دکتر حسن رحیمی روشن

The subject of rights has always entailed conceptual and interpretive complexities. On the one hand, historical debates about the concept of rights, and on the other hand, the ambiguity and necessity of modern international relations, have always made rights a controversial issue. In international relations, concepts are theoretically and discursively diverse, and research in this realm always begins by defining themes and contents. Essentially, when it comes to rights in international relations, there is a challenge between whether individuals or groups inherently have rights against power (government), or whether they gain rights by fulfilling specified duties set out by power (government). This very issue constitutes the hypothesis of this study. This article first attempts to explore the concepts of power and rights in international relations. Then, in line with the raised questions, it delves into texts in the realm of power and rights to examine propositions and determine the origin of this power-rights duality, and whether there is a complementary or dissociative relationship between these two concepts. Finally, by briefly examining Western human rights from the main theoretical schools of international relations, it demonstrates which side Western human rights discourse stands on and whether its nature is closer to pure defense of rights or imposition of duties.

The exaltation of any society is possible in the light of social cohesion and the general participation of the members of that society. The purpose of social solidarity is the common commitment of individuals and smaller identity groups to that big "we" that gives people a collective identity in this way both in the subjective dimension and in the objective dimension and at the group levels. and institutions are established. One of the highest levels of solidarity is transnational solidarity, in which people and groups with different nationalities and citizenships find a sense of belonging and common commitment around a single axis. Sociologists also create social solidarity and public participation. They consider society to be caused by factors such as common feelings and balance and harmony between beliefs and values. These factors appear at any level - from local to international - of society, they can cause convergence and harmony among its members and bring social order to them. It is on this basis that different cultural perspectives based on order appear in the world at any time and place.One of the gatherings in which the solidarity and unity among the activists has found an external appearance is the Arbaeen walking ceremony. Despite the presence of different identities together, the activism of the participants in the Arbaeen march is based on shared efforts and strength, which has become the main basis for the creation of an atmosphere of solidarity in the Arbaeen community. The current research seeks to analyze the Arbaeen walking ceremony from the perspective of social solidarity in the context of Shia culture.In the structure of culture, cultural diversity including nationalism and religious differences do not cause political conflict and war. Still, this cultural diversity is turned into an opportunity, and with the strategy of "unity while diversity", while respecting the cultural diversity of countries and curbing the negative aspects of religiosity and nationalism, the advantages of convergence are used to prevent war and violence. Cultural convergence in an identity society is created by several factors. Among these factors is that cultural diversity does not cause political conflict, but rather it is used as a tool for intercultural dialogue, and people, while having distinct micro-identities, consider a common identity as their priority.Analyzes of social solidarity are mostly from a functionalist and instrumentalist point of view, while the internalization of solidarity requires the internalization of common norms and values and one of the elements capable of this is the element of religion and religious identity. This component has played a central role in the Arbaeen walking phenomenon to achieve convergence and order. The phenomenon of Arbaeen walking as a social and popular movement has been an important factor in the formation of convergence and solidarity of Shiites and the consistency of Shiite cultural geography in recent years. In this great event, Shiites from different countries of the world walk the route of Najaf to Karbala on the occasion of Arbaeen the third Shiite Imam. This coherent community in line with the conventional international standards has two distinct features; Its first feature is that it is the largest human gathering in the past and present on earth; So that in this community, a population of over twenty million people are present, which is unique in the history of the world. Another feature of this great gathering is its repetition every year. According to statistics, the number of pilgrims has increased every year, and this shows the continuation of this movement among Shiites.In the phenomenon of the Arbaeen procession, the common religious identity that is the characteristic and commonality of Shiites regardless of ethnicity, nationality, language, and race has created the potential for cultural convergence among them. Convergence, based on which there is the possibility of more and more intercultural interactions. By promoting cross-cultural relations, this Shiite society can take steps towards cultural convergence and strengthen and expand the common Shiite identity. In this case, the Shiite society, while respecting the micro-identities, has used cultural tools to promote the Shiite identity, and the activists of this society can see themselves ready to play a role in a larger space where the necessary facilities are available for them. Therefore, by focusing on why and how the Arbaeen procession affects Shiite culture, the need to pay attention to the category of solidarity and civilizational order in regional dimensions is investigated.  Since the cultural geography of Shia is based on Shia convergence, the main question is whether the basic stem of this social solidarity created in Arbaeen has been effective in the formation of Shia culture. In response to this question, the hypothesis is that the solidarity created in the Arbaini society, because it is at a transnational level with the components of inclusiveness of solidarity, social welfare, economic welfare, security welfare, religion, and based on a civilizational vision in the form of denationalization. It has been shown that it is one of the effective factors in the consistency of Shia culture.In methodology, the statistical population and research indicators will be studied using quantitative methods. This article is practical in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and field survey type in terms of data collection. To examine the mentioned hypothesis, after examining the concept of social solidarity, this concept was examined in the topic of transnational solidarity and in six separate components to get out of the abstract state, and in the findings section, in each section to prove the hypothesis of the article, The questions raised from the statistical sample, that is, the participants in the Arbaeen march, are analyzed along with statistical analysis using SPSS.Based on the findings of the research, the Arbaeen community, in addition to emphasizing increasing the level of intra-religious solidarity and the possibility of spreading the Arbaeen convergence model in all Shiite identity groups in the future, the possibility of enjoying a peaceful life between their identity community and other religions and They consider religions to be possible and have emphasized the influence of behaviors based on shared efforts in the Arbaeen procession phenomenon on the social well-being of Shiites. This community believes that the solidarity created in Arbaeen has a positive impact on people's well-being - through the model of economic participation of the type of self-sacrifice - the security of the Shiite world and the disappearance of national borders and the emergence of identity borders through the increase of internal solidarity. will leave religious in general, the analysis of the data shows that the increase in social solidarity in the cultural sector of social forces in the future seems probable, that if this unity is combined with regional order and the strengthening of civilizational factors, it will lead to the sustainability of the cultural geography of the group. It will be social.

