دکتر علی موحد

The purpose of this research is to analyze the indicators of desirability in public spaces around of Abdolazim Hassani shrine in District 20 of Tehran Municipality. The data was obtained by a questionnaire‎. Sample people including 75 business men who have occuppied in the study area for at least 20 years, were selected among the total 1200 people as the responders. They should have evaluated 25 indicators of the space desirability which are classified into physical-environmental, social–cultural, and economic dimensions in accordance to the Likert ranges. One Sample t-Test in SPSS software and Kriging tools in GIS were used to analyze the data. Combining subjective and spatial analysis is the novelty of this research. Findings indicate an average level of desirability. Although some indicators of the socio-cultural dimension, such as social security, are very low, in this dimension, the desirability of the space is in higher level. The measures taken have mostly targeted physical dimension of the space. However, very few actions, and ignoring the cultural heritage and neglecting the need to connect with the past and the identity of the place, have caused these measures, even in the dimension, do not provide a satisfactory level of desirability. In order to promote the desirability of the studied spaces, participation of policy makers, planners and urban management on the one hand, and the managers of the shrine, the Vaqf organization, and the stakeholders (local merchants) on the other hand are essential.

Suburban villages are important because of their spatial and functional proximity, according to their livability level and the role of local management, as well as their own attractions and tourism conditions. In the last two decades, managers and policymakers who were involved in developing such areas, have sought to strengthen and diversify income sources for the residents of these areas and plan to organize activities and programs in suburban areas. One of these sources is the foundation and development of tourism in suburban areas using their own attractions.Suburban tourism is a different aspect of visitors' travel outside their homes and cities to the surrounding areas for vacations, enjoying day and short-term trips, recreation, fishing, and hunting, being in the heart of nature. This includes meetings with friends and relatives. In addition, taking advantage of silence and peace, fresh air, wide open spaces, and escaping from urban congestion are enjoyable.The literature on rural development management shows that institutions, as formal and informal organizations, play an undeniable role in environmental and territorial management behaviors, including village quality. Local administration (including village administration and village Islamic council) can effectively increase the quality of life and tourism capacity. In addition, constructive interactions between local managers and residents play a significant role in the overall development of the village.With the development of livability, the possibility of tension and conflict between people and tourists will decrease, more participation in planning and decision-making in the tourism industry will be made, and the sustainable tourism development will be realized; therefore, it is necessary toinvestigate the role of local management in the development of livability, and then analyze the role of livability in the development of tourism in suburban villages.Allahabad village of Yazd province, because of its close location to the city of Zarch and its relatively long history, when having historical attractions belonging to before Islam and the peaceful coexistence of Zoroastrian and Muslim residents, is in the category of famous and interesting villages of Yazd. Despite the tourism capacities, the local administration's lack of attention to these capacities has caused problems for the village. By identifying weaknesses and being aware of opportunities with the comprehensive cooperation of local managers and residents, the path to achieving the development of livability and tourism in this suburban area can be made smoother. The present research deals with the analysis of rural management of Allahabad in increasing the quality of life and tourism development in this region, and aims to achieve accurate results in line with the purpose of the research.The notable feature of the current research is that it analyses four different dimensions of livability with local management in a village and believes that if there is a direct relationship between local management and the livability of the village in all dimensions, then with the improvement of management, a place can achieve optimal livability and provide the basis for tourism development. Therefore, the present study attempts to address the research gap by examining the relationship between the three factors of local management, livability, and tourism development potential in a village around the city.

The research method used is a descriptive-correlation type of research in terms of its practical purpose with a survey nature and according to the way of data collection. The statistical population of this research included all the local residents of Allahabad village in Yazd in April 2022 (5573 people based on the census of the whole country in 2015) and 363 people were selected as the research sample by using random sampling and using Cochran's formula.In this research, a questionnaire designed with four sections including variables of local management, economic, social and environmental viability was used in the form of a five-item Likert scale from completely disagree (1) to completely agree (5). The validity of the questionnaire was calculated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. In order to investigate the relationship between research variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and finally the research hypotheses were tested with the structural equation model.

The average of local administration (village administration and village Islamic council) (M=2.78) in a five-choice spectrum showed that the respondents evaluated local administration (village administration and village Islamic council) at an average level. The average dimensions of economic, social and environmental viability showed that the respondents rated these three variables as average. Economic, social and environmental viability has a significant and direct relationship with local management (village Islamic council).The intensity of the relationship between economic environment and local management (village Islamic council) is reasonable but higher than other variables (r=0.81, p<.001). Social viability is most related to economic viability. Compared to social viability and local management (village administration and village Islamic council), environmental viability is more related to economic viability (r=0.79, p<.001). The results of the correlation prove that with the improvement of the situation of local management (village administration and village Islamic council), the economic, social and environmental viability will also improve. In the final model, although local governance has a direct impact on economic viability, it also has a direct impact on social viability. Another finding showed that local management has a direct impact on environmental viability.

