دکتر عباس برزگرزاده

International law has undergone tremendous changes in recent decades. One of these developments is the humanization process of international law, which has been identified as human rights in the international arena. Human rights have a universal nature and function and are not limited to time and place. Therefore, the ethics of human rights is universal. This category of ethics should be considered in the seas as it is considered on land. Human ethics dictates that all people in the sea have their human rights without any discrimination. There is no reason to deny and disobey the ethics of human rights at sea. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of investigating the ethics of human rights in the marine environment.

One of the most important areas where the concept of human rights ethics can be applied is the environment of seas and oceans. Among the important cases that can be mentioned in this context are: drug and psychotropic drug trafficking, piracy, maritime terrorism, marine environment, slave trade, common heritage of humanity, immigration and asylum, rights of seafarers and forced labour on ships and vessels and so on. The lack of a comprehensive human rights treaty that covers all the above-mentioned issues in the field of seas is well felt, and there is room for effective measures to be taken in this regard by the relevant international institutions, headed by the United Nations.

One of the significant topics in criminology in recent decades has been the focus on the relationship between gender and delinquency. While early criminologists primarily focused on the personality of offenders, modern criminology emphasizes the study of the role of the offender’s gender in the commission of crimes. Consequently, until now, most theories presented in criminology did not account for half of society, rendering them practically and operationally deficient. However, with the introduction of gender into delinquency studies, the approximate share of each gender in the commission of crimes has been relatively determined. It has become clear that delinquency and deviance, especially in financial and economic crimes, are not exclusively male domains. Women also play a significant role in the actualization of such crimes. The present study, employing library resources and a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to explore the factors contributing to the gender gap and gender convergence. It also examines the accuracy of the general hypothesis that financial crimes are not solely committed by men. Instead, men, due to their broader presence in economic and social spheres, have more opportunities to commit financial crimes. On the other hand, women, owing to technological advancements, shared social roles, job opportunities, education, gender equality, and the reduction of the gender gap, have increased opportunities for committing such crimes.

Situational prevention seeks to identify the external factors contributing to criminal behavior, separate from the characteristics of the perpetrator. Similarly, environmental prevention focuses on designing suitable living, working, and social environments to deter criminal acts. Violence against women is an area of significant concern that can benefit from these preventive measures. This study aims to investigate the presence of situational and environmental preventive measures addressing violence against women in international instruments, Iranian law, and legal doctrine. By examining and analyzing these measures, the article proposes practical and implementable recommendations derived from the aforementioned instruments and theories. The research methodology employed is a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing library research. The findings highlight that Iranian law, reputable international instruments, and legal doctrine exhibit a strong commitment to protecting women's rights, preventing various forms of violence against women, and mandating actions to address such violence. As a result, specialized forums have taken steps to address this global issue through the formulation of regulations and the proposal of practical and implementable measures.

the high level of maritime relations of the international community, affected by the dependency in meeting the needs of governments, has made the penetration rate of the sea and the sea-based economy more obvious than in the past, to the extent that maritime trade plays an undeniable role in generating income and meeting the needs and It has provided human needs. Due to the expansion of the volume of commercial exchanges, affected by the factors affecting maritime security, a rare but effective event such as maritime terrorism can disrupt maritime security in dimensions beyond one example and make governments think of solutions more than before. focus on improving the level of maritime security so that by synergizing at the international level, in extraterritorial geography, by establishing universal laws and with a positive and negative approach, they become the basis for preventing and countering maritime terrorism.

In this research, the researcher tries to find the position of international treaties in maritime security by using written library sources, scientific articles by researchers and international organizations with an analytical-descriptive method, emphasizing the active fight against maritime terrorism. , to evaluate.