Many analyzes of institutional issues are devoted to economic and political analyzes, and less attention has been paid to the role of cultural components and social movements by institutionalists. Today, however, cultural and social phenomena have a significant impact on international relations. The Arba'een Pilgrimage is also a phenomenon that can be studied in this regard. Accordingly, the analysis of why and how institutional elements affect the consistency of a regional order is of great importance.

In methodology, the statistical population and research indicators will be studied using quantitative methods. This article is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and methodical in terms of method and field survey in terms of data collection.

Based on this, the question that arises is that the institutional components of the Arba'een Pilgrimage have been able to play an important role in the Shiite geoculture by influencing the consistency and reshaping of the regional order in the framework of the Shiite geoculture.

Institutionalization at three levels of transnational (focusing on cultural pluralism), transnational (focusing on international integration) and national (focusing on the role of government) has led to the consolidation of the Shiite geocultural order at the regional level.

The goal of countries to conclude contracts and treaties in international relations is to increase national interests and ensure national security. Every country is trying to maximize its security in the international environment. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, abbreviated JCPOA, was the result of 12 years of negotiations between Iran and the West, which was finally finalized in the form of an international agreement. JCPOA can be studied from different angles and based on different theories. This article aims to evaluate the JCPOA based on the theory of deterrence. The question of this article is how the JCPOA can be explained based on the theory of deterrence? The findings show that based on the theory of deterrence, one of the reasons for America's withdrawal and non-removal of sanctions was its weaknesses according to the four principles of deterrence, i.e. credibility, stability, capability and communication.

This paper intends to indicate how semantic transformation of a word can shift and redirect a society’s trend toward a certain path. The concept of Maslahat or “expediency” that was used theoretically and within the framework of secondary rules until before the Islamic Revolution, resorted to the mechanisms of Ijtihad and dynamic jurisprudence after the victory of Islamic Revolution and was institutionalized within the Expediency Council to find appropriate solutions to the newly emerging issues. Such metamorphosis in the concept of expediency was an innovative move by Imam Khomeini who regarded governance as one of the primary rules of Islam prioritized over the secondary rules. The paper’s principal question is this: How semantic transformation of a concept can result in creation of new capacities for that concept? In response to the question, it should be said that the semantic transformation has changed the concept of Maslahat from its primary concept in such a way that it has become the theoretical basis and modern way of institutionalization in the structure of the Islamic Revolution. This library-based paper, developed through analytical-descriptive methodology, shows that government rules issued based on the expediency of the time, are among the primary rulings and in certain cases superior to those rules and enforceable.