The results of the research findings show that economic, social and environmental viability has a direct and meaningful relationship with local management (village administration and village Islamic council), and the intensity of the relationship between economic viability and local management is greater than other variables. Also, the results of examining the correlation of variables show the direct relationship between local management and livability in terms of improving the situation, and the final model of the research confirms the direct relationship between local management and livability dimensions.Examining the relationship between the local management of villages around the city with different aspects of livability comprehensively and the development of tourism as a new source of employment in these human settlements is one of the innovations of the present research. The results of this research regarding the direct and meaningful relationship between rural management and the Islamic Council with livability, especially in the economic dimension, indicate that the managers' attention to the economic components of livability, such as providing the possibility of obtaining tourism jobs for young villagers, using the tourism capacities of the village, improving the level of knowledge and awareness of the residents, emphasizing the preservation of their cultural identity and effective marketing in the field of introducing the positive aspects of tourism in the village of Allahabad, such as its antiquity, proximity to the city, historical attractions and the peaceful coexistence of followers of two different religions, the level of development sustainable tourism have improved the livability index of Allahabad village and consequently it is effective in increasing the quality of life of the villagers and the desire of the young people to stay and preserve their rural identity.

Literary tourism is one of the types of cultural tourism, the main purpose of which is to get to know the places related to the lives of writers, poets, artists and their works. Iran, having famous poets and writers, has suitable conditions for the development of literary tourism. In the meantime, Tehran has always been the focus of poets and writers of our country due to its political position and the presence of cultural and artistic centers. Therefore, it has great potential to create literary tourism. The analysis of literary tourism capacities is done at three levels: individual, organizational and environmental. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze "environmental capacities" in the development of literary tourism in Tehran. The research method in carrying out this research is descriptive-analytical with practical purpose. In order to collect information, documentary and survey methods have been used. The statistical population of survey studies included two groups of literary tourists and the local community. The research findings showed that "types of literary tourism" are the most effective variable of environmental capacity in the development of literary tourism in Tehran. After that, "infrastructure" is the second priority. "Literary places" are also in the third category, less important than the two mentioned cases. The research results show that Tehran has a suitable environmental capacity for the creation and development of literary tourism, and this capacity can be the grounds for the development of tourism in Tehran

Spiritual experience is one of the growing potentials and attractions in many tourist destinations, and involves a wide range of religious and secular tourists. This paper aims to analyze the motives and factors affecting the spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran. The required data were collected using 383 questionnaires from foreign female tourists in the hotels where they stayed, or at airports on their way to their country. Then the data were analyzed by applying correlation test and multi-linear regression analysis. The results of study show that, being in harmony with the nature is the most important motive for foreign female tourists traveling to Iran. Among the characteristics of tourist destinations, natural geography, history and culture lie as the most important factors affecting the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists visiting Iran.

One of the main factors in the development of tourism in any region is the satisfaction of tourists. Given the multiplicity of tourist needs as factors in attracting and developing tourism, the development of this sector requires the recognition of these needs and their provision by the destination. Acquiring the satisfaction of tourists requires measuring their satisfaction and recognizing the dimensions and factors affecting it. Accordingly, in the present study, the satisfaction of tourists from Kurdistan province and the factors influencing it have been studied. The present study was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study included all tourists who visited Kurdistan province in the research season in 1397, and finally, using the Cochran's formula, the sample size of 160 questionnaires was determined. The data collection method was library and field. Findings show that men are more satisfied than women and there is no significant difference between the age and education of tourists and their satisfaction; But there is a significant relationship between the job and economic status of tourists and their satisfaction. Research shows that the most important motivation for traveling to this province is to visit ecotourism attractions. Although the province's tourist attractions have been able to satisfy tourists; However, due to the weakness in services and amenities, the satisfaction of tourists is low. Research shows that the most important motivation for traveling to this province is to visit ecotourism attractions. The most important reason for tourists to enter this province is due to its suitable climate. Those who have traveled to the province in the past have also been interested in future trips.

With the rapid growth of population and urbanization since the last century, the complexity and understanding of the spatial organization of the city, as well as the ability to predict urban events in its spaces, have become difficult and in some cases impossible. Karaj metropolis is one of the major metropolitan areas of Iran that has been experiencing rapid population growth and this has led to complexity of space and consequently to complexity of organization recognition and analysis and its spatial structure and impact of livelihood components. It has become a spatial system. The main purpose of the present study is to identify the role and impact of Karaj's spatial organization on its nuclear viability. The research method is quantitative and descriptive-exploratory. The study area was Karaj metropolis and its main nuclei. The statistical population of this study is citizens living in the sub-nucleus of Karaj. The sample size was 378persons. The data used in this study were collected through library and field research. Data were analyzed using spatial statistics, spatial arrangement, and T-test and Friedman test. The results show that the Karaj metropolitan organization and spatial structure are interconnected and connected to some of the major routes, forming sub-nuclei away from the core and thus transferring the functional and service applications from the center to be the peripheral nucleus. This has affected the viability of the core. Decrease in biodiversity has occurred in different physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions that have affected the environmental and economic aspects less than the other two dimensions, so it can be concluded that the Karaj Spatial Organization has an impact on its viability.

Today, an important aspect of developed cities is the construction of large-scale commercial centers such as Megamalls. Abbasabad County is one of the coastal provinces in the north of Iran, which due to the tourism boom in recent years, approximately 18 small and large commercial centers have been built there that seems to have various impacts on economic, physical, social and ecological dimensions of its local communities. In this regard, the main purpose of this essay was to investigate the impacts of Megamalls on these towns. The required data of the applied and descriptive-analytical research were collected through library studies and field studies. The statistical population is the towns of province, which has been estimated to be 386 people selected as sample by using the Cochran formula. Moreover, the final weight of the criteria was determined by nine experts using paired comparison method. Applying the Fuzzy VIKOR model, cities were evaluated and ranked. The result of the research related to the importance of the 78 research criteria showed that the criteria of income, land and housing prices, rent and prices of goods and services are the most important criteria for measuring the sustainability of local communities. In addition, Abbasabad, Salman Shahr and Kelar Abad were ranked first to third in terms of the sustainability of communities with VIKOR with 0.444, 0.450 and 0.533 values, respectively. The average of the sustainability of the whole province with VIKOR at 0.475 shows that the Megamalls have influenced the stability of Abbasabad County and has reduced its stability compared to the time before the construction of the Megamalls.

