مقالات رزومه دکتر حسین سلطان زاده

Problem statement:

 Many buildings in the West have a reflection of Egypt’s past architecture. This research studies the origin of “The Egyptian Revival Movement” and the formation of “The Egyptian Architecture Revival” in America, in which, the artist uses the shapes, motifs, and images of ancient Egyptian works of art, which is attributed to the awareness of Western artists about the historical works of ancient Egypt after the conquest by Napoleon in 1798.

This study attempts to discover the roots and influence of ancient Egyptian art and architecture on American architecture in the 20th century.

This qualitative research aims to find the roots and the way ancient Egyptian art and architecture influenced American architectural works in the 20th century using an interpretive-historical method.

Results show that after the conquest of Egypt by Napoleon, many artists of the following decades were inclined to the art and architecture of ancient Egypt, which led to the formation of the Revival movement of Egyptian architecture. In this way, many architectural buildings were designed and constructed with the inspiration of the art and architecture of ancient Egypt in form and elements such as sanctuary, pylon, peristyle, pyramid, and also Egyptian motifs like papyrus, gorge-cornice with vulture-winged solar globe.

Timcheh and historical bazaars are among the commercial buildings of the city, which have played an important role in the trade and commercial exchanges of the cities throughout history, and the physical type of today's shopping centers and arcades is based on the historical bazaars and timchehs, the lack of recognition of the organization The space of these buildings is being forgotten due to the destruction, change of use and reconstructions, and the restoration and unrelated architecture in these spaces has caused the loss of the previous values ​​and the correct recognition of the spatial organization of these historical buildings. Therefore, this research aims to reveal the differences and similarities between the timchehs of the Safavid and Qajar periods in the historical bazaar of Isfahan by understanding the principles of spatial organization and establishment. The main questions of the research are: How are the physical patterns and spatial organization in the Safavid and Qajar timchehs of Isfahan's historical bazaar? What are the patterns extracted from the spatial organization and physical type of Safavid and Qajar timchehs? The present research method is a case study using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting information in the field and documents (library), the results of this research show. The results of this research show that the timchehs of Isfahan market related to the Safavid and Qajar periods were formed due to the developments in trade and commerce and the greater prosperity of trade in the Qajar period. The increase in spatial extent in the Qajar period compared to the Safavid period is evident, and the wider connection between the timchehs and the market halls due to the boom in trade during the Qajar period is one of the physical developments of the timchehs of these two historical periods, the timchehs of the Safavid period are often independent, with roofs., have one entrance and have less architectural decorations than the timchehs of the Qajar period, the timchehs of the Qajar period are mainly related to palaces, have two entrances and have luxurious architectural decorations compared to the Safavid period in Isfahan bazaar.

The hypothesis of the Sassanid architecture's influences on Islamic architecture has been discussed in former inquiries with regards to the formalistic and decorative congruencies, but the fact that these similarities can be attributed to other periods has been neglected. Architecture as a knowledge and profession has a sociotechnical nature, therefore these two aspects should be assayed in influence explanation in addition to physical evaluation. As such, this study explores these influences in the deeper layers, that is, circumstances of architecture as a part of knowledge and profession as well as building technology of structural elements in the Sassanid and Islamic epochs that have been negligibly investigated in prior studies. The theoretical foundation of this assessment relies on the intertextuality theory, and the data are taken from historical texts for analysis. This study aims to reveal the architecture status and its actors’ position in the Sassanid era by providing a diachronic understanding of architecture and a scrutiny reflection on the construction process to indicate their impacts on the subsequent text, that is, Islamic architecture. elucidating this relevance can assist in boosting or weakening the main hypothesis as well as the origin of the formation of Islamic architecture. The current research process is qualitative, retrospective, and reliant on predominantly Inductive arguments and of an interpretive-historical approach. The results and discussion demonstrate that Islamic architecture is entirely indebted to the Sasanian architectural tradition in terms of its concept, status, and, administrative system but in construction technology scope, although Islamic architecture relies on the previous methods, some alterations have been made in the implementation form and materials to evolve the previous techniques.