The results and findings of the research: 

The findings of the research indicate that the phenomenon of maritime terrorism with its goals and motivations has had a very wide impact on global security and the characteristics, components and propositions affecting it, its impact factor in It has greatly increased maritime security. Despite the low volume of its occurrence, this phenomenon has been influential on a wide level, and of course its importance has appeared in the form of various treaties. If maritime terrorism originates from the government or groups affiliated to the government benefit from the technical, informational and logistical point of view, it is very difficult to fight and compared to other types of terrorism, it can disrupt the security of shipping in a short period of time and disrupt trade. maritime and as a result human, economic, health, food and energy security will be the basis for violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The sensitivity, complexity, penetration rate of maritime terrorism can be the basis for international and interstate convergence in dealing with and synergy of the international community in dealing with the issue.

The dependence of the global economy on maritime trade and the expansion of the levels of maritime trade in the global arena has caused the emergence of various forms of crimes at sea level. Its numerous forms, along with its high sphere of influence and influence, have been able to affect global security. In this research, the researcher tries to investigate the effects of maritime terrorism on international peace and security and the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to evaluate the trends and approaches related to this phenomenon.

In this research, the researcher tries to analyze the crime of maritime terrorism, its effects on international peace and security, by using the written sources of the library and articles written by researchers and international organizations, using the analytical-descriptive method. to evaluate violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The results and findings of the research: 

The findings of the research indicate that the phenomenon of maritime terrorism with its goals and motivations has had a very wide impact on global security and the characteristics, components and propositions affecting it, its impact factor in It has greatly increased maritime security. Affected by the high levels of global trade volume in the seabed and the seabed economy, if maritime terrorism is benefited from the state origin or groups affiliated with the states in terms of technical, information and logistics, it is very difficult to fight and compared to other types of terrorism in A short period of time can disrupt international peace and security and by disrupting maritime trade and as a result, human, economic, health, food and energy security, can lead to violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms

Seas have always been considered by individuals and states due to their special characteristics and importance. This importance has caused human beings to take their activities to seas and enjoy its blessings. The existence of interests in the exploitation of this field has always caused some differences among the stakeholders and beneficiaries. International law's scholars established international law of the sea, one of the oldest branches of international law, to regulate matters related to seas. As much as seas are beneficial to human beings, the dangers in them can also threaten the lives of people active in related fields. The right to life, which is the cornerstone of human rights, calls for measures to be taken to save the lives of those in need at sea. These provisions in the form of human rights and maritime conventions impose obligations on states. One of these tasks is to provide maritime search and rescue services to save the lives of people at risk at sea. In other words, such a duty arises from the right that every person should personally enjoy when he is in a situation of danger, and that right is nothing but the right to be rescued, because the right to be rescued is in line with the right to life.

 The use of the seas and in a narrower sense of the oceans has always been the concern of governments in the economic, scientific, military and strategic fields throughout history, and this importance has been increased in the present era. The law of the seas is a part of the rules of customary law that have been gradually compiled later. The third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which successfully adopted the Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982, has a special importance in the development of the law of the sea. The sources of the law of the seas include customary international treaties, general principles of law, rules governing unilateral legal actions, doctrine, judicial procedure and international arbitration. One of the most important sources of the law of sea waters is the procedures of the International Court of Justice, the International Court of Law of the Sea, because while citing the treaties related to the seas and their progressive change, they bring to the fore the creation of the customary rules of the seas as well as the expression of the existing customary rules of the seas. 

 The current research, which is written with an analytical-descriptive method, seeks to answer these important questions: how do the International Court of Justice and the International Court of Law of the Sea get help in solving international disputes from the law of the sea? And to what extent can the law of the seas be a solution to international disputes?

 The purpose of the current research, which is focused on the impact of the law of the sea on the fundamental structure of international dispute settlement rituals and on the extent of these laws in issuing the opinions of the International Court of Justice and the International Court of Law of the Sea, expresses this finding. May the law of the seas not have much effect on the decisions issued by the International Court of Justice. Another thing is that due to the shortcomings and gaps in this field, it cannot be the answer to solving international disputes. It seems that the law of the seas can be a guide in issuing the opinions of international organizations through the provision of solutions and legal rules accepted by countries.