Improving the desirability of spaces, which means that the spaces should be acceptable by the people and should affect the users, is an important desire and goal of urban regeneration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of urban regeneration in the desirability of Haram public space in District 20 of Tehran Municipality. It used a descriptive-analytical method based on survey data collected from 240 old businesspersons in the space. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test in SPSS Software and structural equations in AMOS Software were used. Findings indicate that space conditions for the presence of women and people of different ages, pedestrian transportation facilities, space safety, good access, user comfort, and a sense of belonging to the space, were the 25 indicators with better conditions. Since the implemented projects were more physical in nature and less cultural or social, the indicators and dimensions related to these dimensions have also undergone more changes.

Spatial development is how a phenomenon spreads from the center or domain and territorial area of ​​its expansion. Assessing the current situation and how to progress towards sustainable tourism leads to development in economic, socio-cultural, physical-environmental and institutional dimensions in the territory of the city. Achieving sustainability in its various dimensions requires the existence of measures, indicators and criteria for measuring tourism in order to analyze, evaluate and explain the status of tourism sustainability. This research is an applied research and its approach and attitude is descriptive-analytical. The required data and information were collected in two ways: library (documentary) and survey (field). The reliability of the research instrument was tested by Cronbach's alpha method and the obtained coefficient (0.873) indicates the high level of reliability of the questionnaire. This study uses Vickor, Electr, SAW multi-criteria decision making models and Kepland integration model, Ardabil four areas in terms of evaluating the spatial development of urban tourism at the regional level to achieve sustainable tourism with emphasis on socio-cultural, economic, environmental and physical indicators. And it has been prioritized. Findings showed that although the results of each of the models used have differences in priority and rank, but the integration model by combining the importance of each reached the final result and this important indicator of the similarity and combination of models with each other to achieve a single answer. Finally, spatial assessment and distribution in urban areas of Ardabil, including zones two, one, three and four, respectively, have priority.

Entrepreneurship is one of the development approaches of rural areas in various dimensions including economic, social and environmental. It also plays an important role as a leading strategy in the tourism sector. Entrepreneurial programs and activities can have important effects on the dimensions, indicators and different sectors of rural areas and rural tourism destinations resulting in important changes and developments in these destinations. Alamut district situated within Qazvin city, having its rural tourism resources and capabilities along with ecotourism and cultural tourism capacities, is one of the areas that has been associated with tourism growth and entrepreneurial activities in the past decade. The main purpose of this study is to assess the extent and scope of the effects and consequences of entrepreneurship programs on the changes and developments of rural tourism destinations within different dimensions.

 This research is of applied type and in terms of the nature of data, it is a quantitative-qualitative combined research. For this purpose, first through a series of library and field studies, the set of entrepreneurial activities carried out in the past decade was identified and then the dimensions and indicators of rural tourism destinations in four dimensions of economic, managerial-human, socio-cultural and physical-spatial were identified. The main statistical population of the study was the group of experts including village councils and rural tourism researchers and scholars familiar with the region and the tourism businesses owners. Local people were also examined as a complementary statistical population in terms of quality and theoretical saturation method to complete the information. Data analysis was performed using indicators and statistical analysis alongside with qualitative analysis.

The results show limited effects of entrepreneurship on the economic indicators of villages. Entrepreneurship has not been able to have significant effects on any economic indicators and the main effects are moderate and sometimes upward. Also in the socio-cultural dimension, entrepreneurial activities have not been able to make significant changes in the villages of Alamut, and these changes, which have been mainly positive, are limited. Entrepreneurial activities have a relative and moderate impact on the growth of the number of creative people and indigenous or non-indigenous entrepreneurs in rural areas, and to some extent have provided the ground for officials to communicate with entrepreneurs. In the physical-spatial dimension, the effects of entrepreneurship have been positive and negative. The average effects of entrepreneurship on the physical-spatial dimension are at a moderate and relative level. Entrepreneurship has had very little impact only on the level of protection of natural resources, but has had relative effects on the development of rural infrastructure and the level of infrastructure. However, the type of effects in this section is positive and negative. In the study of villages from the perspective of variability of entrepreneurship, Gazerkhan village, Garmarud and Evan village are in the first priority of change. Evan village has faced relative economic and physical-spatial changes due to the existence of Lake Evan and constructions, services and recreational complexes, and the structure of the village as well as the culture of the people and their social relations have been accompanied by changes. In other villages, the effects of entrepreneurship are small and limited, and in fact, entrepreneurship has not been able to make significant changes in these villages.In generally, the results show that the level of effects and consequences of entrepreneurship on destination changes is mainly at a moderate to high level while the degree of influence of destinations from entrepreneurship programs is relative. In general, the necessary planning should be done to manage the destination in order to prevent potential threats in order to reach the optimal level of development. Although entrepreneurship has caused relative and moderate changes in various dimensions in the tourist villages of Alamut, but these cases do not mean a great change in Alamut tourism and the changes have been very slow and gradual and it cannot be said that there is no particular change in rural tourism has been created. However, although the effects are limited and cannot be considered a change, but since the changes in destinations have been evident over the years, so it can be used as a strategy and program to change tourism in rural destinations in Alamut. Another noteworthy point is that the effects of entrepreneurship on all dimensions are the same and equal, which indicates that the level of entrepreneurial activities due to its limited scope, has not had much difference on different dimensions.

The right to the city is defined as a new form of citizenship so that all citizens can control and participate in the production of urban space. Women, as half of the society, do not have the possibility of equal use of urban spaces compared to men, and as a result, gender spaces are formed. According to the gender perspective, the dominance of patriarchal power relations in urban spaces should also be considered so that all residents with different identity differences such as gender; to be able to enjoy their right to participate and the right to own urban spaces. Presence in the female space as an independent variable consists of four dimensions: security, accessibility, mobility, and openness and sound. Women's rights to the city as a dependent variable and motivation as a moderating variable. The statistical sample of the research using the test-based method is 247 people, which includes women over 14 years old who use women-only parks in Isfahan. Data collection is through questionnaires and data analysis, structural equation modeling with smart pls software. The results showed that presence in the women's space affected the right to the city of women and the variables of security and openness, and having a voice in the right to the city of women is also significant. The variable of motivation as a moderator has no moderating role on the causal relationship of presence in the female space to the right to the city of women.

The concept of capacity is an important tool for achieving sustainable tourism in the context of sustainable development. Lack of attention to the category of capacity in the tourism industry causes irreparable damage to the environment and natural tourism areas, as well as dissatisfaction of visitors and indigenous people in the tourism area. The most important step in planning and expanding tourism in a particular region is to analyze the existing capacities in it. Because not paying attention to the capacities with incorrect planning and not paying attention to the ecological potential of the region, not balancing between the volume and type of recreational activities, not paying attention to the range capacity of the region, not paying attention to the facilities and infrastructure factors (type and quantity) necessary for physical development. Considering the seasonal nature of recreation and fluctuations throughout the year can be considered as a threat to the environment. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the tourism potential of Yazd. This research is of applied type and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The research data were completed by a questionnaire of 400 tourists and citizens as well as 30 experts (as a sample size) and then analyzed by t-test, Delphi method and Shannon entropy. The results show that by relying on the high tourism capacities of Yazd in three levels of individual, environmental and organizational and attracting specialized forces in the field of tourism, using the potentials of the old texture of the city, and by identifying sustainable tourism, and holding Various festivals for economic prosperity and the like have eliminated many of the current shortcomings in meeting the needs of tourists and developed a sustainable urban tourism environment in Yazd.

Today, threats facing humanity are fundamentally different from those in previous years. The risks associated with these brand-new hazards cannot be kept under control and look to be far more serious and deadly than the risks posed by age-old or natural hazards. Some of them have become a global crisis and had a far-reaching impact on tourism. The coronavirus crisis (COVID 19) is one of the most effective global crises that has profoundly affected tourism and paralyzed many tourism activities. Getting back to normal and the time before this crisis seems to take a long time. The purpose of this article is to investigate and identify the impact of the COVID 19 virus on tourism industry, which has been done using a descriptive method and data collection. In this review, the issue has been explored within the framework of the Sendai Treaty. In this treaty, health is a key element of the Sendai framework for reducing the risk of crisis in the 2030-2015 perspective. This study shows that the humanitarian crisis of COVID 19 is the most serious and devastating global challenge after World War II. Prevention and treatment of this virus have not yet been developed. It is therefore very important that we continue to share, learn, and innovate so that we can improve monitoring, prevention, and treatment. The importance of responsible behavior and international cooperation to reduce the effects of the virus is a new approach in global decisionmaking. The tourism industry cannot achieve much success without this vision. On the other hand, gaining customer trust in tourism companies requires new skills and learning methods in the field of hospitality and responsibility at different levels as an international protocol.

In today’s world, the growing trend of urban population and urbanization process on the one hand, and the need to maintain land located in the suburbs and valuable  natural area and the need to save the land on the other hand, has put high-rise construction and dense urban development on the agenda of the urban management. The provision of housing and the issue of population housing have always been the most significant factor in the nature and objective of such planning, and may have marginalized considerations and observance of various physical, social, cultural and environmental criteria. Because of factors such as the reconstruction of the ruins of the eight-year war, the process of migration from rural areas and other cities of West Azerbaijan province to this city, at a time, the city of Urmia first began to develop horizontally through numerous changes in urban uses, after that time, due to huge costs, the existence of natural barriers from a geographical point of view, the inability of the local executive body in providing infrastructure networks, the tendency to develop high-rise buildings within the urban management setting and consequently among the private sector becamemore powerful. The process of dense construction of Urmia began more or less in the late 1990s, and since then, the city of Urmia has been the bedrock for the construction of high-rise residential buildings in high and relatively high areas; and during this period, natural resources and barren lands underwent land use changes and dense development; consequently, the development of high buildings, apart from social and cultural inadequacies, has imposed congestion and traffic problems in the alleys, as well as the inconsistency, heterogeneity and ugliness on the city.