Problem statement: 

Children are required to continuously experience and learn, and the space of classrooms should be able to govern the sensory and mental powers of students and improve their learning ability. The research question addresses the shape and design of the elementary classroom and its effect on the quality of teaching methods to determine the most appropriate one.

The study aims to investigate the current classroom environment of elementary schools and its influence on the quality of modern educational methods in Iran.

This is descriptive-analytical research using the content analysis method to analyze the data from library resources, and interviews from the field. The sample included four primary schools in Tehran during the years 2001–2021. The theoretical foundation of the study also points to the influence of spatial design and the shape of the classroom on teaching methods.

According to the results, the elementary classrooms in Iran during the years 2001-2021 have had square and rectangular shapes with vertical and linear directions; the teaching methods in these classes are mostly based on individual, lecture, and discussion methods, which among them, group discussion is considered as the most appropriate one. But unfortunately, due to the linear and axial position of tables, benches, and other equipment in elementary classrooms, this method is not often used by teachers, and the two other individual and lecture methods are more applicable. Moreover, classroom furniture, as one of the architectural components of the classroom, had a significant influence on education. Therefore, it can be concluded that the geometrical shape and the space layout of elementary school classes have a significant role in improving the quality of teaching methods to choose the best one.

Universities are one of the first examples of the application of tradition and modernism in the buildings of any country, and the audience is educated adults who can play an effective role in society. The traditional architecture of India before the arrival of the British in India was more about creating spectacular and attractive forms carved out of stone. At this time, the main purpose of architectural tools was to glorify and magnify rituals and customs. Then the British entered the scene and they built their first modern buildings, which housed all the necessities of running a large empire. At this time, the culture and art of the colonialist country consciously and unconsciously influenced the way of construction and architecture, especially in the big cities of India. India declared independence in 1947 with non-violent struggles. The purpose of this research is to investigate the components of the modernism tradition in the university buildings of Iran and India. The research method in this research is a combination of nested type (qualitative in quantitative) with comparative weighting to the results of analysis in the quantitative field, in the qualitative part, first, using the technique of systematic review of the theoretical literature of articles in the field of tradition and modernism, indicators of tradition and modernism are extracted. And then they are categorized and semi-structured interview questions are developed based on them in the qualitative section. The experts who are selected based on the snowball system with the entry criteria are interviewed and the results are entered into the ATLASTI software for ease of coding. University buildings are selected with Delphi future research system with Kendall's coefficient, and then based on the obtained components, a questionnaire is compiled and provided to space users. The method of selecting the study samples was such that among about 200 universities in Iran and India according to architectural characteristics (tangible and intangible strategies and metaphors), the number of 22 universities in Iran and India in the first stage according to research data, documents and documents available , the plans were selected and then according to the opinion of designers and theorists in the field of contemporary architecture in Iran, using the Delphi method and taking into account the influential factors in their design as well as the availability of existing documents, their number was reduced to 18 universities in Iran and India and examined. In the quantitative stage, the sample size is selected by Morgan's table with the number of 384 people. The results are entered into JMP software for the analysis of inferential statistics. The results indicate that in the university buildings of Iran, the game components with visual communication elements with a value of (1.000) have the highest coefficients of determination in the association of tradition, and introversion with a value of (0.246) has the lowest correlation. In Indian university buildings, the use of brick as the dominant wall material with the value of (1.000) is the highest and the lowest is related to the spatial hierarchy with the value of (0.254). In the components of modernism in Iranian academic buildings, playing with honest dimensions (1.000), honest expression of structural materials on the facade (1.000) and reminders of modernism have the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest related to the connection between inside and outside with wide transparent surfaces with The value is (0.354) in Indian university buildings, the play of light and shadow, the honest expression of structural materials on the facade and reminiscent of modernism with the value (1.000) is the highest value and the lowest value is related to the use of materials and new technological achievements (0.155) ) Is. In the correlation stage between the components of modernism in the universities of the two countries, it was found that in Indian universities, the honest expression of the structural materials in the facade has the highest value (0.865) and the component of spatial planning has the lowest value (0.188) in the buildings. University of Iran, the component of the game with honest dimensions (0.882) has the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest correlation coefficient is related to the component emphasizing the height of the building with the value (0.258).

The family is the most fundamental social unit. Paying attention to the family and the needs of its members, especially the need for leisure, is a manifestation of Iranian and Islamic culture that nurtures healthy people for future generations. Today, commercial complexes are the manifestation of cultural and behavioral changes in the field of consumption and leisure. By accepting social, cultural and recreational functions in addition to economic functions, commercial complexes have been transformed into spaces with mixed and diverse uses and are competing with each other to try to accommodate various groups of society such as women and youth and are suitable for all family members. Therefore, paying attention to a type of leisure for families that is specific to urban and modern life, i.e., visiting and using the facilities gathered in commercial complexes and researching the components of the architecture of family-friendly commercial complexes is the main purpose of this research. The method adopted in this research is Grounded theory with a systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 57 visitors of some selected commercial complexes and analysis behavioral patterns of users of these centers in the areas of shopping, entertainment and leisure. The findings of this study are classified in the form of categories obtained from the analysis of interviews, in 6 main areas: Causal conditions, Context, Core category, Intervening conditions, Strategies and Consequences. The results of this study show that by choosing the family shopping experience as a core category, the consequences of the family shopping experience in both the family and the commercial complex in the context of Tehran can be achieved. Also, effective components in the architecture of family-friendly commercial complexes are other results of the present study, which are mostly in the field of causal conditions and prerequisites for the family shopping experience.

With the advent of modernization in Iran and the establishment of the University of Tehran in 1934, and then the gradual formation of the Faculty of Fine Arts in 1940, traditional art and architecture teaching methods changed into new academic methods. In the West, the École des Beaux-Arts pioneered eclectic-traditional architecture in France. In the early twentieth century, the Bauhaus School started working as the School of Art (Modern Art and Architecture Education) in Germany. École des Beaux-Arts and Bauhaus schools were highly influential in modernizing the architecture education in contemporary Iranian architecture by pushing it towards the approaches in the Western world. Analyzing the samples, this research seeks to investigate the effects of the research independent variable, i.e. processes affecting arts and architecture used in the Faculty of Fine Arts on the dependent variable, i.e. the works of art presented by Educators and graduates of the Faculty of Fine Arts and figures in the Contemporary Architecture of Iran. Thus, this study examines the language of architecture, ideology, concepts, and methods of École des Beaux-Arts, Bauhaus Architecture Schools, and their effects on the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran. Based on a comparativeanalytical realistic approach, thisstudy was conducted through library studies and surveys using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to examine the keywords of École des Beaux-Arts, Bauhaus Architecture Schools and to identify how the perceptions and effects of École des Beaux-Arts and Bauhaus Architecture Schools help form the architecture in the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Tehran. The results show that the architecture in the Faculty of Fine Arts was a combination of the style of École des Beaux-Arts and Bauhaus Architecture Schools.