 The present study examines one of the issues of the international law of the seas, namely the government's sovereignty in the territorial sea. This issue has always been one of the topics raised in the international law of the sea. In fact, the main motivation for writing this research was to investigate and analyze the aforementioned cases in the international arena and the legal status of Iran's coastal state on its territorial waters. In turn, this research has tried to avoid any one-sided interpretation of the governments in the field of issues related to the government's sovereignty in the territorial sea, to clearly examine this issue and related issues, for this purpose, the existing rules have been tried They should be detailed and, if necessary, accompanied by a historical review, and among the ambiguous rules, they should be clarified as much as possible. In cases where there are no rules, suitable suggestions have been made.

 The current research is trying to answer this question with a descriptive and analytical method, what are the legal foundations and competencies of the Iranian government compared to the conventions of 1958 and 1982?

 The results of this research show that Iran's maritime law system is based on three approaches compared to the 1958 and 1982 conventions: a) Iran's maritime law system has taken initiatives. b) Iran's legal system has approved the legal principles and rules contained in the Convention on the Law of the Sea. c) Iran's legal system in the third approach, contrary to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, has remained silent in explaining legal issues.

 There are rights whose purpose is to provide protection for people when they are under interrogation, the principle of innocence, the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the prohibition of forcing people to confess or testify against themselves, the right to remain silent. , the right of access to the translator is one of those rights that will be discussed in this chapter with regard to international law. Several rights whose purpose is to guarantee the safety of the accused during the interrogation, including the presumption of innocence and the right to an interpreter, the preparation of interrogation minutes, the prohibition of any torture or cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the prohibition of forcing people to confess or testify against themselves, the right Silence and the right to access a lawyer.

 The research with an inferential method based on the analysis of events and police procedures in countries seeks to answer these questions: The main challenges raised at this stage are what rights does the accused have at this stage? Has his right to defense and silence been recognized at this stage? Are the judicial officers obliged to announce the right of silence to the accused? Asking such questions and answering them, as soon as the accused enters the cycle of criminal justice, because the progress of human rights and its connection with the understanding of human dignity and high value in society, respect and protection of his (accused) basic rights and freedoms ) and efforts to create and support peace and security in the society, strengthen and promote high human values ​​and achieve justice, become important.

 From the results and findings of the present research, it can be concluded that the police in most countries do not have a satisfactory record of compliance with international human rights standards in the police investigation process according to the available evidence. Therefore, this article aims to, firstly, the global standards of human rights in the process of police performance in the field of crime prevention and police investigation, according to international human rights documents and standards, with an emphasis on the international judicial practice of judicial authorities, especially the European Court of Human Rights, which in this regard It has valuable and path-breaking achievements, and secondly, the effects and consequences of violating these principles and standards will be examined according to the regime of international responsibility of governments as well as preventive mechanisms.

General principles of law provided in Article 38(1) (c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice are considered as one of the applicable legal sources to international litigations by the International Court of Justice. Contrary to treaty and custom, there is no consensus on the nature of general principles of law and how they should be implemented. The Court has taken two main approaches in this regard. The question of this research, which is based on a descriptive-analytical method, is how the Court operates in regard to identifying and applying general principles of law in cases involving human rights and humanitarian issues. The conclusion is that when it comes to matters involving inter-state relations the Court relies on general principles of law recognized by the major legal systems, while in terms of human-rights and humanitarian-law issues, it recognizes general principles specific to international law, which are applicable even without explicit consent from states and arise out of the requirements of international law.

After the withdrawal of joint comprehensive plan of action(JCPOA) by the President of the United States of America on May 8, 2018 and the imposition of new sanctions by Executive Order 13846 of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to file a lawsuit in the International Court of Justice on July 16, 2018 under Article 22 of the JCPOA. The United States has claimed that the main reason for Iran's lawsuit is its withdrawal from the UN Security Council, and that this has nothing to do with the breach of the MOU. In this study, we seek to answer the question of under what circumstances the Court will pay attention to the preliminary objection of abuse in the present case and the procedure of the Court.

This research has been done in a descriptive analytical method by studying the opinions of the Court.