This research is of cognitive type in terms of purpose, and is of evaluation type  in terms of method; it is of cross-sectional in terms of time; and, is quantitative in terms of data type. Primary data were analyzed in SPSS software, specifically through using one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The statistical population of the study includes citizens living in district 1 of Urmia Municipality, and based on Cochran's formula, the sample size has been calculated and determined to be 384 people. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was prepared based on simple random sampling method in the number of the sample size, and it was distributed in the study area. And its face and content validity has been estimated based on the purpose of the research through consulting with professors and experts, and its reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha test to measure the internal consistency of items, and was found to be 0.81.

Nowadays, the need for a high-rise construction strategy is more apparent due to the increasing population growth and land constraints. High-rise buildings, as the result of technological advancement, can increase pollution due to the negative environmental consequences associated with high population and building densities, if not properly controlled and supervised. In this study, according to one -sample t-test, all four dimensions include a moderate to high status (social: 30.4; economic: 28.7; environmental: 26.8; and physical: 45.6). According to Friedman test, the reason for the moderate to high social status is the proportionality of the security situation and the low rate of conflict, but the sense of belonging and life suitability in the units is not very satisfactory. The above-average economic status is due to the profitability in construction and the existence of seasonal jobs, which is associated with a service-oriented economy in strict 1 of the city of Urmia. Regarding the environmental dimension, the relatively good health status has taken an average to high score, and at the same time the quality of waste collection in strict 1 of Urmia is appropriate. But noise pollution is on the rise in the strict. In terms of the physical dimension, the proper quality of the water, gas and telephone network has given it a moderate to high status. But the physical dimension of district 1 has been problematic for high-rise buildings in cases such as neighborhood , emergency stairs, building strength, impact on street congestion due to shortage of parking areas.

According to the criteria studied and what is highlighted in the principles of high-rise construction, more density of the city leads to the lower transportation, while the case study in this research is one of the busiest parts of the city in terms of traffic, daily and night movement of personal vehicles. Despite the possibility of better and more use of urban lands, district 1, which has a higher slope and is at higher altitude comparing to the other areas of the city, does not have much power and possibility to get natural light, and has increased shading. It has inevitably failed to achieve urban sustainability. It can be acknowledged that despite the expansion of high-rise buildings and the vertical growth and density of the city, the location allocation of these units has not been done properly; and in the field of construction, the obvious principles such as height proportion, facade proportion, neighborhood, distribution of facilities and services, etc. have not been observed, and this issue has distorted the urban landscape. In addition, the lack of infrastructure such as multi-storey parking areas and the lack of parking in the buildings have contributed to the congestion of the streets. And all of theses issues are due to not following a distinct and standard pattern, and the process of transformation of the district has been mostly subjective in terms of high-rise construction.

Leisure is an integral part of everyday life in todaychr('39')s world. Today, leisure is a new social arena in which various factors influence. Understanding these factors and examining their role and their impact on active (external) and inactive (external) leisure has been a major part of proper city management since this day. Therefore, in this study, using exploratory method, we sought to identify the factors affecting leisure time in district 22 of Tehran. This is a cross-sectional, applied research. The method of data collection is survey and its tool is a questionnaire. This study, using inferential statistical methods and SPSS software and statistical analysis such as correlation, regression and t-test, attempted to analyze the relationship between independent research variables (functional, security, aesthetic, transportation, economic, biological). Environment and infrastructure facilities) and the dependent variable (active and inactive leisure time), to identify the maximum impact and the least impact of the variables. The results showed that the effect and correlation of factors on leisure time (active and inactive) were different. In other words, indoor or passive leisure time is less affected by the external environment and context. But on the other hand, leisure time active or foreign in the 22nd district of Tehran is strongly influenced by background conditions and the external environment. Aesthetic variables and infrastructure facilities have the highest relationship with active leisure time and economic, performance and economic components have the least impact. In the passive leisure time, most of the impact factor is related to infrastructure and least to economic component.

Nowadays, tourism is being planned as one of the strategies of economic development in many countries. Even so, tourism planning due to its dynamic and complex nature requires a comprehensive and targeted approach to development. Murphy believes that a tourism destination is located within a system that, as an intermediary, allows local residents and tourists to meet on the spot and provides tourists with various components of the tourism product in terms of accommodation, services and attractions. Understanding of stakeholders’ perception of tourism effects and their support for the tourism development process has been the subject of much research. Various models including social exchange theory, tourism life cycle and segmentation have been used to study stakeholders. In the social exchange method, the tourism host community examines the cost-benefit. In the segmentation theory, the costs and benefits of different departments or groups are examined, and in the life cycle theory, tourism evaluation is considered over time. In order to achieve sustainable tourism development in Lahijan, it is necessary to study stakeholders' perceptions of tourism development. Therefore, this research seeks two aims. First, it assesses the current state of tourism development from the perspective of stakeholders to determine its sustainability level and then examines the difference between stakeholders’ perception and its significance. Therefore, the following questions were formulated in terms of the research

1.what is the level of tourism development of Lahijan city from viewpoint of sustainability?
2.Is there a significant difference between stakeholders' perceptions (local residents, officials, investors and tourists) regarding the tourism impacts sustainability in Lahijan?

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method of research. Documentary (library studies) and field (questionnaire) methods were used to collect the required data. The statistical population of this study includes local residents, managers, tourists and investors in Lahijan, which was determined by Cochran formula. Data were analyzed by using of mean and one-way analysis of variance in SPSS 25 software.

