significant effect on the step length, stride length, step width, walking speed, and time of TUG (P<0.05). Although, there was a significant difference in gait kinematics after exercise training, training on foam with (9cm height) created the highest mean difference in TUG, cadence, step length, and training on sand resulted in the greatest mean difference in step length and walking speed variables.

Training on stable and unstable surfaces improves walking kinematic and TUG time variables in elderly wemon.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of corrective exercises and kinesio taping on the improvement of forward head improvement in female students.

In this randomized quasi-experimental study, 30 girl students aged 7 to 13 years with forward head were randomly divided into two equal groups of exercises and kinesio taping. The refresher training group performed selective exercises for 6 weeks (three sessions per hour per week). The kinesio taping group obligated to use kinesio tape in the posterior part of the neck (along with the cervical vertebrae) for 6 weeks. The improvement of forward head was compared between the two groups.

6 weeks after intervention, the improvement of forward head in corrective exercises and kinesio taping groups was 13.5% and 34.5%, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.001). There was a significant difference between the effects of correction exercises and the use of kinesio tape on forward head improvement in favor of the kinesio taping group.

 The results show that both the correction exercises and the use of kinesio tape can reduce the angle of head forward. However, kinesio taping has a greater effect on forward head reduction. Therefore, kinesio taping and corrective exercises can be used to improve forward head.

Uncontrolled movement has a significant impact on the development of movement disorders and pain. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of neck movement pattern modifications on pain and function in women with nonspecific chronic neck pain. </strong>

For this purpose, women (36.5 ± 5.7 years) with nonspecific chronic neck pain were randomly assigned in the experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Pain and function of the participants were measured before and after the intervention, using visual analog scale (VAS) and Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation, respectively. The repeated measure analysis of variance and paired t tests were used for data analysis.

 The neck movement pattern modifications had significant effects on pain (P = 0.001) and function (P = 0.004) in the experimental group.

Due to the high reported effect size for neck movement pattern modifications, it is suggested to be used as a supplementary method in improvement of pain and function in women with nonspecific chronic neck pain.

Gait is functionally highly relevant aspects of motor performance. This aim of this study was to determine biomechanical characteristics gait in intellectual disabilities during 1995-2017. In this systematic review, all quantitative and qualitative studies that related to gait and balance characteristics of intellectual disabilities were retrieved from Persian databases (Magiran, SID, Google scholar) and all full text articles with keywords intellectual disability, gait were retrieved from English databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, ProQuest). Then, 16 papers selected from 35 papers. Also, “Data Extraction Form" which developed based on research aim, was used for data collection. 14 of 16 articles (87.5%) were quantitative and 2 articles (12.5%) were qualitative. The results showed that intellectual disabilities were related to gait disorders, especially step length, stride length, shorter step width and lower velocity. It also has kinetic and kinematic disorders, including reduction of the ankle production power in the push-off phase, increased hip and knee flexion at stance phase, knee limitation and plantar ankle flexion at the heel contact and joint stiffness during the gait. Gait disorders in intellectual disability is a serious problem. Preventive measures are recommended to correct gait disorders and reduce complications.

The idiopathic scoliosis is a spinal deformity developed in three-dimensions that if untreated, can worsened to back pain, impaired vital capacity and psychosocial disturbances. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a course of corrective exercises on postural and biomechanical parameters in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
25 patient with idiopathic scoliosis participated for 10 weeks (three sessions per week) in the program of corrective exercises. In order to measuring the angle of scoliosis and the relative difference between inferior angle of the scapula and shoulders, posterior view photogrammetric method was used. Shapiro test was used to determine the normal distribution of data and T-Test to analyze between the results of before and after the test.
The results showed a significant decrease in the angle of lateral curvature of the spine (P=0.000), the markedly differences between the inferior angle of the scapula (P=0.001) and shoulders (P=0.035) after participation in the program of corrective exercises.
Proper corrective exercises can be effective in reducing the angle of lateral curvature of the spine and the inferior angle of the scapula and shoulders in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

In recent years, many people show interest to Paralympics competition because it is dedicated to athletes with disabilities. In order to affect the throwing, static stretching can be applied on the two muscles, i.e. pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi that play an important role in the arm acceleration phase. Normally, before sport activities, static stretching is applied. Stretching increases the flexibility that is effective in the throwing. The important point is the effect of this type of stretching on the throwing function, which is a combination of muscular strength, range of motion and productive torque. This study is going to examine this issue. In this study, 45 disabled male athletes (15 discus throwers, 15 shot put throwers, and 15 javelin throwers) participated. Before stretching, each athlete did 3 throws, then a static stretching session consisting of 5 sets of 30 seconds stretching followed by 30 seconds of rest between each set, was performed. One minute after the stretching, the athletes did throwing 3 more times. Stretch was of the static type applied on the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles. Based on study results, no significant change was observed in the amount of throw before and after the stretching (Discus: P=0.47, Shot put: P=0.46, Javelin: P=0.14). Considering data analysis, one session of static stretching of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles does not create a significant change in the magnitude of throw in disabled athletes engaged in discus, shot put, and javelin throw.

Chronic nonspecific neck pain considered as a common problem which most of the time comes with changes in sensorimotor functions, beside high financial expense, its accompany with pain and personal concerns in society. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the direction- movement control training in head repositioning accuracy (HRA), pain and disability of people with chronic non specific neck pain.
Thirty female (36.5±5.7years old) with non- specific chronic neck pain were recruited. Pain disability and HRA of people with chronic neck pain were measured by Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) respectively. The equipment was including laser pointer, helmet, and eye patch and marking pens. Shapiro-Wilk and analysis of Co Variance tests were used for data analysing.
Statistically significant changes were observed in disability (p=0.001), pain (p=0.001) and HRA (p=0.013) of people with chronic neck pain after the 8-week of training intervention.
The training intervention has been successful in improving head repositioning accuracy, and reduction in pain and disability index in people with chronic neck pain. Due to the high reported effect size (0.391), it is suggested to use the direction- movement control training as a supplementary method in treatment of people with chronic neck pain in the future.