As the age increases, the power and ability of the elderly to recognise architectural spaces and related internal or external areas decreases. This initially increases their dependence on others, and in the next stages they may lose the ability to find their way. The purpose of this research is to provide an understanding of the elements that play a role in the mental dimensions of aging. The present article was formed in order to answer these questions: ‘how does the perception and cognition of the elderly take place with a focus on environmental and human approaches’, and ‘what are the influential indicators in the perception and cognition of the elderly’. For this purpose, Kahrizak elderly home was chosen. Using the 'Space Syntax’ method, this article examines the behavioural and cognitive responses of the elderly regarding the spatial characteristics of the elderly home. The research method includes two cognitive and spatial parts. In the cognitive section, after interviewing the elderly and receiving cognitive maps, the findings from the cognitive maps were compiled. Space configuration was evaluated through depth map software and Space Syntax parameters. In this analysis, spatial parameters such as connection value, connectivity, selection, depth of access and resolution have been examined and compared with cognitive maps. The analyses show that the maximum correlation is 7.3 and its average is 3.5, the maximum and average correlation parameters are 20 and 8.6, respectively. The maximum and average selection parameters are equal to 67 and 11.06, respectively. The maximum and average access depth parameters are 257 and 138.7, respectively. The analysis shows that Space Syntax modelling can be effective for understanding the perceptibility of space by the elderly, but for a correct understanding of the same space, other methods such as cognitive maps are needed. The results show that multiple objective and subjective factors are effective in the elderly's perception and their knowledge of space, together and sometimes with priorities over each other.

 Commercial complexes have grown significantly in big cities of Iran, in the last decade and are important for various reasons such as large scale and wide range of visitors. As there are interactions between globalization and regionalism, some viewpoints on the critique of the design of commercial complexes and malls, due to technological advances and the conditions of globalization, make these centers similar and repetitive elements in the world and promoters of consumerism. While some other viewpoints, for reasons such as branding strategies and the economic growth of these centers, emphasize a unique and context-dependent identity. The purpose of this study is to explain the intertextuality of the architecture of commercial complexes by reading the relationship between the architectural works of this field and its contemporary or earlier works in Iran and the West. This study also seeks to find out the types and dimensions of the use of intertextuality in the architecture of contemporary commercial complexes.

 The methodology is based on Saunders Research Onion. The research philosophy of the present study is interpretive epistemology, the research approach is a qualitative, and the research strategy is content analysis. It is also explanatory in terms of the type of results. Data gathering was done by document- library information and field survey, and the method of data analysis is descriptive and inductive analysis. The samples studied in this study are a selection of contemporary commercial complexes in Iran.

 The results show that in the intertextual reading of architectural works, the continuity of texts with each other and the effects of interaction and confrontations between globalization and regionalism are evident. The intertextual levels can be classified into "strong/weak" and "explicit/implicit" and the Hypertextualite "imitation/change". The results also show that the use of intertextuality in the architectural form of commercial complexes and malls in Iran is in the form of historical, geographical, and cultural representations and imitations or adaptations of the works of prominent Western architects. From a semiotic point of view, by considering commercial complexes and malls as controlled cities, one can observe the growth of collages of Simulacrum that are a reproduction of other spaces and a manifestation of the use of intertextuality in these centers.

 The analysis of the selected examples in this research makes it clear that the most important influential sources in the design of commercial complexes are the two fields of "historical and cultural background of Iranian architecture" and "contemporary Western architecture". Also, the way texts are related in the architectural design of commercial complexes can be classified into three main areas: "representation", "palimpsest " and "collage of simulacrum" and includes a range of historical, geographical representations, popular fashions, and diverse styles of western architecture. Depending on the type of design of each example (commercial complex), the intertextual levels of the works can be analyzed into weak/strong, explicit/implicit, and imitation/change types.

Iran's hot and dry climatic dwellings are among the valuable and important buildings of this land. Understanding the shape and physical characteristics of hot and dry climates in Iran will not only preserve and restore this precious achievement in past historical periods of Iran, but also play an important and useful role in identifying the hidden features and potentials in these buildings. The purpose of this study is to identify the structural features of the spring house in relation to other residential buildings, to study and analyze the effect and extent of the spring house in shaping the structure of hot and dry climates in Iran. In this regard, the researcher first extracts from a random sample of six samples of a spring house dwelling that extracts the frequent shape features in the spring house space and its effect on the emergence of residential plans. In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the data analysis method is comparative.. The tools used in this study include gathering research findings through library, field studies, and interviews with technologists and professors. The results show that although according to the climatic pattern, the physical structure of most hot and dry climatic structures in Iran have a dominant north-south axis, but the location of the spring house space is always along the dominant axis of the house.