In contemporary history, how religion and politics are related between Islamic thinkers has been discussed. Ali Abd al-Raziq al-Masri and Imam Khomeini are among the most important religious scholars who have dealt with religion and politics as the most fundamental subject of political thought in Islam and have reached two different conclusions. The purpose of this article is to examine the political thought of these two Muslim thinkers about the possibility and impossibility of an Islamic government.

This research has been done comparatively with documentary and library tools and after collecting data, the text analysis method has been used.

The findings of the article show that Ali Abd al-Raziq and Imam Khomeini (RA) as two influential religious scholars in the Islamic world about the possibility and refusal of religious rule have entered into this issue from two different bases. Imam Khomeini (ra) with a comprehensive and monotheistic ontological view and inspired by the principles of Shiite Imamate emphasizes the need for Islamic rule, while Abdul Raziq, influenced by the school of secularism, achieves the separation of religion and politics.

It can be said that Abd al-Raziq al-Masri, from the position of an Islamic scholar, tries to provide reasons for his claims from religious sources in order to be acceptable to Islamic societies. But in fact, his view is extra-religious and from the position of secularism

The world is made up of a collection of great and small civilizations with different cultures. One of the great civilizations is Islamic Context is Shiite civilization. Many analyzes on issues related to the Islamic world is explaining geopolitical issues. Few analyzes, with the help of identity and cultural analysis, have covered Geo Cultural analysis. This has been neglected for a long time for a number of reasons. But today, the return to civilizational, cultural, and identity analysis is an inevitable necessity. The Arbaeen March is a social phenomenon that cannot be explained by Geopolitical analysis, and there is a need to pay attention to the discourse or interdisciplinary perspective to analyze it. The question here is why and how the Arbaeen March affects the formation of Shiite Geo Culture. To answer this question, we first examine the factors that influence the impact of culture on the identity group under study and the reason for the formation of Geo Culture, as research indicators, and using quantitative methods of statistical population. Also, the barriers to the formation of Shiite geoculture and their impact have been investigated and compared between both types of factors to find the answer to the main research question. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, Functional, in terms of method, descriptive-analytical, and in terms of data collection survey.

The purpose of the present study is to address the ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei about humanitarian law. In this regard, the main question of the study explores the place of humanitarian law in the political idea of Ayatollah Khamenei with respect to different conflicts in the region and world. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that the humanitarian perspective in the ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei is universal and involves all humans regardless of their gender, ethnicity, religion, and nationality. The results of the study showed that humanitarianism as a branch of international law supports human dignity in order to decrease casualties and harms and alleviate human pains during conflicts. Reflection on the political ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei shows that his views under the influence of Islam pay attention to human rights as well as his dignity and value at all times and in all places. Therefore, according to his jurisprudential principles, attacking residential areas, schools, and hospitals, using weapons of mass destruction, inflicting harm to women and children and … are Haram and forbidden at all times and in all places. The humanitarian perspective of the supreme leader derived from the instructions of Islam and Shi’ite jurisprudence is different from and more developed than western and eastern countries’ perspective to human and his dignity. Some principles such as non-discrimination, limitation, and distinction that exist in the humanitarian law also exist in the ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei in even a more developed way, not influenced by the common humanitarian law but under the influence of Islamic ideology.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran has faced many crises during its 42-year life. Throughout history, scholars of various schools have tried to provide models for managing crises based on their worldview and school of thought. This study is intended to identify what the practical model of Imam Khomeini has been for dealing with crises. It seems that Imam Khomeini, providing successful management approaches for dealing with various crises, has applied a special model in crisis management containing specific features of its own while sharing some points with other models of crisis management. This research has reviewed the works and performance of Imam Khomeini through an analytical-descriptive method by library and documentary tools. The findings of the research revealed that Imam Khomeini (RA) has hsd a special model in crisis management in the face of various crises during the ten years of his leadership.

The importance of cultural foundations in designing the Iranian-Islamic model of progress. The importance of cultural foundations in designing the Iranian-Islamic model of progress Abstract development and advancment is a multiple and wrapped concept which is effective on certainty and development of that factors of numerous and various in surfaces of diverse.across these factors,some of factors as culture and cultural factors as changeable of comparatively neglected and hidden and of course determination must be considered which had to operate on as basic mover in development and advancment.in this basis,without.in this basis, the basic question of these article it's : what is the components which is in inside culture and japan's society which have provided the basis industerial development and rapid in this country?.the basic theory in this article it's which the basic factor at europe's development of industrial and rapid economic growth in japan in the last century is the result of the impact of religious practices and their culture on issues related to development and advancment. therefore according to this historical reality,essential to creation and stabilization of development and advancment in iran regardless of political changes at government level, formation of a fundamental change in iranian culture-religious approaches to the concept of development will be