Data analysis showed that in view of economic perception, tourism development is in the mean (3/34) and above average in Lahijan city. Compared this between groups, it also showed that economic perception is at the suitable and moderate level from the standpoint of investors and managers, locals and tourists, respectively. A survey of the tourism development in terms of social also showed that the overall of the stakeholders’ perception was at an average level (3/16), but the highest level of social perception was for investors and the lowest was for managers. Local residents and tourists also rank second and third place, respectively. Physical development caused by tourism development is also in an undesirable condition (2/8) in Lahijan, as all four stakeholder groups confirmed it. Environmentally, the average situation in Lahijan is at an average level (3/07). The highest level of environmental perception was for investors (3/14) and the lowest one was for local residents (2/86). Managers and tourists are ranked second and third spots, with scores of 3/28 and 3, respectively. In general, the comparison of stakeholders in the four dimensions of tourism development in Lahijan indicated that the highest level of development is allocated to economic variables and the lowest level of development is belonged to physical ones. Social and environmental dimensions were ranked second and third, respectively. In addition, The Fisher test statistics presented that the environmental, economic and social perception of the stakeholders with 99% confidence had a significant difference, while there was no significant difference between the stakeholders. The quality of mean differences for stakeholder groups also showed that in terms of perception, investors are in high-level and managers are in low-level. Also, tourists and residents are ranked second and third. The Tukey test also indicated that there were two groups of perceptions in Lahijan. The first group includes managers, residents and tourists, while the second group consists only of investors.
 

Understanding stakeholders’ perceptions is one of the key factors of tourism development in a destination. Planning from top to bottom, regardless of all stakeholders has led to a lack of tourism sustainable development, especially in Iran and Lahijan city. It is widely believed that tourism sustainable development is the only way to make the most optimal use of the tourism industry. Proper and systematic planning is needed to identify the key factors of tourism sustainable development. In none of the tourism development processes in Lahijan has been provided the necessary background for the participation of local residents and tourists. While local residents, as main owners of tourism destination, play a key role in the tourism development process. So that, the consent and satisfaction of local residents to attract tourists can extend the lifecycle of a destination. The productivity and benefit of managers and investors are somewhat clear. Managers are looking to attract more investors and thus fund the city's public spending through taxation and investors are also looking for an opportunity to make more profit at a lower cost. In the meantime, tourists and especially local residents do not have the power and necessary context to participate in the tourism development process.

 in This Study, Space is Not Understood as a Neutral and Unaltered Container, Rather It Is Considered as an Informative Content for Human Beings. In Other Words, Time In A Space-Bound Framework Is Fixed, And Understanding The Existence of A Social Space Requires A Historical Awareness And Knowing The Man. The Purpose of This Study is To Decode the Mechanisms affecting The Production of Classy and Disordered Urban Form, The Subjective Function of Consumerism and The Rupture in The Structure of Social Interaction in Shiraz. Flows that are Not Easily Understood and Require Careful Thought - Based Scrutiny. The experience of space is not separate from the text, but implies the theoretical realm and indeed the relation between the quality of idealism and the quality of life. Every kind of absolute, abstract, math, social, and so on definition of space follows its own methodology. According to the social production of space, the type of research is qualitative and based on the triple dialectic; Perceived Space (Shiraz's economy and market), Conceived space (The laws and structures governing the city), and living space )Shiraz people's will and creativity). this Research Ontology at Examining the Existence of a Social Space Based on the Interconnectedness of Action, History and Time. The conclusions of the present research shows the complete absence of planning to the Shiraz city and it is reduced to map. Moreover the domination of technocrats rather than civil society, reduce social interaction and meditation, lack of tax structure, rental of detailed plan coding, inability to use equitable distribution services and class gaps are from fundamental characteristics of shiraz. Ultimately, the consolidation of map planning in SHIRAZ is the consolidation of poverty traps. According to, UP to 2017 more than 45 percent of 477916 Households in Shiraz, lived in Tenant Houses. Those that were hit by inflation of 100 percent Increase in housing prices in 2019 and their hopes of becoming a homeowner were lost. 

 The Essence of This Cosmos, Which Human And His Thoughts Belong To It, Has Features That Can Be Described In Three Notions: Energy, Space and Time. ‘There is no way in which we can understand what is happening to the world, to our societies, to our environments, to the seas, to the air around the entire planet, and so on, if we do not look at three related factors: the unprecedented concentration of humans in cities, the growth of the human population, and the increase in certain forms of consumption’ (Mendieta, 2001; 10). Therefore, in This Study, Space is Not Understood as a Neutral and Unaltered Container, Rather It Is Considered as an Informative Content for Human Beings. In Other Words, Time In A Space-Bound Framework Is Fixed, And Understanding The Existence of A Social Space Requires A Historical Awareness And Knowing The Man. According To Heidegger, It Must Be Accepted That The Subject Is Not The Initiator of His Thinking; Thinking And Theorizing Is Not Possible in a Vacuum, But Always Within a Historical Tradition Based on Previous Assumptions Lie in This Tradition. The Purpose of This Study is To Decode the Mechanisms affecting The Production of Classy and Disordered Urban Form, The Subjective Function of Consumerism and The Rupture in The Structure of Social Interaction in Shiraz. Flows that are Not Easily Understood and Require Careful Thought - Based Scrutiny. The experience of space is not separate from the text, but implies the theoretical realm and indeed the relation between the quality of idealism and the quality of life. Methodology         Every kind of absolute, abstract, math, social, and so on definition of space follows its own methodology. According to the social production of space, the type of research is qualitative and based on the triple dialectic; Perceived Space (Shiraz's economy and market), Conceived space (The laws and structures governing the city), and living space )Shiraz people's will and creativity). In fact, Understanding the space of Shiraz depends on the presence of the phenomenologist (quintuple's senses), the study of the history of thought, including works by thinkers such as Hafez, Hegel, Marx, Schopenhauer, Lefebvre's, Harvey ..., as well as dialogues with the Elites and residents of Shiraz. The method of analyzing the data and documents examined in this study is "Critical Discourse". Table 1- Appropriate production of housing and unfair distribution in Shiraz  