Paying attention to the arrangement of the senses in the environment by creating suitable spaces to meet human needs can be a basis for thinking and meditation. Man, experiences space with the help of his sense of sight and creates a continuous and organized image in his mind. Since how to understand the environment and the adaptation of the objective characteristics of the environment and different mental perceptions are among the challenges in the field of environmental psychology, therefore, the present study aims to show the desirability of visibility and field of view, and the level of visual attractiveness in Isfahan market halls. It analyzes and evaluates the perceptual environment using Gestalt psychological theory and environmental capabilities in measuring observer's lines of sight. The main question of the research is what is the relationship between the axis of human vision and gestalt perception in the entrance and courtyards of Isfahan's historical bazaar? The answer to this question is proposed in the form of a hypothesis; It seems that the observer's view has a direct relationship with the gestalt topics in the entrance and courtyards. The results of this research are explained with the criteria produced by the current version of depthmapX, as well as theoretical considerations, and the indicators of Gestalt principles are investigated as one of the criteria of environmental ability on human visual perception in the bazaar of Isfahan. The view from the courtyard and the view from the entrance are analyzed using isovist indicators such as area, compression, compactness, closure and environment. In order to prepare a report in the field, 12 architecture students unfamiliar with the environment and 12 professionals familiar with the environment were asked to explain the influential components in order to understand the environmental quality by being present in the space, and this evaluation was done on 12 buildings (small, medium, large). accepts the results of this research show that there is a direct relationship between Isovist view, area and understanding of gestalt indicators. In this way, the larger the area of ​​the yard, the wider the view to understand the space. At the entrance, the field of view does not have a direct relationship with the gestalt principles in all cases, because the long corridors provide less field of view and provide a place for reflection, pause and a different gestalt view.

The role of human secondary needs in general and the need for recreation in particular as an interface between architecture and the environment in commercial spaces is undeniably important. That is why the quality of recreation-shopping spaces in commercial complexes to meet the recreational needs of users is one of the tasks assigned to architecture. This issue can affect the success rate of a commercial complex. The present study examines the factors affecting the success of commercial complex spaces from the perspective of leisure-shopping spaces and evaluates their relationships and the relative importance of each and measures the success rate of 4 selected new commercial complexes in Tehran (Tiraje, Kourosh, Palladium, and Tiraje2). In organizing leisure-shopping spaces, models are provided for designing the environment of commercial complexes that help to make the architectural space more acceptable to the users. To this end, the main question is what are the factors affecting the success of leisure-shopping spaces? And according to the relative weight of each, what is the relative success rate of the selected commercial complexes? Therefore, after recognizing and extracting the components and effective factors from the opinions of experts in the field of place, through logical analysis and deductive reasoning, the proposed model of factors affecting the success of leisure-shopping spaces in commercial complexes was derived. Then, the accuracy of the proposed model was measured and sifted through the Delphi method, based on the opinions of architecture professors, relationships between these factors were measured, and with the help of the ANP (Analysis Network Process), the importance and weight of each factor were determined. The obtained results show the factors affecting the quality and success of leisure-shopping spaces in three general categories: “functional”, “physical” and “perceptual”, and the most important components based on the number and intensity of its sub-components, respectively, are the physical component. Then the perceptual component and finally the functional component were identified.

