دکتر فاطمه کاظمی نسب

Vitamin D has been shown to reduce exercise-induced muscle damage and muscle soreness; however, further research is needed to establish definitive conclusions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle soreness and recovery after exercise.

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin D intake on muscle soreness and biochemical markers of muscle damage, including myoglobin (MB), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and inflammatory factors such as TNFα and IL-6. Data were sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to February 2024. Analyses were performed to compare vitamin D with placebo, and weighted mean differences (WMD) were calculated.

A total of 11 studies involving 358 athletes and non-athletes were examined. Changes in muscle soreness immediately after exercise due to vitamin D intake were not statistically significant [P=0.70, WMD=-0.07]. However, vitamin D significantly reduced muscle soreness 24 hours after exercise [P=0.04, WMD=-0.40]. No significant changes were observed in CK [P=0.30, WMD=-3.22 U/L], LDH [P=0.30, WMD=-11.86 U/L], or MB [P=0.50, WMD=10.66 ng/ml] immediately after exercise.

Vitamin D may be effective in reducing muscle soreness 24 hours post-exercise, but it does not appear to significantly affect markers of muscle damage, including CK, MB, and LDH, in the timeframes studied. Further research in this area is recommended.

Apelin is crucial for regulating energy homeostasis, yet its role in diabetes and insulin resistance remains inadequately understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise training (Exe) on serum apelin levels and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

A systematic search for relevant studies was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran databases. Effect sizes and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model.

Analysis of 14 interventions involving 386 adults with T2DM indicated that exercise training did not result in a significant change in serum apelin levels [SMD=0.083 (95% CI: 0.731 to 0.897), P=0.8] compared to the control group. However, exercise training was associated with significant reductions in fasting glucose levels [WMD=-19.034 mg/dl (95% CI: -11.69 to -26.37), P=0.001], fasting insulin levels [WMD=-3.616 μU/ml (95% CI: -1.804 to -5.429), P=0.001], and insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR [WMD=-1.574 μU/ml (95% CI: -1.104 to -2.044), P=0.001], relative to the control group.

The results of this meta-analysis indicate that exercise training does not significantly affect serum apelin levels. However, it contributes to reductions in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. Thus, exercise is an effective strategy for improving insulin resistance in individuals with T2DM.

Several studies have investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation on muscle damage markers and recovery of athletes. However, combined data from several studies show that the benefits of whey protein on recovery in athletes are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of whey protein supplementation on post-exercise recovery and muscle damage factors in healthy subjects.

A systematic search of published articles until November 2023 was conducted to examine the effect of whey protein supplementation on markers of muscle damage such as creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin (Mb), and muscle soreness in healthy individuals. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were calculated using a random-effects model.

In this meta-analysis comprising 32 studies with 625 participants, it was found that whey protein consumption led to a significant reduction in muscle soreness at immediate, 24,72, and 96 hours post-exercise. Additionally, a substantial impact of whey protein on CK at 24 hours post-exercise, compared to the control group, was observed. Moreover, whey protein significantly affected LDH immediately after exercise training in athletes. However, whey protein did not affect Mb in athletes and non-athletes at any time.

Based on the results of this research, consumption of whey protein supplements decreased CK and LDH after exercise training. However, investigating the effect of whey protein supplementation in reducing muscle soreness and post-exercise recovery requires more studies.

Several studies have investigated the effect of creatine supplementation on indirect markers of muscular damage and sports performance of athletes. However, pooled data from several studies suggest that the benefits of creatine on recovery of athletes are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of creatine supplementation on post-exercise recovery and muscle injury factors in healthy subjects.

A systematic search of articles published in English and Persian databases until November 2023 was conducted to investigate the effect of creatine supplementation on muscle injury markers creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle soreness in healthy subjects. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model.

A total of 20 studies including 458 subjects were included in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that creatine did not cause a significant change in muscle soreness in any of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise compared to the control group. Also, creatine did not cause a significant change in CK in any time spectrum compared to the control group. In addition, creatine did not cause a significant change in LDH in different time ranges after exercise compared to the control group in athletes and non-athletes.

The results of the present study show that creatine supplementation is not effective in reducing muscle soreness and muscle injury factors after exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of combining aerobic exercise (AE) and vegetarian diet (VD) on blood pressure and body weight in adults with overweight and obesity. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2023 for English articles, and 1065 articles were found. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity. Data analysis was performed using random effect model and weighted mean differences (WMD). The results of meta-analysis of 25 studies with 10192 adults showed that combined aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased in body weight [WMD=-4.63, p=0.001] , systolic blood pressure [WMD=-6.94, p=0.001] , and diastolic blood pressure [WMD=-4.5, p=0.001] , in adults with overweight and obesity.  Aerobic training alongside vegetarian diet as a non-medication approach for weight loss and blood pressure control in adults with overweight and/or obesity. In addition, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet with both types of duration (less than 12 weeks and more than 12 weeks) cause a significant decrease in blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity.

Exercise along with taking herbal supplement is recommended as an important way to control and prevent obesity and blood pressure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the combination of exercise and drinking green tea on body composition and blood pressure in overweight and obese adults.

In this meta-analysis study, articles in English and persian languages were searched without time limit until June 2024, in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar, Sid and Magiran databases -using keywords exercise training, physical activity, green tea extract, body composition, blood pressure, adults and obesity. Mean difference and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, and diffusion bias was evaluated by visual analysis of funnel plot and Egger's test.‎

A total of 13 randomized clinical trial studies and 283 adult subjects were analyzed. The results showed that the combination of exercise and drinking green tea caused a significant decrease in body mass index (P=0.001), systolic blood pressure (P=0.024), and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.039). However, there was no significant change in waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.298) and body fat percentage (P=0.806) in overweight and obese adults compared to the control group.

The results showed that the combination of exercise and drinking green tea improves body composition and lowers blood pressure in overweight and obese adults. Therefore, these two interventions can be suggested as a practical and non-pharmacological solution to reduce cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

The prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults is increasing, so high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) may be an effective intervention to improve body composition and maximal oxygen consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the combined effect of high-intensity interval training and carbohydrate-restricted diet on body composition and aerobic fitness in normal weight, overweight, and obese adults.

A comprehensive search was conducted in the information databases of PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar for articles published up to January 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the combined effect of HIIT and CRD on body composition in adults. Standardized mean difference (SMD) or weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model.

The results of 13 studies with 173 subjects showed that HIIT and low-carbohydrate diet caused a significant decrease in body weight [-4.23, P=0.001], BMI [-1.14, P=0.001], body fat percentage [-3.18, P=0.001], fat mass [-2.94, P=0.001] becomes obese in normal weight, overweight, and obese adults. But these two interventions do not change the muscle mass [-0.1, P=0.8].

Using a low-carbohydrate diet along with HIIT can lead to weight loss and body composition improvement in normal weight, overweight and obese adults. Also, these two interventions simultaneously can exert optimal effects on aerobic performance.

The combination of resistance training (RT) with a ketogenic diet (KD) is acknowledged as an effective strategy to improve body composition. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate the combined effect of RT and KD on body composition factors.

A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database (SID) until March 2023 without limiting the year of publication. Meta-analysis was performed to investigate the combined effect of RT and KD on body composition. In order to calculate the effect size, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval were calculated using fixed and random effect models.

A total of 20 studies with 544 adults were included in the present meta-analysis. The results indicated that RT and KD caused a significant decrease in body weight (BW) [-2.15 kg (CI: -3.27 to -1.03), P=0.001,], body fat percentage [-1.57% (CI: -2.53 to -0.61), P=0.001], compared to the control group in adults. While free fat mass (FFM) [-0.39 kg (CI: -1.17 to 0.37), P=0.3], and body mass index (BMI) were not significant [-0.34 kg/m2 (CI: -1.14 to 0.46), P=0.4].

The results of the present meta-analysis indicated that the KD, compared to the non-KD, had a beneficial effect on reducing BW and fat percentage in people who follow RT. However, the effects of KD combined with RT on increasing FFM were not observed. However, the results of this research regarding the effects of the combination of KD and RT on FFM changes are still challenging, and there is a need to increase the number of investigations in this field to provide a decisive conclusion to examine the combined effects of KD and RT on FFM.

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the respiratory diseases in which inflammation plays a key role in its development. Exercise training has acritical role in improving chronic inflammation. Nonetheless, the effects of various exercise training on inflammatory markers in these patients are not clear. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the impact of exercise on the inflammatory markers, including IL-6, TNF-α, and c-reactive protein in patients with COPD.

A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases for articles published until July 2023. A meta-analysis was performed for the impact of exercise on inflammatory markers in COPD patients. Effect size (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model. Moreover, I2 test was employed to determine heterogeneity, while Funnel plot test and Egger test were used to check publication bias.

The results of the data analysis of 11 studies on 578 patients with COPD demonstrated that exercise led to a non-significant decrease in circulating CRP values [SMD=-0.413 (-0.100 to 0.175), P=0.16], IL-6 [SMD=-0.164 (-0.69 to 0.36], P=0.54], TNF-α [SMD=-0.358 (-1.44 to 0.72), P=0.51) in COPD patients. Furthermore, the results of the subgroup analysis pointed out that aerobic training [SMD=-0.55, P=0.1] compared to resistance training [SMD=-0.09, P=0.7] led to a decrease in CRP in patients with COPD. Nonetheless, this difference was not significant.

The findings of the present meta-analysis illustrated that aerobic exercise is probably an effective exercise intervention to reduce CRP in patients with COPD.

Leptin and adiponectin are adipokines produced by fat cells and play an important role in obesity. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of low-calorie diet (LCD) and exercise (Exe) on leptin and adiponectin in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases for English and Persian articles published until August 2023. The effect size and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random effect model.

The results of 25 studies with 2063 middle-aged and elderly people with overweight and obesity showed that the combination of exercise and diet compared to exercise alone causes a significant decrease in serum leptin [SMD=-0.4, P=0.001], and a significant increase in serum adiponectin [SMD=0.17, P=0.02] in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity. Also, findings showed that the diet compared to exercise alone causes a decrease in serum leptin [SMD=-0.16, P=0.1], and a significant increase in serum adiponectin [SMD=0.05, P=0.7] in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity. Also, diet compared to exercise alone does not cause a significant change in serum leptin [SMD=-0.11, P=0.2], and serum adiponectin [SMD=0.02, P=0.8] in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity.

It is suggested that middle-aged and elderly people to achieve hypoleptinemia and hyperadiponectinemia, use a combination Include exercise training and low-calorie diet in your lifestyle.

     Leptin and adiponectin are two types of adipokines (or adipocytokines) that play an important role in controlling metabolic processes, especially in obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous exercise on leptin, adiponectin and body composition levels in adults with overweight and obesity. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar for English and Persian articles published until September 2023. The present meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of concurrent exercise on leptin, adiponectin and body composition levels in adults with overweight and obesity. Effect size and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect model. The results of 26 studies with 732 overweight and obese adults showed that simultaneous exercise caused a significant decrease in serum leptin [SMD=-0.61, p=0.001], body weight [WMD=-3.38 kg, p=0.001], BMI [WMD=-0.74 kg.m2, p=0.001], body fat mass [WMD=-2.56 g, p=0.001], waist circumference [WMD=-5.47 cm, p=0.001], waist circumference to hip circumference ratio [WMD=-0.02, p=0.001], and increased serum adiponectin was significant [SMD=0.56, p=0.001] compared to the control group in adults with overweight and obesity. Concurrent and combined training causes a significant decrease in serum leptin and a significant increase in serum adiponectin in adults with overweight and obesity. This shows the significant health benefits of concurrent exercise for adults. Therefore, it is suggested that the aforementioned statistical community should take advantage of the benefits of concurrent exercise to achieve health.

Adipokines omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 are hormones secreted from adipose tissue that effectively regulate metabolic pathways. On the other hand, exercise training plays a positive role in preventing metabolic diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic and resistance training on the levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 in adults.

A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Scopus, and Magiran databases was conducted until September 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic and resistance training on the levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 in adults. The mMean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, and diffusion bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test.

In total, 26 studies, including 29 exercise interventions and 722 adults, 409 participants in the exercise group with an average age of 32.45 ± 3.71, and 313 participants in the control group with an average age of 29.86 ± 2.34 were added to the present meta-analysis. The results showed that exercise training caused a significant increase in omentin-1 [SMD=1.37, 0.83 to 1.91, P=0.001] and nesfatin-1 [SMD= 0.69, 0.01 to 1.37, P=0.04] compared to the control group in adults.

The results of the present study showed that both types of aerobic and resistance training lead to a significant increase in the levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1. It seems that exercise training can be a non-pharmacological and practical intervention to regulate adipokines in adults.

Lifestyle interventions, including various types of exercise, are considered beneficial in managing type 2 diabetes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at comparing the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiometabolic factors in type 2 diabetes.

A systematic search of English and Farsi papers published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, and Magiran databases was conducted until August 2023. The search utilized keywords such as "high-intensity interval training (HIIT)", "moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICT)", "cardiometabolic factors", and "type 2 diabetes". A meta-analysis was performed to compare the impact of HIIT and MICT training on cardiometabolic factors in type 2 diabetes. Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated through the visual analysis of funnel plots and Egger's test.

Analysis of 10 studies comprising 11 sports interventions involving 271 individuals with type 2 diabetes revealed that HIIT led to a significant reduction in fasting insulin [SMD=-0.93 (-1.25 to -0.6), P=0.001], HOMA-IR [WMD=-0.73 (-1.03 to -0.43), P=0.001], and systolic blood pressure [WMD=-3.15 mmHg (-6.29 to -0.01), P=0.04] compared to MICT in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, there were no significant differences in fasting glucose [WMD=-2.91 mg/dL (-7.97 to 2.14), P=0.2], diastolic blood pressure [WMD=0.3 mmHg (-0.77 to 1.56), P=0.5], and maximum oxygen consumption [SMD=0.49 (-0.004 to 0.99), P=0.05] between HIIT and MICT exercises in patients with type 2 diabetes.

HIIT appears to be a favorable training method with efficient outcomes for improving cardiometabolic factors in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to MICT.

Exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as suitable and non-pharmacological methods for improving lifestyle and mitigating obesity, and related metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic training and vegetarian diet on lipid profile of adults.

A comprehensive search of English and Persian articles was conducted on databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, up to February 2023. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, as well as lipid profile parameters (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and total cholesterol). Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Additionally, the I2 test was assessed the heterogeneity, and Funnel plots and Egger tests at a (significance level: 0.1) were employed to identify publication bias.

The meta-analysis, comprising 36 studies with 10,795 adults, showed that aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased body weight [WMD=-4.5, (CI: -5.68 to -3.31), p=0.001], low-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.35, (CI: -0.44 to -0.26), p=0.001], high-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.16, (CI: -0.29 to -0.03), p=0.01], triglyceride [SMD=-0.11, (CI: -0.17 to -0.05), p=0.001], and total cholesterol [SMD=-0.44, (CI: -0.57 to -0.32), p=0.001]. Data analysis utilized Comperhensive Meta-analysis software version 2.

The findings of the present meta-analysis showed the important role of exercise and vegetarian diet in improving lipid profiles. Therefore, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet are recommended as non-pharmacogloical strategies for reducing body weight and improving lipid profiles in adults.

The exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as a suitable and non-pharmacological method to improve lifestyle and reduce metabolic diseases, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on insulin resistance factors.

The PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2022 for English articles. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on insulin resistance factors (fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR). Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random and fixed effect models. Also, the I2 test was used to determine heterogeneity, and the Funnel plot and Egger tests at a significant level of 0.1 were used to determine publication bias.

The results of meta-analysis of 29 studies with 10019 adults, showed that aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased in body weight [WMD=-4.49, (CI: -6.27 to -2.72), p=0.001], fasting serum glucose [SMD=-0.46, (CI: -0.65 to -0.27), p=0.001], serum insulin [SMD=-0.42, (CI: -0.52 to -0.32), p=0.001], and HOMA-IR [WMD=-0.73, (CI: -0.97 to -0.49), p=0.001].