History Does Not Give The Objectivity To The Old Rational Entity in The Man; Rather Provide It In A Coherent Set of Institutions, Groups And Limited Systems of "Law, Family, Morality, City, Trade, Etc." Theoretical approach of this study is based on Henri Lefebvre (1901-1991) theories. Lefebvre argues (1970), Industrial society is seen not as an end in itself but as a preparatory stage for urbanism. Industrialization, he argues, can only find its fulfillment in urbanization, and urbanization is now coming to dominate industrial production and organization. Industrialization, once the producer of urbanism, is now being produced by it. Lefebvre argues (1974), that social space is a social product and also it is political issue. He introduced an epistemological system for the urban which emphasizes Dialectic of space, structural and semiotic analysis along with a critique of urban planning system. To analyze the social space, Lefebvre considers three moments perceived, conceived and lived- and claims that there is a dialectical relation-in Hegelian term- among them; that is, each one try to negate another.

This Research Ontology at Examining the Existence of a Social Space Based on the Interconnectedness of Action, History and Time. The conclusions of the present research shows the complete absence of planning to the Shiraz city and it is reduced to map. Moreover the domination of technocrats rather than civil society, reduce social interaction and meditation, lack of tax structure, rental of detailed plan coding, inability to use equitable distribution services and class gaps are from fundamental characteristics of shiraz. Ultimately, the consolidation of map planning in SHIRAZ is the consolidation of poverty traps. According to Table 1, UP to 2017 more than 45 percent of 477916 Households in Shiraz, lived in Tenant Houses. Those that were hit by inflation of 100 percent Increase in housing prices in 2019 and their hopes of becoming a homeowner were lost. Table 1- Appropriate production of housing and unfair distribution in Shiraz Residential Units  in Shiraz City Home Ownership Number percent Households of  Shiraz City 472356 Owner 211161 %44.7 477916 Tenant 213651 %45.2 others 47544 %10.1 Source; Statistical Center of Iran, (2017) Finally in the competition between representation spaces and representations of space, what is left is spatial practices that has continuity as reproducer of government survival. Nevertheless, The Everyday Life Is the Realm of Producing Meanings; a Realm in Which The Individual and Collective Capabilities are Built. By Reaching Such as Cognition, Individuals Become Aware of Their own Issues and Their Community to Make Changes in Their Individual and Collective Lives. Indeed, Representational Spaces, In Contradiction With Unified Laws And Induced Coherence, Reminding The Conceptual and Symbolic Elements, Place Of Enthusiasm, Actions, And Beings, Immediately Refer to Time. in Such a Situation, in Contrast To the Materialist Approach and The Abstract views Based on The Capitalist System, Concrete Explanation Can Be Found in the Context of The Social Space. In article of “the rights to the city, Harvey examines (2003); the creation of a new urban commons, a public sphere of active democratic participation, requires that we roll back that huge wave of privatization that has been the mantra of a destructive neoliberalism. We must imagine a more inclusive, even if continuously fractious, city based not only upon a different ordering of rights but upon different political-economic practices. If our urban world has been imagined and made then it can be re-imagined and re-made. The inalienable right to the city is worth fighting for. `City air makes one free' it used to be said. The air is a bit polluted now. But it can always be cleaned up.

Since the beginning of the present century, the changes in urbanization and its physical transformations have had unfavorable consequences on the structure of the Iranian city, so that the current city, without any attention to its initial construction and organization, has been characterized by disruption, irregular (uneven) development and Socio-economic inequalities. Therefore, the study of changes in the spatial and physical structure of urban environments and their orientation towards harmony and spatial equilibrium is necessary in various aspects of physical, social and economic and preventing spatial instability and inequality.Since it is difficult and impossible to understand the structure and frame of cities based on the analysis of all parts of the city. therefore, analyzing the spatial structure of cities in relation to urban development pattern needs to be able to respond to these spatial spatial complexities and help to understand the structure and spatial structure of modern cities .of theories and methods that study the structure and configuration of urban spac is space layout theory. based on this theory, the city structure and  basics.