One of the important factors in the beauty of Iranian architecture works in many historical periods is their decorations and designs. Meanwhile, Afifabad mansion in Shiraz is one of the valuable works of Iranian Islamic architecture in the Qajar period, in terms of decorations and especially paintings. For this reason, studying the designs of this building can lead to the recognition of cultural identity and the effective contexts in their formation. The purpose of this research is to know how the art and architecture of different periods of history affect the designs of this building. In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and data collection has been done in the form of libraries and documents and also the field method. The results indicate that the designs mansion, which are mostly ceiling paintings and in some parts of the building are plaster and tile reliefs, taken from ancient Iranian designs Achaemenid-Sassanid reliefs and post-period designs is from Islam and most The motifs of Western and European designs are taken from postcard architecture. because Iranian art during the Qajar period, due to the connection of this period with the West, the arrival of European countries goods and products to Iran and the presence of many artists in this period to Europe caused the spread of Western art and culture in Qajar architecture.

Human eye cells are stimulated by receiving light and sending appropriate commands to the body's internal glands. Ambient light affects the release of the hormone melatonin, which is responsible for regulating the biological clock of the human body. Also, the highest visual sensitivity of the human eye, based on the eye sensitivity curve, is in the wavelength range of 500 to 600 nm. The aim of this research is to study the effects of colored lights on human health by studying medical texts on the effects of colored light in the field of traditional Iranian architecture. The main question of the research is focused on whether the colored lights resulting from the stained glass windows of Iranian architecture correspond to the human eye sensitivity curve and the circadian rhythm and act to maintain the health of the human eye. The study and research are done in the form of studies and case studies. Also, the correlation method is used to investigate the effect of colored lights in Iranian architecture on health. For this purpose, case samples of Iranian stained glass windows were first selected and their dimensions and geometric shapes were collected. The passing wavelengths of the stained glass were measured and the transmitting wavelength diagrams were compared with the human eye sensitivity curve. The predominant share was calculated based on the percentage of the area of each color and the amount of light passing through each stained glass. The findings of this research prove the compatibility of the light effect from the colored windows of traditional Iranian architecture from two perspectives, compatibility with the eye sensitivity curve and also compatibility with the biological clock of the human body. In the range of 500 to 600 nm, the dominant share of transmitted light was yellow and green, and in the eye sensitivity curve, the maximum vision in this wavelength is yellow and green. In the wavelength of 460 nm, the predominant contribution of the light passing through the windows was a blue color. At this wavelength, the hypothalamus, which secretes the hormone melatonin and regulates the biological clock, is sensitive to blue light.

Qajar urban planning is the Connection or breakpoint between the traditional past and the modern future of Iran and provides the Context for the emergence of the first two decades of Pahlavi thought. In the same period, the Soviet modernization campaign in Uzbekistan led to major developments in the country. In this light, Developments in urban squares emerging in the two countries appears to have some similarities and differences.

This study aims to discover how the impact of modern Cultural, political and social progresses in these societies on the urban squares evolution in Iran and Uzbekistan during the Qajar and First Pahlavi Eras to answer these questions: Have the modern cultural, political and social progresses influenced the process of Urban Squares Evolution in Iran and Uzbekistan? What is the Structure, nature and aspects of differences and similarities of Urban Squares Evolution in Iran and Uzbekistan during Qajar and First Pahlavi Eras ?

The present work is a Historical - comparative study and adopts a qualitative approach through documentary and field studies, relying on interpretive – historical methods for collecting the historical theoretical foundations and descriptive–analytical methods for analyzing urban Squares Evolution in Iran and Uzbekistan. The statistical population consists of all squares that underwent physical and functional changes during the Qajar and Pahlavi Eras due to modernist ideas and The sample population consists of a number of squares that belonging to the same period (in terms of evolution) and have stylistic similarities that share stylistic physical and functional similarities

The results are suggestive of the objective, functional, and physical manifestation of the modernistic components in both countries, but functional components appear more accentuated.

In both countries components such as functional integration around squares, physical extroversion, visual transparency and neoclassical - style building construction have emerged similarly.