The study of the Court's case law leads to the conclusion that so far the Court has faced only this conditional negative aspect in the sense that it has accepted its principle but in no case has met the conditions for its application. From the point of view of the plaintiffs, it is understood that breach of good faith, lack of justice, denial after confession, change in the internal proceedings and use of court tools to resolve disputes with political motives are among the most important reasons for the abuse. It is from Darcy. In the case of breach of the MOU (due to sanctions), the Court rejected the US preliminary objection and stated that the US could not prove that the Iranian petition had anything to do with the dispute over the implementation or interpretation of the MOU.

The institution of good faith is not seriously considered in Iranian domestic law, and it seems that one of the important necessities for achieving justice and generalizing fair proceedings is to pay attention to this principle in the field of legislation, judicial procedure and arbitration. This institution is fully recognized in international law. ICSID is one of the most important international arbitration bodies in disputes arising from international investment. The role of ICSID in international investment protection against invested governments has been defined. Access to this important arbitration body is not possible except through good faith. Therefore, breach of good faith is considered as one of the obstacles to gaining this support. In this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and by referring to the awards issued by ICSID, we seek to answer the question of what effect the violation of good faith by the investor will have on the preliminary and Merits proceedings. As a result, the hypothesis of the negative effect of malice on the ICSID procedure was confirmed in such a way that in the preliminary stage it will cause inadmissibility and in the Merits stage it will cause disenfranchisement.

One of the preliminary objections of the United States of America in the case of the Certain iranian assets of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, raised in the International Court of Justice following the ruling of the Supreme Court (2016) was the citation of the doctrine of clean hands. The main point of this descriptive-analytical study is to examine the US preliminary objection based on the Doctrine of the Clean Hands. The United States had claimed that the Iranian government had revoked the right to sue by supporting terrorism and the special face of Lebanese Hezbollah Has done. The International Court of Justice, while accepting the defenses of the Iranian legal team, rejected the US objections to the jurisdiction and hearing of the petition. The Doctrine of the Clean Hands has a long history in the legal literature and has been accepted by international arbitration bodies as a condition for hearing a petition, but has never been accepted by the International Court of Justice as a preliminary objection, and the Court often Examination has referred it to the mertis level. In the case of the dispute between Iran and the United States, the Court did not violate its jurisprudence .

Article 79 of the Rules of Procedure of the International Court of Justice deals with the subject of preliminary objections. Preliminary objections refer to two types of objections related to competence and audibility. Articles 34 and 36 of the Statute deal with the jurisdiction of the Court, but there are ambiguities regarding the hearing, the Statute and the Rules of Procedure of the Court, in the sense that its instances have not been specified. In this descriptive-analytical study, we seek to determine the cases of inability to hear the petition in the court proceedings. . In cases where the lawsuit is filed through a lawsuit, it is very common for the defendant government to raise preliminary objections. Such objections are designed to prevent the court from issuing a ruling on the nature of the dispute According to the Court's case, cases of inadmissibility include abuse of rights, lack of dispute, lack of interest, political disputes, diplomatic protection, other dispute resolution methods, fictitious disputes, the need for judicial observance, and abuse of court. Cases such as lack of legal capacity to file a lawsuit and the unreality of the dispute have sometimes been cited in the lawsuit, as well as the unscrupulousness of the plaintiff, whose examples (not the principle) have not been accepted by the court in any case.

The Special police for children and adolescents, as one of the special institutions of the juvenile justice system, was first considered in the Juvenile Delinquency Bill (1383) and then the legislator paid attention to it in the Criminal Procedure Code of 1392 in Article 31. According to this article, the police organization was ordered to form a police section for children and adolescents. In this study, in order to achieve the hidden angles of the role of the police in juvenile justice, an attempt has been made to explain the preventive position of the juvenile police in order to answer the question: what is the role of the juvenile police in the Iranian judiciary in crime prevention? The results of this study indicate that the behavior and approach of the Iranian police towards children and adolescents does not have a differential criminal policy and in dealing with children and adolescents, adult criminal policy is used. Therefore, it is necessary for the police to try to improve the process of intervening in the proceedings of children and adolescents by formulating a differential criminal policy based on protective and not criminal intervention in compliance with national and international principles and standards.