The neighborhood has a special place in Iranian cities and is one of the elements that plays a key role in shaping collective identities. However, the body shapes the city, but beyond it, it repeats the role played in the daily lives of the inhabitants and plays a role in long-term collective memory. They become elements of identity that change in these structures can make fundamental changes to the foundations of the identity of a city. However, today, the neighborhood is no longer of importance and credibility, but with respect to the remaining historical nuclei of the old neighborhoods, it continues to identity in some areas. Urban development plans such as renovation and renovation projects of textiles and worn out sites are among the most important designs and tools that can have a positive or negative impact on neighborhood structures and neighborhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of urbanization and renovation projects on urbanization in district 10 of Tehran municipality. The present research is based on the applied objective and based on the descriptive-analytical method. The data gathering method was documentary and field study (in the form of a questionnaire, interview). Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, ...) and inferential statistics (correlation, multivariate regression) were used to analyze the data using spss software as well as content analysis method. To this end, structural, physical, security, economic, and health indicators have been used for neighborhoodism. The results of this study indicate that, despite the fact that the implementation of urban regeneration and renovation projects in terms of structural and physical aspects has had dramatic results in the region, but the impact of these plans on the feeling of belonging to people The local area and local identity have been weak and sometimes caused the lack of trust and sense of belonging to the local community and the surrounding environment, making them unsuccessful in terms of social performance. Overall, evaluating urban drainage projects and projects has not been followed up with studies of its strategies and policies, and has not succeeded in strengthening the foundations of neighborhoodism, and it can even be said that the implementation of these plans has weakened the dimensions of neighborhood and neighborhood status in the social system. .

Tourism as a human activity deep impact on geographical areas and local communities to leave home. This activity, which is cited as an invisible export Tasyrgzarv industry, in recent decades as a base industry contributes to the urban economy. The city has a land area of tourism is attracting tourists to space. On the other hand, users secondary focus of tourism in places that are accessible to tourists. Space includes natural processes altered by human and social conditions of production and the division of labor in the total regular. One of the most important issues in the field of tourism, urban and spatial analysis of the effects, reflections and spatial patterns in urban spaces is. So that it can be a valuable means of understanding the impact of space tourism and created patterns obtained from it. Baneh in the middle of one of the parts of the North West in recent years due to the growth of business tourism in the city has witnessed vast changes in its own space. These changes follow a specific pattern that according to studies create new applications or applications growing tourism growth of tourism in the town of Baneh. The purpose of this paper is to analyze spatial patterns of tourism and the creation of geographic locations and geographic phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to analyze spatial patterns of tourism and the creation of geographic locations and geographic phenomena. In this study, using spatial models such as Moran Moran National and local tourism study of the distribution and spatial patterns of land use in the city studied. The result of research and spatial analysis showed a cluster of tourism in the city of Baneh secondary distribution applications. Tourism land use related to tourism or tourism cluster pattern followed in one or two parts of the city have been distributed. The distribution of land in relation to the position and functional relationship they have with each other. So tourism urban space and land in the city of Baneh form of tourism in certain parts of the city and in close proximity to each other.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the ancient structure of Ardakan city for the development of urban tourism and to achieve sustainable development and sustainable city. The purpose of this research is to analyze the ancient structure of Ardakan city for the development of urban tourism and to achieve to sustainable development and sustainable city. Since the old tissue of Ardakan city is associated with inefficiencies in various dimensions, its consequences are accompanied by an increase in social anomalies, economic downturn and instability of the old age, the microorganism of the tissue, the lack of investment incentives, the desire for migration and the continuous changes of the native social fabric, and There is a substitute for poor social groups; the most important approach to managing and revitalizing it is the urban regeneration approach. In urban regeneration, unlike previous urban planning processes that focused solely on physical aspects and prevented the realization of the goals of modernization, the development and rehabilitation of the economic, social, cultural and functional dimensions of the city played an important role and The inseparable part of the urban development process is discussed. Urban regeneration is one of the methods for urban tourism planning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of recreation of the old textures in Ardakan city to help develop urban tourism by recognizing the optimal patterns of city development and development. Hence the dominant perspectives for sustainable urban regeneration. This research has been exploratory-analytic in terms of method. The study area in the present study was the old tissue of Ardakan city, which was 47 hectares and was composed of three neighborhoods. The sample consists of 30 experts from the municipality, cultural heritage and urban elites. The data analysis method was using SWOT and GIS and SPSS softwares. The findings of this study showed that recreational measures in Ardakan’s old context in physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions were obtained at 3.4 strength points and 1.47 in weaknesses. The above dimensions of the external factors and the points of opportunity were equal to 3.47 and at 1.60 points of threat. Regarding the quality of recreational activities for tourism development based on the spatial analysis and SWOT model, it was found that the Charkhab neighborhood and parts of the southern neighborhood of the new market have the most dispersed dilapidated and inactive parts, and it is necessary to pay more attention to these parts To be Strategies for the rehabilitation and maintenance of historically valuable elements, the creation and organization of business and service activities, prioritizing the pedestrian movement, the use of consensus of organs to revive the historical context in the recreation of the old city of Ardakan were introduced as the main suggestions of the research.

Urban neighborhoods, as the smallest level of urban structure, are the closest to social interactions and play an important role in the formation of a sustainable urban community. Undoubtedly, social participation is on the rise and human societies are faced with a new opportunity, which will be effective in improving the human condition. Promoting local development and responding to diverse economic, social, financial, territorial, educational and other issues. Citizens in urban neighborhoods need "citizen social participation" and "exploiting the capacities of NGOs and NGOs". Local councils in Tehran are among the institutions created to increase the participation of people in urban management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of councils in Tehran's neighborhoods in local participation and development. Exploratory-exploratory research is an applied research method. The data collection method was library and field based (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson model) were used to analyze data using spss software. The results of the research show that the development of localities can be achieved by strengthening local participation. But the role of the councils in increasing the participation of civilians in urban management plays a minor role. Courageous mechanisms are also inadequate to increase the participation of the people of the neighborhood and the role of the municipality in increasing the participation of the people. Also, councils are not at the level of planning and urban management.