Preface and Purpose of the Study:

 Understanding the visual structure of historical bazaar saria, as one of the most important architectural elements of design, can be effective for contemplation of their role and latent potential in the quality of their sociopetal spaces, the extent of their receptibility, and their prosperity. This study focuses on the understanding and analysis of principles of sociopetality in the receptibility and the visual quality evaluation of bazaar sariaes.

Firstly, through correlation and regression analysis, the presence of a students for each of the 12 investigated sariaes, and recording of the number of people and their gathering places, steps were taken to assess the criteria and answer the theories and research questions of the study. The evaluation and determination of the scope of the study were achieved through visual quality and sociopetal concepts in a structural dimension derived from the framework of the research and its conformity with visual parameters defined by space syntax software. The space syntax data was analyzed using the Depthmap software.

Based on the findings of the study, it can be argued that access points and routes to the sariaes (whether directly or at a rotating angle), dimensions and total measurement of the saria and central courtyard, number of primary spaces, and direct access to primary spaces affect the extent of sociopetality and receptibility of bazaar sariaes. Furthermore, halls that have more entry points, larger central courtyards, and lesser rotation angle for accessing their middle saria, are more inviting and receptible and are more sociopetal as a result. In some cases, such as Mirza Kuchak saria, Khansari saria, and Golshan saria, visual quality components have a reverse correlation with structural components because entry points with an indirect view of the saria have no bearings on visual qualities, having high visual quality yet lower sociopetality.

The findings of this study reveal that although, in most cases, visual quality components affect structural factors and induce sociopetality in the environment, in most bazaar sariaes in Iran such a correlation does not always exist. Sariaes with higher visual quality have lesser sociopetality because, in terms of structure, they do not have intelligible and inviting environments that appeal to the public. Sight and appearance, spatial complexity, practical variety, access and degree of movement, and comfort and number of available facilities affect the spatial quality and thus sociopetality.

Educational spaces are one of the areas of environmental architecture that play a major role in a society. Class room environmental is similar to the theater scene, which shuld be designed from a private perspective by displaying student s' talents and improving their learning. The importance of the issue is that the type of seat arrangement can have a tangible impact on the quality of instruction. The theoretical foundations are based on the fact that students' attention can play an important role on learning. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between chairs arrangement in classes and their positive impact on learning with its approaches and consequences. the correlation research method, course analysis, descriptive statistics analysis and Frequency ratio were used to examine the effect of layout. The tested groups are 64 students of Hadaf school in Miandoab in three levels. At the end of the half - year, the results of the tests and data analysis was done by Spss Software. Therefore, to enhance students ' learning , three types of layouts such as alignment for the courses (Arabic, mathematics, literature), Cluster for (Science, Technology, Art) and U-shaped for (Social Studies, Foreign Language, Heavenly Messages, Lifestyle, Quran) is concluded.

The application of computational formulas has a major role in the geometry of Iranian architecture in the Timurid era.  What is interesting about the architecture of this period is the use of the ideas of Al’Kashi --a ninth century mathematician-- in measuring, calculating, and formulating the methods of constructing vaults and domes. One of the most important achievement of Ghiaseddin is related to triangulation. It was Mirza Abu Turab Natanzi, a mathematician of the Qajar era, who later dealt with this issue through a geometric method equivalent to Al’Kashi’s algebraic method.Research Question: This research explores whether Al’Kashi has accurately considered computational operations in architecture or his thesis is just a practical and theoretical exercise. We also investigate whether Al’Kashi’s models are precise descriptions of existing vaults and whether the builder has carefully paid attention to Al’Kashi’s recommendations. To address these issues, we aim at discovering the relationships and explain the new computational rules proposed in Al’Kashi’s works.