 The purpose of this research is to examine the place of governance in establishing order and security and consolidating rights and demanding citizenship duties, considering that the main function of governance is to provide security for its citizens. Social security is one of the main areas of justice implementation and the most suitable platform for the emergence of balance in society. Order and security are complementary and intertwined concepts that cause transformation in societies and cause sustainable development in all fields. Protection of citizen's rights is one of the most important matters that needs attention in the holy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran and has become a special task of many organizations. The government is always trying to create a balance between establishing order and security and observing citizen's rights. Furthermore, citizens have duties and responsibilities in front of the rights they have before the government, which they are obliged to do. With a multi-faceted approach, the researcher intends to answer the question whether only the formulation of laws in the field of citizenship rights can guarantee the rights of citizens. How can government organizations that enforce these rights help maintain and implement this principle? Answer and provide practical solutions.

 This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this research, it was used to answer the questions through the collection of information using the library method and by using the sources, as well as the use of news sites and specialized articles.

The results and findings of the research: 

The findings of the research indicate that the government should create such a balance between establishing order and security and respecting the rights and demanding the duties of the citizens that it causes social participation and lays the foundation for development in all dimensions, as well as providing security with Determining the duty of government institutions and continuous monitoring of government institutions to try to protect the rights of citizens.

Articles 62 and 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice set out the conditions for third intervention and an intervener state. In this paper, two cases of Whaling in antarctic and Nuclear tests will be studied in order to explain the views of the International Court of Justice and its judges on the conditions of third intervention involvement in environmental cases. The study method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the main purpose of this article will be to establish a relationship between erga omnes and environmental issues with emphasis on expanding the jurisdiction of the Court in accepting third parties. We seek to answer the question of what is the relationship between the interest and the legal nature of Article 62 The Articles of Association have an interest in environmental issues for the international community. Explaining the general interest to members of the international community and the legal nature of Article 62 of the Statute, it was stated in both cases that environmental disputes are not limited to disputes. And the international community has a legal interest in entering these cases as a third intervention. .

Based on the traditional approach derived from Article 38 (1) (b) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, a customary rule consists of two procedural elements of the state practice and a opinio juris. The subject of this article is whether the current approach is equally applicable in international law, including trade, air and space, human rights and humanitarian law. We also answer the question whether its customary rule is based on the requirements of international law, including the lack of a single legislative power. The result of the paper is that the traditional two-element approach does not respond to human rights and humanitarian law, and the international criminal justice system has also taken other approaches to discovering the rule of law in this area. This does not mean the absolute negation of the application of the two-element approach, and in some cases it is also cited in a traditional way.

New technologies big impact, Shared In the life of modern societies, has many positive and negative aspects. Among them, Media technologies Computers and the Internet has opened a fundamental role in human societies for their. As far as possible without planning, development and productivity in areas such as: the cultural, social, economic and political science in the future will not be possible. Nevertheless, Should its devastating consequences, and especially in the social and cultural neglect; In other words, With all good technology and benefits, the shortcomings and the damage is That everyone, especially governments, policy makers, legislators, parents and teachers and parents should be aware. Of course, speaking of the damage from these technologies, does not mean the negation of the phenomenon and the negative view; But the truth is that computers and the Internet has positive and negative functions Therefore, with regard to bringing criminals to dominate the space and the need police and respected judges Justice This article seeks to investigate cybercrime from technical (computer science) rights with a focus on computer crime laws (Approved in June 1388, consists of 56 articles and 25 amendments) In line with the rights of citizens and we feel cyber security in the province. Now many forms of cybercrime with in this category, according to Iranian law, computer crimes and computer crimes International Convention known as the "Convention on Cybercrime Budapest 2001" In four conference include:1- Crimes against data and computer systems2- Crimes related content3- Crime Internet service providers4- Trafficking calls , To explain the concept and nature of cybercrime and study of different types of cyber crime and cyber crime as well as criminal jurisdiction in the area to be explored.