The findings of the present meta-analysis show the important role of exercise and vegetarian diet in improving insulin resistance. So, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet are suggested as a non-drug approach for reducing fasting insulin and glucose for adults.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease. The best way to control T1D is to control blood sugar levels and change lifestyle, including proper diet and physical activity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise and diet alone on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose in patients with T1D.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for English articles published until October 2022. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of exercise and diet, alone, on HbA1c and fasting glucose in patients with T1D. Standardized mean difference (SMD), weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval were calculated using a random effect model.

The results of 14 studies with 637 boys and girls with T1D showed that exercise caused a significant decrease in HbA1c (P = 0.03, SMD = -0.55) in T1D patients compared to the control group. However, exercise did not significantly reduce fasting glucose (P = 0.07, WMD = -28.14 mg/dL) in T1D patients compared to the control group. Also, the diet did not significantly reduce HbA1c (SMD-0.04, P = 0.6) and fasting glucose (WMD-18.52 mg/dL, P = 0.1) in patients with T1D compared to the control group.

The present study shows that exercise training is suggested as a non-pharmacological solution to reduce HbA1c for T1D patients. According to the results of the present meta-analysis, the most appropriate exercise method to reduce HbA1c is combined exercise. However, diet alone does not affect HbA1c in patients with T1D.

The integration of strength training and dietary strategies is recognized as a potent method to decrease body weight and body fat mass. This meta-analysis aims to explore the combined effect of strength training and a low-carbohydrate diet on reducing body fat mass in adults.

We conducted a comprehensive search of the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Magiran, and SID databases with no publication year restrictions up until September 2023. This meta-analysis evaluated the combined influence of strength training and a low-carbohydrate diet on body fat mass in adults. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using a random effects model to determine the effect size. Publication bias was assessed through visual interpretation of a funnel plot.

A total of 15 studies, involving 390 adult participants, were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that strength training combined with a low-carbohydrate diet significantly reduced body fat mass with a large effect size in adults compared to the control group (p=0.03, WMD=0.97 (-1.89 to -0.05)). The results of subgroup analysis based on the subjects' active status showed that resistance training and low-carbohydrate diet for non-athletes (p=0.5, WMD=0.88) did not lead to a significant reduction in body fat mass in adults, but for athlete subjects (p=0.05, WMD=-0.98) was close to significance.

According to the findings of this meta-analysis, a low-carbohydrate diet, in comparison to a standard diet, has a beneficial impact on reducing body fat mass in individuals who partake in strength training.

Green coffee affects lipid profile due to its hypolipidemic bioactive compounds. Green coffee along with resistance training are considered as two possible factors for improving lipid profile. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of resistance training and green coffee on lipid profile and blood glucose in overweight and obese naval officers.

In this quasi-experimental study, 48 overweight and obese men were randomly assigned to four Resistance Training (R-Ex), Green Coffee (GC), Resistance Training + Green Coffee (R-Ex+GC), and Control (Con) groups. The training was performed in four sessions a week for eight weeks. An amount of 400 mg of green coffee was consumed per day for eight weeks.

The results showed a significant decrease in LDL, TG, and TC in the R-Ex group compared with the GC group. Also, the levels of TG and TC in the R-Ex+GC group had a significant decrease compared with the GC group.

According to the results of this research, both types of intervention, GC supplementation and R-Ex alone can be effective in improving lipid profile and blood glucose in overweight and obese naval officers. In addition, the results of this study indicated that consuming GC and R-Ex at the same time can have more beneficial effects on improving lipid profile in overweight and obese men. In general, performing resistance exercises along with the use of herbal supplements such as GC has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on the function of local renin-angiotensin system and insulin resistance in the Gastrocnemius muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.

The number of 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed with a standard diet for 12 weeks (control group), 2. Mice fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks with streptozotocin injection (diabetes group). Diabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: 1. Diabetes-Sedentary group, 2. Diabetes-exercise group. The mice of the training group exercised on the treadmill for eight weeks and five days/week with an average speed of 19 m/min and for 45 minutes. 24 hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed. The Gastrocnemius muscle tissue was extracted and stored in -80°C freezer to measure the expression level of angiotensin 2, Mass receptor, At1 receptor and glucose transporter 4 (Glut 4).

The results showed that the expression of Mass and Glut4 receptor in diabetes-exercise mice was significantly higher than diabetes-sedentary group. Also, the expression of angiotensin 2, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose in the muscle of diabetes-exercise mice were significantly lower vs. diabetes-sedentary mice. Also, the expression of At1 receptor in the diabetes-exercise group was insignificantly lower than in the diabetes-sedentary group.

The findings of the present study show the important role of exercise in improving the local renin-angiotensin system in skeletal muscle. Eight weeks of aerobic training can reduce muscular insulin resistance and improve type 2 diabetes by decreasing the expression of angiotensin 2, At1 receptor and increasing the Mass receptor.

One of the important and effective physiological systems in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is the local renin-angiotensin system. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on the function of the local renin-angiotensin system and the gluconeogenesis pathway in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 18 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks, and then they developed type 2 diabetes by injecting a single dose of streptozotocin and HFD for four weeks. After the induction of type 2 diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into two groups: 1. diabetes-non-exercise group, 2. diabetes-exercise group. Rats in the exercise group trained 5 days/week, 45 minutes/session for 8 weeks on a treadmill with a mean speed of 20 meters per minute. Blood was collected from rats and liver tissue was extracted and frozen in liquid nitrogen to check the expression of angiotensin II, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), At1 receptor and Mass receptor genes.

Results of the present study showed that HFD consumption and streptozotocin injection increased blood glucose in rats (P=0.001). The ANOVA test showed that eight weeks of aerobic training caused a significant decrease in the expression of angiotensin II (P=0.001), PEPCK (P=0.003), At1 receptor (P=0.001) genes and the amount of blood glucose (P=0.002) in diabetes-exercise rats compared to diabetes-non-exercise group. Moreover, aerobic training led to a significant increase in the expression of Mass receptor (P=0.001) in diabetes-exercise rats compared to diabetes-non-exercise group.

Eight weeks of aerobic exercise can improve insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes by reducing angiotensin II, At1 receptor gene expression, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing Mass receptor activity.

The aim of this review study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiometabolic factors in children and teenagers with overweight and obesity.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar databases for English and Persian articles published until December 2022. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the effect of HIIT and MICT on cardiometabolic factors (body fat percentage, free fat mass, maximum oxygen consumption, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBS) in children and teenagers with overweight and obesity.  

The results of 15 studies with 429 children and teenagers with overweight and obesity showed that HIIT caused a significant decrease in body fat percentage [WMD=-0.59, P=0.04], and SBP [WMD=-1.98, P=0.004]. In addition, the results showed that HIIT caused a significant increase in the maximum oxygen consumption [SMD=0.65, P=0.001], compared to MICT in children and teenagers with overweight and obesity. In contrast, HIIT causes a non-significant change in free fat mass [WMD=0.65, P=0.5], serum HDL [SMD=0.06, (CI: P=0.5], DBP [WMD=-0.6, P=0.7], and body weight [WMD=-0.33, P=0.7], compared to MICT in children and teenagers with overweight and obesity.

HIIT reduces body fat percentage and SBP, and increases maximum oxygen consumption, compared to MICT in children and teenagers with overweight and obesity. Therefore, HIIT is recommended as a non-drug solution to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in children and teenagers with overweight and obesity.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, which is associated with insulin resistance. The present systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of exercise training on metabolic factors in women with PCOS.

In this study, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar databases for English and Persian articles published until September 2022. Meta-analysis was performed to investigate the impact of exercise training on fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), fat percentage and body fat mass in women with PCOS. Standardized mean differences (SMD) or weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect model. Also, I2 test was used to determine heterogeneity, and funnel plot and Egger test were used to evaluate publication bias.

Exercise training caused a significant decrease in insulin [SMD=-0.47, -0.79 to -0.15, P=0.004], HOMA-IR [WMD=-0.57, -1.02 to -0.12, P=0.01), and body fat percentage [WMD=-1.89, -3.36 to -0.42, P=0.01] in women with PCOS; but exercise did not change fasting glucose [WMD=0.65, -2.17 to 3.47, P=0.65] and body fat mass [WMD=-1.58, -3.88 to 0.7, P=0.17].