 The research method is based on logical reasoning through precise mathematical propositions. The analytical tool includes Python programming language to be run in Rhino software, which could link computational rules and the Shape Grammars in Al’Kashi models.  The results of this evaluation are identified in the architectural elements of Goharshad Mosque, which corresponds to Al’Kashi 's presence in the region of Khorasan at the time the mosque was built. Computational exploration of architectural elements requires modeling and physical encoding. The predominant feature of Al’Kashi’s works is approaching architectural elements from a descriptive-analytical perspective. This method involves component-based classification, defining the parameters of the elements, and describing their resulting hierarchy. Therefore, our method is based on modeling in Rhino software. In addition, the Grasshopper extension and Python programming language were used to examine and determine computational relationships, the language of shapes between architectural elements (vault and dome), and Al’Kashi models based on the geometric system of Timurid architecture.  We first investigate how accurately Al’Kashi calculated the coefficients of the vaults; next, by referring to the dimensions and sizes of the vault and dome in the related building, we search for the roots of their geometric system in order to find the numerical correspondence of these ratios in Al’Kashi models.

 The results suggested that Al’Kashi’s calculations and drawings are not merely a practical and theoretical exercise; rather, they have correctly used computational operations to develop architectural elements. Besides, there is a relationship between the computational rules of Al’Kashi models and the geometric system of the vault and dome of Goharshad Mosque. Indeed, Ghavam al-Din Shirazi, the architect of the Timurid court, has appropriately deployed the geometric system and computational rules of his time in the construction of this building. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that the ‘captains of industries’ used to obtain their mathematical and geometric knowledge through dialogue with contemporary intellectuals. Goharshad Mosque showcases the harmony and balance between the geometric and computational system of the Timurid era.

Tombs are social-cultural and blessed buildings in the Islamic era, which, after mosques, have special importance as an integral part of religious architecture. Due to the importance of identifying different regional traditions regarding the burial architecture of the Islamic world over many centuries, there have not been many focused studies on the shrine buildings of the western historical land of the Islamic world. The purpose of this article is to study the role of socio-cultural components in the spatial configuration of five examples of Islamic pilgrimage sites in the geographical area of northwest Africa, Maghreb al-Aqsa (Morocco) from the 8th to the 18th century. In the first step, with the descriptive-historical research method and the use of documentary and library studies, the data extracted from the case examples have been collected, the introduced buildings are compared with the three components of spatial hierarchy, spatial order and spatial accessibility. Then, in the second step, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the spatial syntax method, the unique functional-spatial features, dimensions and architectural qualities governing the Islamic tombs of this region from the point of view of how they relate to the surrounding environment are discussed. The results of the research show that the physical-formal structure of the tomb buildings of Morocco in the Islamic period follows a single primary model, but the difference between these buildings is in the spatial organization of the inner courtyard and the spatial configuration of the tombs. Zawiya Mola Idris II in Fez has the best spatial configuration with the highest spatial correlation coefficient due to the high spatial order and accessibility that can be seen in the plan.

Introduction and purpose of the research: 

This article aimed to identify the cognitive aspects of the elderly residents of Kehrizak nursing home in Tehran in order to obtain basic data and cognitive elements of the elderly using cognitive maps, and in order to identify the influencing indicators in the perception and recognition of space by the elderly and to identify the variables It is effective in the perception of space by using cognitive maps.

In terms of nature, the current research is a descriptive and correlational research method, and it was conducted as a case study. The library-document method was used to collect information, the field and observation method was used to measure the current situation, and the interview tool and cognitive mapping technique were used to collect the research data.

The findings of the research show that the average perceived cognitive elements of women's group is more than men's group and the type of drawing cognitive map of spatial elements is more in women's group than in men's group. Increasing the length of stay did not affect the number of elements perceived in the cognitive maps; The length of stay was positively related to the type of cognitive map of successive elements. With the increase of the duration of stay, the cognitive map of the type of sequential elements increased.

The majority of known spaces in cognitive maps represent a place for people's memories. Creating memorable spaces affects residents' knowledge of the living environment. It is better to improve cognitive spaces before reducing the cognitive abilities of the elderly.