The author of this study plans the role of online social networks Social life and security shall study with research approaches in the province. The findings suggests that A few years social networks (Facebook, WhatsApp, Viber, line, tango, mobile network, etc.) Otherwise have excelled in the global village And many people from around the world, Are encouraged to join. Social networks have a strong role in today's world can not be ignored. The sites on different aspects of individual and social life and nationally and even internationally And Will contribute consequently social life and security measures Bushehr. And in the future more and more important role in life will play. Therefore, it should be noted, in today's world, social media plays a very important role in the relations between people worldwide. So that is an integral part of most people's lives have become. However, the emergence of these networks by simplifying and shortening the communication path among the community. In Iran, this phenomenon is not new to camping enthusiasts each day adds. Various classes in society, men and women, young and old, educated and illiterate, have spoken. Some are opposed to them, and their existence makes social and moral evils known to classes and wish to close, shut down and filtering them. In contrast, others considered them symbols of modern civilization, they are beneficial for social integration, and they need to know. The spread of this phenomenon, Positive and negative consequences on the lives of many people around the globe And the induction of the Bushehrs People And in some cases inescapable consequences have been imposed on us. In this study, we sought the positive and negative impacts of these networks of these networks in terms of security in the province ajtmahy review and to analyze the results.

Contraband,a Ancient problem That a long time ag,infare Wide economic and cultural damage to the country And nations deprived of significant revenue is legitimate. In this regard, Human trafficking,One of the phenomena of human society throughout different historical periods and in the present, Which is known from the beginning of the 1990s to modern slavery, Has become a global problem. Human trafficking in the twenty-first century will be a new form of slave trade until the nineteenth century imagine. Hence, the need to criminalize trafficking in persons in all countries of the world is felt. Currently, because of the growing phenomenon of human trafficking in the country in accordance with national laws and internationally, is a crime. The international dimension, the crime is often organized by criminal groups from different countries, branches and members, the emergence of 'transnational organized crime is, therefore, a crime is considered. To counter this phenomenon, in International and regional Have been approved various conventions and Protocols.Among these conventions and protocols, Among these conventions and protocols, protocol against the smuggling of migrants by land, air and sea, the Palermo Convention and the Convention have SARS. This ominuos phenomenon, Unfortunately, in our country has increased. But due to the lack of accurate crime statistics can not be human trafficking (especially women and children) Word said. But what is in the newspapers or in public, Statistics indicate alarming is trafficking in Qanvngzarbray therefore deal with this crime, the criminalization of trafficking crime issue on 27/2/83 and it has been approved. The reaction of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the crime of the appropriate legislation, Despite the lack of accession to international conventions to combat human trafficking, And in conformity with the will of the international community to deal with this global problem and concern is the basis of human dignity.

In this article we have tried, Tatasyr global media on national culture, media giants attack cultural imperialism and the rise of global media culture and the consumer's West studied. this study examines the representation and discussion of the influence of media and politics, race, gender, sexual problems, domestic violence, social and other forms of oppression caused by the effects and consequences of media theorists Hmchvm schools, according to Richard Dyer, Grass, Bell Chandra Mohanty Hvks and discussed. Firstly, media analysis, ethics, and violence is considered negative media images of consumerism, , materialism, and an increase in violence and the impact of these measures on the security of family and society is criticized.The literature on media and democracy situation drawn up and that the ownership of the organization and the political economy of the media, to create a social problem in which media companies, undermine democracy. Information about the negative impact of media on undermining democracy and Galileo frequent media critics argue that,When the corporate media, the main Azmsyvlythay their intrinsic to serve the people through democratic discussion forums such services to evaluate and address important issues and common concerns of refuse, Factor for the growth of media companies and, in turn weakening of democracy and, therefore, is ignoring important social problems. n the end, the changes in the media due to the rise of the virtual world of the Internet and the impact of this phenomenon on the communities and governments is tremendous.