Abstract To study politics and morality relationship and create interaction between the political and morality foundations are the most important and scientific issues in the field of political philosophy and thought. Reza Davari Ardakani and Alasdair Macintyre are two contemporary political and ethical philosophers. They have two different tradition of thought (Islam and the west) trying to study the coherence of politics and ethics. This research paper ignoring the differences of these two schools of thoughts, and considering the general and common views of these two intellectuals in social and political affairs tries to answer the following question:  What is the relationship between ethics and politics in political thoughts and opinions of Reza Davari Ardakani and Alasdair Macintyre? The hypothesis proposed is that Davari Ardakani and Macintyre, according to their epistemology and anthropology systems believe in the unity and relationship of ethics and politics. According to the results and findings of this research, both philosophers have tried to take advantage from explanatory, cognitive and normative implications to approve the positive hypothesis. Research method in this paper is analytical-descriptive and comparative.

War exists with human beings and merged with human lif. Throughout history, there have been many schools of thought that have tried to eliminate war or to curtail it. Some schools praised the war. Islam can not be indifferent to this important issue as a religion which is a comprehensive and complete plan for humanitarian life. The question of this article is: What is the purpose of Islam from war? and What is the purpose of other religions in the war. It seems that the difference between the view of Islam and other schools and religions is more in the purpose of the war. To measure this hypothesis, we try to compare the purpose of the war in Islam with other religions. Our research method will be a comparative method. The findings of the article are that Islam and other religions do not coincide in the ultimate goal of the war. Therefore, the difference in purpose also has different functions in how to fight. Key words: war, Islam, necessity of war, originality of war, Christianity, liberalism

The violence of Takfiri groups in recent years has involved countries all around the world. Non-Muslims and Muslims, both Shia and Sunnis, have been victims of the violence of Takfiri groups. By contrast, the Shiites response to the brutal acts of these groups has not exceeded the "legitimate defense" level and has not led to any retaliation, which Shiite scholar's intellectual beliefs seems to be one of the reasons behind it. Therefore, the kind of view of Imam Khomeini, as one of the most prominent Shiite scholars on the one hand and the provider of the political Islam differently than the other denominations, has stressed the importance of the phenomenon of assassination and violence. The question of this article is that to what extent takfir and acts of violence against others are related to the political discourse of Imam Khomeini? According to the political and practical discourse of Imam Khomeini, it is believed that takhfir and violence are not the means to achieve the goals ... In this paper, the descriptive-analytic method was used which was carried out by a review of documents though the library research method. The most important finding of the article is that Imam, as one of the great scholars of Shiite history, rejects employing takfir, violence and assassination in the political life based on his philosophical foundations.

In the face of modernity have great similarities in developing countries with geographical differences، racial and language. Development، modernization، democracy، popular sovereignty، nation-state building، especially in the face of oppression and colonization of the common areas of many developing countries in the past century. Iran and Egypt are two important countries in the region are the cultural and historical background. Persians and Egyptians in addition to pioneering joint role in the development of Islamic culture and civilization in history، even in the face of the West and Western civilization are also a lot of similarities. CIA coup against doctor Mohammed Mossadegh (1953) and the fall of Mohamed Morsi، in February)2011)، has a lot of similarities. The subject of this paper is to compare the causes of the rise and fall of Mohamed Morsi Mohammad Mossadegh. The paper shows that Mohammed Mossadegh and Mohamed Morsi in the face of tyranny and colonialism are similar. They have the same internal and external problems and finally found a common destiny Foreign powers، especially America with both the state government had similar encounters. Both were eventually overthrown by a coup. So it seems that the time had little effect on long-term strategy in the Middle East America. On the other hand، even the internal hostilities against revolutions and popular movements are similar.

This paper tries to study the role of political leadership and how it influenced victories and failures during history. Therefore, in a journey through fluctuating Iranian history, four prominent and influential wars of past two centuries – initially Iran-Russia war and finally Iran-Iraq war- have been studied. While comparing Iran's political leadership in these wars and their consequences, this question has been duly answered: what were the reasons of Iran's failures in three wars during Qajar dynasty and desired results of Iran-Iraq war?