Exercise reduces body fat percentage, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance in PCOS patients. It is noteworthy that both types of aerobic and resistance training reduce fasting insulin in these patients, but the impact of resistance training is greater than aerobic exercise. Therefore, exercise is recommended as a non-drug solution to improve body composition, reduce insulin resistance and prevent diabetes for women with PCOS.

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition in adults with overweight and obese.

A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran databases was conducted up to November 2022. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the effect of HIIT and MICT on body composition in adults with overweight and obese. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed effect model.  Also, I2 test was used to determine heterogeneity, and Funnel plot test and Egger test were used for publication bias.

The results of 36 studies with 1096 subjects showed that HIIT did not significantly change in body weight [WMD = 0.37, (-1.12 to 0.24), P = 0.3], body fat percentage [WMD = 0.31 (-0.19 to 0.83), P = 0.2], and body fat mass [WMD = -0.43 (-1.12 to 0.24), P = 0.2], compared to MICT in adults with overweight and obese. But HIIT causes a significant increase in body free fat mass [WMD = 0.82 (0.07 to 1.58), P = 0.03], compared to MICT in adults with overweight and obese.

The results of the present study show that HIIT has similar benefits to MICT on body composition, and body fat reduction, although HIIT is a time-efficient training method.  However, neither of the short-term HIIT nor MICT results in a clinically significant reduction in body fat. HIIT leads to an increase in body free fat mass in obese adults compared to MICT.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is linked to various cardiometabolic risk factors, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and low cardiorespiratory fitness. This study aimed to examine the impact of exercise training on serum lipid profile and blood pressure in women diagnosed with PCOS.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar databases to extract English and Persian articles published until September 2022. Meta-analysis was performed to examine the effect of exercise training on serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in women with PCOS. The standardized mean differences (SMD) or weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Egger's test.

The results of a meta-analysis comprising 20 studies involving 1242 patients with PCOS demonstrated that exercise training significantly reduced serum total cholesterol [SMD=-0.3, (CI: -0.47 to -0.12), p=0.001], serum LDL [SMD=-0.26, (CI: -0.44 to -0.09), p=0.003], and SBP [WMD=-3.12, (CI: -4.52 to -1.73), p=0.001] in women with PCOS compared to the control group. However, exercise training did not result in a significant decrease in serum triglycerides [SMD=-0.12, (CI: -0.31 to 0.06), p=0.2], serum HDL [SMD=0.06, (CI: -0.14 to 0.26), p=0.5], and DBP [WMD=-0.82, (CI: -2.04 to 0.39), p=0.1] in women with PCOS compared to the control group.

The findings of this study indicate that exercise training leads to a reduction in certain cardiometabolic risk factors, including total serum cholesterol, LDL, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in women with PCOS. Therefore, exercise training is suggested as a non-pharmacological approach to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular complications for women with PCOS.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological syndrome associated with increased serum levels of liver enzymes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of exercise training on liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) and liver fat content in adults with NAFLD.

The PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2022 for English and Persian articles. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of exercise training on liver function in patients with fatty liver. SMD and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using effect models. Also, the I2 test was used to determine heterogeneity, and the Funnel plot and Egger tests at a significant level of 0.1 were used to determine publication bias.

The results of meta-analysis of 36 studies with 1602 patient with NAFLD, showed that exercise training caused a significant decrease in ALT enzyme [SMD=-0.73, (95% CI: -0.51 to -0.95), p=0.001], AST enzyme [SMD=-0.61, (95% CI: -0.39 to -0.83), p=0.001], GTT enzyme [SMD=-0.66, (95% CI: -0.18 to -1.14), p =0.007], and intrahepatic fat [SMD=-0.58, (95% CI: -0.78 to -0.38), p=0.001].

The findings of the present meta-analysis show the important role of exercise training (aerobic, resistance, and combined training) in improving liver function. So, all three types of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise are suggested as a non-drug approach to reduce liver enzymes and intrahepatic fat for adults with NAFLD.