Non-specific chronic lower back pain is the most common type of chronic lower back pain. The use of rehabilitation to achieve a more rapid improvement in patients with chronic lower back pain has always been taken into account. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of a Pilates program on chronic non-specific lower back pain and stable range of motion in 40 to 60 year old women.
The subjects of this study included 34 women with chronic non-specific lower back pain (CNLBP) that were randomly assigned into two groups; a group undergoing a Pilates program (n = 17) and a control group (n = 17). The Pilates group performed exercises for 10 one hour sessions. After completion of the training program, the post-test was conducted. The Modified-Modified Schober test, lateral bend angle and visual analog scale (VAS), were used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Covariance; ANCOVA and Sidac post hoc test) were used.
Pilates exercises had a significant influence on the variables of pain, left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion, hyperextension and flexion of the lumbar spine (P In order to increase the range of motion of the lumbar spine, trunk stability and reduce back pain, coaches and managers could use this non-invasive and low-cost method (Pilates) in rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic non-specific low back pain.

Aims: Nowadays, balance and postural control index is assessed as one of the main parameters in the assessment of persons with neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate the short term effects of massage therapy, core stability exercises and combined stability exercises on the stability limits in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain.
In the semi-experimental study, 30 male patients with chronic non-specific LBP, referred to the physiotherapy clinics of 1 and 3 districts of Tehran City, were studied in 2013. The subjects were selected via random sampling method, were randomly divided into three groups including massage therapy, core stability exercise, and combined stability exercises. 12-session treatment protocols (4 weeks) were conducted in the groups under the therapist’s supervision. The force plate device was used to measure the reaction time (RT), movement velocity (MV), maximum excursion (ME), and end point of excursion (EPE) in eight different directions. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using ANCOVA test.
Findings: After the treatment interventions, the combined exercises improved RT at directions 3 (right lateral) and 8 (left anterior) more than the stability exercises and massage therapy. In addition, more improvement in MV was recorded at the direction 2 (right anterior) compared to the stability exercises. ME records of stability and combined exercises groups were significantly different at direction 7 (left lateral) only (p Despite the fact that each treatment intervention has short term effects on the stability limits of patients with chronic non-specific LBP, it seems that the combination of core stability exercises and massage therapy is more effective than each one solely.

Objective In our community, there are many children and adults who have certain distinctive aspects of mental, physical, emotional, or behavioral characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eight weeks play therapy program on the balance of the mentally retarded children. On this basis according to the needs of the children to play for freshness and lack of research in the field of corrective exercise in a game formats
Materials & Methods Thirty mentally retarded girl children with increased normal thoracic kyphosis (kyphosis angle≥40) were selected and randomly divided into two groups; training group (n=15 with mean[SD] age 12.06[2.8] y, mean[SD]height 1.4[0.1] m, mean[SD]weight 42.3[1.3] kg) and control group (n=15 with mean[SD] age 12.26[2.8] y, mean[SD]height 1.4[0.9] m, mean[SD]weight 43.6[1.3] kg). The angle of kyphosis was measured using a flexible ruler, and the dynamometer was used to evaluate the strengths of trunk muscle. The experimental group performed corrective games for a period of eight weeks (three sessions per week), and during this period, the control group did not perform any exercises. Independent and dependent t-tests were used to analyze the data. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software version 16, and the significance level was set at 0.05.
Results The results of the research showed that corrective games had a significantly positive effect on the kyphosis Angle (P=0.001, t=4.41) and the strength of trunk muscle (P=0.004, t=3.15) in mentally retarded children.
Conclusion Corrective games can improve kyphosis curve and strength of trunk muscles in mentally retarded children. Based on the results of this research on the corrective effect of play therapy on kyphosis curve and strength of trunk muscle in kyphotic mentally retarded children who need to have an independent living and get rid of physical abnormalities, it is recommended to do play therapy protocols to improve physical abnormalities.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among the elderly that causes pain, joint stiffness and muscle weakness. Acupressure is a non-invasive technique that causes the energy balance in the body through acupoints massage and improving the comfort and health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acupressure on pain and stiffness of knee among elderly nursing home residents with osteoarthritis.
The present study is a randomized clinical trial. The population included all the elders with osteoarthritis of the knees settled in nursing homes in Tehran. The sample of our study consisted of 51 elders (men and women) aged over 60 years in three groups as follows: real points acupressure (15 elders of first nursing home), sham group (15 elders of second nursing home), and control group (21 elders of third nursing home). The three groups randomly allocated to these three nursing homes. For both of the intervention groups, massage was performed in form of 10 sessions of 15 minutes three days a week on 8 real and sham pressure points. To assess knee pain and stiffness in patients before and after intervention Western Ontario and McMaster osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) instrument was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS19 statistical software, and chi-square test, independent t-test, paired t-test and analysis of variance.
Before intervention three groups were comparable in aspects of knee pain severity and stiffness. After intervention acupressure group showed a significant pain relief (P According to effects of acupressure on pain of knee among elderly with osteoarthritis under this study and low cost, safety and simplicity of the procedure, it is suggested that this technique to be used more widely in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee.