مقالات رزومه فاطمه شب خیز

NRF2 and NQO1 proteins are very important for cell protection; Therefore, the purpose of this research was investigating the effect of resistance training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the content of NRF2 and NQO1 proteins in the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats.

In this experimental study, thirty-two 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 200±20 gr were selected. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1-control, 2-resistance training, 3-resistance training+Q10 supplement and 4-Q10 supplement. The resistance training program consisted of climbing a ladder with 26 steps and a slope of 85 degrees, for 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. The daily consumption of Q10 supplement was 200 mg/kg of body weight of rats. The content of proteins was measured through Western-Blot laboratory method. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests and the effect size of eta squared test using SPSS version 16 and Graphpad Prism software version 10.2.3. The significance level was P≤0.05.

Eight weeks of resistance training with Q10 supplementation led to a significant change in NRF2 content (F=4.80, p≤0.03, ƞ2=0.64). Tukey's post hoc test showed this significant change between pairs of resistance training groups and Q10 supplement group (p≤0.04); medium effect size was observed in NRF2 content (ƞ2=0.64). No significant difference was observed in NQO1 content (F=3.01, p≤0.09, ƞ2=0.33). A weak effect size was observed in NQO1 content (ƞ2=0.33).

Doing resistance training together with Q10 supplementation alone or in combination cannot significantly change the content of NRF2 and NQO1 proteins in the hippocampus of the brain.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and nanocurcumin supplementation on protein amounts of NF-κB and IL-1α involved in tumor metabolism in rats with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups namely, healthy control, GBM, GBM+resistance training (RT), GBM+nanocurcumin supplement (NCUR), and GBM+RT+NCUR. GBM was injected into the frontal cortex of rats. The training group performed incremental resistance training on the ladder for 4 weeks, 3 days per week. At the end, the rats were sacrificed and the histological changes of the brain tumor were evaluated by H&E method, and also the expression of NF-κB and IL-1α protein were measured by western blot method.

Compared to the healthy control group, the GBM group showed significant tissue changes (increasing tumor area) and increased IL-1α protein levels (p≤0/05). In the analysis of tissue changes, it was found that the GBM+RT, GBM+NCUR and GBM+RT+NCUR (p≤0/05) groups showed a significant reduction in the brain tumor area compared to the GBM group. Also, the GBM+RT+NCUR group showed a significant decrease in tumor area compared to the GBM+RT and GBM+NCUR groups (p≤0/05).

It seems that, to evaluate the changes of inflammatory markers involved in tumor metabolism, longer treatment duration, different dosage of supplements, different exercise training, intensity and volume of exercise training should be used. Also, the progress of the disease can be one of the factors affecting the non-change of the molecular factors of the present study.

Alzheimer’s is a neuroendocrine disease related to insulin signaling, due to the association of Alzheimer’s disease with the reduction of insulin production and resistance, the term type III or cerebral diabetes has become popular in this regard. Accumulation of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with aging, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. AGEs increase the accumulation of amyloid oligomers in the brain causing neurotoxicity. The beneficial effect of physical activity on the brain has been established, but the effect of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment had been less investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of 8 weeks of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of AGEs protein, Amyloid beta, and cell death rate in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats with type III diabetes.

Methods and Materials: 

Twenty 10-week-old male rats were randomly divided into four groups including healthy control, sham, type III diabetes, and type III diabetes group+ voluntary exercise in an enriched environment. The intervention group trained in the cage two hours a day for eight weeks. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Voluntary exercise in the enriched environment caused a significant decrease in AGEs protein expression and amyloid beta accumulation in the hippocampus (p=0.0001). Also, the rate of cell death in the voluntary exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the control of diabetes type III (p=0.0001).

It seems that the activity in the enriched environment probably changes of AGEs and Amyloid beta by improving insulin resistance and increasing insulin production, and has favorable effects in reducing the signs of dead cells and improving cognitive function in type III diabetes.

Introduction and Monitoring athletes is important for the management of fatigue and performance. This study was to investigate the possibility of using repetition in reserve for monitoring and controlling fatigue during resistance training.
11 male subjects (22.82±1.1422 years) with at least one year of training experience participated voluntarily in two separate test sessions with a time interval of 72 hours. In the first session, the Participant asked for 1 repetition maximum test (1RM). In the next session, they conducted the maximum number of repetitions (MNR), also the velocity of each repetition is recorded at the speed of 240 frames per second (240 fps). Finally, the correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve was evaluated using the Pearson correlation test with a significance level (P<0.05). However, the range of changes in repetition in reserve at 10% of the velocity loss was checked to examine the possibility of practical use.
There was a strong correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve (r=0.97), the range of repetition in reserve equal to 10% of velocity loss was equal to 4, the maximum repetition in reserve was 7 and the minimum was 3.
Discussion and Despite the strong correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve, it is not possible to use repetition in reserve for control and monitoring of fatigue due to the wide range of reserve repetition along with a fixed amount of velocity loss (10%).

Neurodegenerative processes play an important role in the progression of MS. Appropriate exercise training and living in an enriched environment (EE) can improve or prevent the progression of the disease through the secretion of some neurodevelopmental factors in the hippocampus, including irisin and the neutrophic factor derived from the mouse. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of aerobic and resistance training and EE on irisin protein and hippocampus BDNF levels in female C57BL6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 50 female mice (age 8 weeks, average weight 18 ± 2 grams) were randomly divided into five equal groups (10 mice in each group): 1- healthy control, 2- control + EAE, 3- resistance activity + EAE, 4- Aerobic activity + EAE and 5- EE + EAE. The first and second weeks of adaptation to the environment and then induction of EAE were performed. The training groups trained 5 days a week for half an hour a day for 4 weeks, and the EE group was transferred to its equipped cage. 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were anesthetized and then dissected and tissue removed. The ELISA method was used to measure the amounts of proteins, and the analysis of variance and Tukey's t-test were used to determine the differences between the research variables. All analyzes were performed at a significance level of 0.05 and with SPSS22 software. Hippocampal BDNF expression was increased in all three training groups compared to the EAE control group. This increase in the EE and resistance training group was significant compared to both the EAE control group and the swimming training group. Also, hippocampal irisin expression increased in all three training groups compared to the EAE control group, and this increase was significant in the EE and resistance training groups. Also, the expression of irisin in the EE group increased more than the two aerobic swimming and resistance training groups, and this increase was proportional to It was meaningful to the swimming aerobic training group. It seems that EE and resistance training can increase the secretion of nerve growth factors such as irisin and BDNF and thus help to improve MS disease.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intense functional interval training with the consumption of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on lipid profiles and insulin resistance in overweight women. In a field trial, 40 people were randomly divided into 5 groups including: 1- exercise, 2- sour tea and exercise, 3- sour tea, 4- exercise + placebo and 5- control. The training protocol in the training groups included 250 meters rowing with an ergometer, immediately swinging a 13 kg kettlebell and sitting and standing with 13 kg dumbbells. In the present study, dried sepal powder of sour tea plant was used as a supplement, and each tablespoon was equivalent to 3 grams. For data analysis, SPSS 21, Exell 2010 softwares and covariance and T-correlated statistical tests were used at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The results showed that the intra-group changes of triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and fat percentage after two weeks of training were significant in the training, training + supplement and training + placebo groups (p ≤ 0.05), but in the supplement group and the control group. The changes were not significant (p ≥ 0.05). Also, inter-group changes showed a significant difference between the control group and the training, supplement+training, supplement and training + placebo groups in triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and fat percentage (p ≤ 0.05). Despite this, the intergroup changes of insulin resistance were not significant (p ≥ 0.05). According to the results of the present study, overweight people are suggested to use various and effective exercises such as HIFT and sour tea supplements in order to lose weight and improve their metabolism profile and body composition.

Oxidative stress and the production of nitrogen (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathogenesis and the progression of MS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on disease severity, NRF2 protein levels, and xanthine oxidase in the spinal cord in the chronic period of the disease.Thirty female C57Bl6 mice (6-8 weeks) were divided into voluntary exercise, EAE, and healthy control. After induction of EAE by MOG35-55 and after the mice showed the clinical score of one for two consecutive days, they performed one hour of voluntary exercise, five days, for four weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and the spinal cord tissue was removed. The location of NRF2 proteins in the gray and white matter of the spinal cord were investigated by immunohistochemistry, and xanthine oxidase was measured by xanthine oxidase kit according to the kit manufacturer's instructions by ELISA method.Voluntary exercise increased NRF2 protein levels in the white matter (P = 0.0001) and gray matter of the spinal cord (P = 0.0001) and decreased xanthine oxidase levels in the spinal cord (P = 0.001), and attenuated disease severity in the chronic period (P = 0.01).Voluntary exercise reduces oxidative stress and disease in the chronic period of the disease and is a good strategy for controlling and treating MS.

Changes in the morphology of dendrites and the function of nerve circuits in pain-sensing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord ultimately lead to neuropathic pain. Increased expression of Rac1 is associated with increased size and density of dendritic spines and increased pain threshold in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of physical activity in an enriched environment on Rac1 and structural changes of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and pain sensitivity in the chronic course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model used to study the immunopathogenesis of MS.

Thirty female C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was induced with MOG35-55 peptide (EAE group), the second group received a saline injection (healthy control group), and the third group, after induction with MOG35-55, was placed in the cage of the enriched environment (group living in enriched environment + EAE). On day 30 post-induction (chronic period of the disease), the formalin test assessed pain sensitivity. Then the mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and the spinal cord tissue was removed. Rac1 protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry. The length and density of dendritic spines were assessed using the Golgi-Cox staining.

Our findings showed that living in an enriched environment significantly reduced RAC1 levels, the length and density of dendritic spines of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and pain sensitivity compared to the EAE group.

Changing the environment and lifestyle to a happy and enriched environment and active lifestyle could reduce pain sensitivity in MS by preventing structural changes in pain-sensing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with decreases in neurons in several important areas for memory and learning in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. AD is a progressive brain disorder that causes gradual loss of memory, impaired learning ability, and connection problems with other people. Researchers have found that people with diabetes are 1.5 times more likely to develop AD. And suggests that Alzheimer's disease may indicate a specific type of diabetes in brain. Although this issue needs more research. Astrocytes are one of the most abundant types of glial cells that change and become hypertrophy in response to any damage to the central nervous system (CNS). An important feature of the glial reaction is the increased synthesis of GFAP protein, which is a protein that mediates cytoskeletal fibers and is the main determinant of the reactivation of astrocytes and cell damage. This phenomenon is known as the astrogliosis reaction and is one of the most common injuries in type 3 diabetes and AD. White matter changes in the hippocampus are one of the best biomarkers for recognizing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1-type 3 diabetes group (DM III), 2-healthy control group (Control), 3-type 3 diabetes and involuntary training (DM III + HIIT), 4-type 3 diabetes and voluntary activities in an enriched environment group (DM III + RE), and 5-the sham group (Sham). The activity method of the rats in the involuntary training group was performed as high intensity interval training and in accordance with the test of maximum training capacity by Wang et al. The rats of the voluntary training group were placed in the enriched environment for five days a week for two hours a day and simultaneously with the activity of the involuntary training group. GFAP was measured by DAB immunohistochemical method. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory of animals. Shapero-Wilk test was used to measure the normal distribution of data. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test with a significance level of 5% was used to analyze the data. Statistical calculations were performed by GraphPad Prism software version 8, SPSS version 21, and Microsoft Excel software version 2010.

The present study results showed that the type-3 diabetes control group had the highest amount of GFAP expression. This difference with all the research groups was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment and the involuntary exercise group had significantly lower GFAP than the type-3 diabetes control group. The voluntary exercise group had a lower GFAP expression percentage (23.67%) than the involuntary training group (26.01%). However, the difference between these two training groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The Morris water maze test showed that the healthy control and sham groups spent more significant time in the target area and this difference was statistically significant only with the type-3 diabetes group (P ≤ 0.05). Both exercise groups spent more time in the target area than the type-3 diabetic group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The voluntary exercise group spent more time in the target area and this group performed better in remembering information and spatial memory than the involuntary exercise group. Still, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Voluntary group activities in an enriched environment may have greater effects in reducing GFAP in the hippocampus white tissue of the diabetic type 3 rats. However, involuntary high-intensity interval training was also able to reduce the astrogliosis reaction compared to the diabetic type 3 control group. The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment performed better in the Morris water maze test than the involuntary exercise group so the time spent in the target area quadrant by them was higher than the involuntary high-intensity exercise group.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an inflammatory factor which has an important role in pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks resistance training on serum amyloid A protein levels and insulin resistance in sedentary obese women.

24 sedentary obese women aged 20 to 35 years old assigned to control (12 person) and resistance training (12 person) groups. Resistance training program completed during 12 weeks/ three sessions per week with 75 percent of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and four sets with 8-12 repetitions. Before starting training program and two days after last training session, blood samples collected and SAA, glucose and insulin levels were measured. Present findings analyzed with SPSS software version 24. Analysis of covariance test were used for comparing groups changes, and intra-group changes determined using paired t test.

According to study findings, serum levels of SAA in resistance training program group compared to control group significantly decreased (p=0.015). In addition, significant decrease in insulin resistance in resistance training group compared to control group was observed (p=0.001). Intra-group analysis represented a significant decrease in SAA levels in the resistance training group (p=0.048) and non-significant changes in the control group (p=0.389).

The resistance training program leads to the improvement of insulin resistance in obese women by reducing the levels of inflammatory factors such as SAA. Nevertheless, identifying the mechanisms of reducing SAA levels by exercise training requires further investigation.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system. Inflammation plays an important role in neurological dysfunction and loss of neuronal cells in Alzheimer’s disease. Previous studies have shown that cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity decreases with beta amyloid and inflammation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training before and after induction of Alzheimer on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and CREB gene expression of Wistar male rats.

The number of 115 male adult rats (eight-week old) with an average weight of 250±17.20 grams in the pre-Alzheimer’s stage were randomly divided into two equal resting (55 heads) and exercise (55 heads) groups. After four weeks and after induction of Alzheimer’s disease, the rats of each group were divided into three subgroups including Amyloid injection, injecting the placebo, and without injection groups. Before the start of the study, animals were killed (5 heads in each group) and their hippocampus removed after four weeks of training (before and after Alzheimer’s induction). IL-1β and CREB expression were measured by Real Time-PCR method and data were analyzed in two stages before and after Alzheimer’s induction with one way- analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) tests at the significant level of p≤0.05.

Both in the pre and post-Alzheimer’s stages, IL-1β and CREB expression decreased and increased significantly (p<0.05) in the training group compared to the resting group, respectively.

Aerobic exercise can increase of CREB expression and reduction of inflammation before and after Alzheimer’s induction, and it probably contributes to hippocampal plasticity in this way and has cognitive or functional benefits.

Running causes increments in synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. However, the effect of types of running on plasticity-related molecular changes are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two types of endurance training on brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB), in the hippocampus of adult male rat.

In this experimental study 18 adult male wistar rats, 8 weeks of age were randomly and equally (n=6) divided into 3 groups of control, continuous running and interval running. Animals in training groups were allowed to run on treadmill with intensity of 12-23 meter per min and 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Changes in protein levels of variables were determined by ELISA technique. In order to extract of the results, the one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used at a significant level of p≤0.05.

The values of BDNF (p=0.01) and TrkB (p=0.0001) in the continuous running group showed a significant increase compared to the control. Also, in the interval running group, a significant increase was observed in both variables, BDNF (p=0.003) and TrkB (p=0.0001), but no significant difference was observed between the two training groups.

Endurance training (as running) leads to increases in the BDNF and TrkB in hippocampus regardless of its type. Since these two biomarkers are the main factors in hippocampal plasticity, memory and learning processes; increasing their protein levels after endurance running shows the positive effect of these factors on the mentioned processes in adults.

Exercise seems to be effective on factors associated with diseases such as obesity, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval and continuous training on GDF15 and IL6 in overweight men.

The present study is a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. For this purpose, 36 overweight young people in Ahar were selected as a sample and randomly divided into Intense Intensity Exercise (HIIT), Continuous Exercise (MICT) and Control. The training protocol was performed three days a week for eight weeks. 48 hours before the first training session, blood samples were taken from 5 cc of the brachial artery to assess the levels of GDF15 and interleukin 6 by ELISA. The post-test was repeated exactly with the pre-test conditions. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 using analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the mean of IL6 was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.029) so that the mean of IL-6 in the control group was significantly higher than the other two groups and in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the MICT group. Another result is the lack of significant difference in mean GDF15 between the three groups.

The results of this study showed that performing HIIT and MICT exercises can improve the cardiovascular status of overweight people by changing the factors affecting cardiovascular conditions such as GDF-15 and IL-6. There is no difference in the use of the two exercises, also.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and oral consumption of Iranian saffron flower on Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1 in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Forty-four people from the research community were randomly selected and divided into four groups (11 people in each group) 1. supplement + exercise, 2. exercise + placebo, 3. placebo and 4. supplement. The training protocol in the first session included 20 minutes of activity with an intensity of 40 to 45% of the maximum heart rate, increased by 5 minutes every week for 9 weeks and 5% of the intensity of activity every two weeks. Due to the lack of regular physical activity and low physical fitness of these people, aerobic exercise started with a heart rate of 40-45% of the maximum heart rate and the intensity and duration of exercise increased gradually and continuously every week. The placebo and saffron supplement groups were asked not to exercise during this period. The amount of 200 mg of powdered saffron flower in capsules of the same color and shape with placebo capsules containing 200 mg of wheat flour was prepared. The results within the group indicated a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 in all groups except the placebo group (P≤0.05). Besides, the comparison of the results between groups in the variables of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 showed a significant difference between all groups receiving the intervention in the post-test phase with the placebo group (P=0.0001). Although exercise has benefits in improving diabetics, but according to the results of the present study, supplementation with saffron extract can lead to a further increase in omentin-1 and nesfatin-1.

Deep heated oils produce toxins that endanger peoplechr('39')s health. The use of herbal supplements along with exercise can improve general health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic and octapamine training on HSP70 and Caspase 3 protein in brown adipose tissue of rats received w deep heated oils.

40 male wistar rats after four weeks of feeding with heated oil were randomly assigned into control-intoxication (CI; n=8), exercise training-intoxication (ETI; n=8), supplement-intoxication (SI; n=8), supplement-exercise-intoxication (SEI; n=8), and healthy-control (HC; n=8).  The exercise-training was done for four weeks at intensity of 50-65% vo2max for 20 minutes per session. Octopamine was used as a supplement for 4 weeks and it was also used in the form of intraperitoneal injection with a dose of 81 µmol/kg for five days per week in the CI, SI, and SEI. To test the HSP70 protein by immunohistochemistry And Caspaz 3 used Western blot.

The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduces HSP-70 protein (P = 0.001). Octopamine intake significantly reduced HSP-70 protein (P = 0.001). However, the interaction between aerobic exercise and octopamine did not have a significant effect on HSP-70 protein concentration. Aerobic exercise significantly reduced Caspase 3 (P = 0.001). Taking octapamine supplementation significantly reduced caspase 3 (P = 0.001). Also, the interaction of aerobic exercise and octopamine significantly reduced Caspase 3 (P = 0.016).

Aerobic exercise and octopamine reduce the detrimental effects of deeply heated oils. It is recommended to use food at a temperature below 180 0C and in order to reduce the effects of toxins produced by these oils, regular aerobic exercise and octapamine supplementation would be useful.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the simultaneous and independent effects of a Rope Jumping Training course and dark chocolate consumption on anthropometric indices and omentin-1 levels in obese adolescents.

40 obese teenagers were randomly divided into four homogeneous groups: Rope Jumping Training (1), dark chocolate (2), Training + dark chocolate (3) and control (4). Subjects in the second and third groups daily consumed 30 grams of dark chocolate (83 percent cocoa) for six weeks. Also, subjects the first and third groups performed Rope Jumping Training for six weeks (40 minutes a day, 5 days a week). Before and after six weeks anthropometric indices and blood samples were taken to measure the biochemical values of the subjects.

After performing the protocol, the values of omentin -1 increased, and weight and BMI showed a significant decrease in the first, second and third groups. While the percentage of fat and WHR only decreased significantly in the first and third groups (P≤0.05). The intergroup analysis also showed significant changes in omentin -1, weight, BMI, body fat percentage and WHR in the first, second and third groups compared to the fourth group, with the most of these changes seen in the third group (P≤0.05). 

Rope Jumping Training and the use of dark chocolate independently and simultaneously improve the body composition and increase the levels of omentin-1 in obese adolescents, which results in better results at the same time.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of IL-15, IL-6, TNF-α and insulin resistance in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. For this purpose, twenty elderly man with type 2 diabetes (age: 72.45 ± 4.97, weight: 79.77 ± 12.57, BMI: 27.91 ± 4.7) were randomly assigned to two groups of resistance training (n =10) and control (n = 10). Resistance Training was performed for eight weeks for 3 sessions/wk, 8 main movement including 3 sets with 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM. The paired t test and ANCOVA were used to analyze data in the significance level of 0.05. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 48 hours following the last training session. Serum levels of IL-15, IL-6, TNF-α, insulin and glucose were measured by ELISA method. The results of data analysis showed that eight weeks of resistance training led to an increase in serum levels of IL-15 and a decrease in serum levels of insulin, glucose and insulin resistance. However, it had no significant effect on serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Based on the results of this study, it seems that resistance training may lead to improved insulin resistance in elderly men with type 2 diabetes by increasing the circulating levels of IL-15

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) after repeated-sprint activity (RSA) and subsequent cold water immersion (CWI). Twenty trained athletes with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 52.9±2.9 ml.kg-1.min-1, age 21.9±2.2 yrs, height 174.2±5.4 cm, and weight 68±4.4 kg was assigned to take part in this study. After performing repeated-sprint activity, 10 participants immersed in cold water (14°c) and 10 participants passively sat on a chair at room temperature. Blood sampling was performed before and after RSA, after CWI or passive rest and after 24 h. The blood variables assessed through ELISA method. The results showed that antioxidant levels did not return to baseline levels and CWI had no effect on these factors, compared to GPX and GR returned to baseline levels after 24 h, nevertheless; there was no significant difference between CWI and Control groups. In conclusion, although the levels of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants were significantly higher after RSA, CWI did not have any effect on returning to baseline levels after 24h.

In pathological studies, there is usually a low degree of Pulmonary inflammation, and due to the presence of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue, there are discussions about the role of these cells in the progression of the disease (1). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are super family of proteolytic enzymes that play an important role in the breakdown of extracellular matrix and fibrosis (2, 3). MMP-2 has the potential to degrade wide range of extracellular matrix proteins, including type IV collagen, basement membrane, fibronectin and gelatin (6). Studies show that MMP-2 activity is increased in pulmonary fibrosis (7).The Tissue Inhibitor of MMPs (TIMPs) gene family are physiological inhibitors of MMPs that inhibit the activity of these proteases. TIMP / MMP imbalance is an important factor in the fibrogenic process (9). Also, in pulmonary fibrosis, the activity of MMPs is regulated by several factors, including growth factor, and inflammatory mediators may play an important role in modulating lung tissue damage and extracellular matrix degradation. Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in causing fibrosis in many tissues, including the lungs (10).Studies show that exercise can help improve the levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their associated inflammatory factors. However, the results of studies in this field are contradictory, so, decrease in expression and serum levels of MMP-2 in rats following voluntary exercise and High-intensity interval training (HIIT) have been reported (12,13). On the other hand, 12 weeks of resistance training has been shown to increase MMP2 levels in rats (14). Also, significant increase (15) and no change (16) in TGF-β1 tissue values after HIIT was reported in rats.The effect of different training methods on lung tissue has been considered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 6-weeks of continuous and HIIT training on gene expression of TGF-B, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in lung tissues of male wistar rats.

This is a experimental study. 18 male wistar rats (6 to 8 months) were selected and randomly divided into three groups of control (Con), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and High-intensity interval training (HIIT) groups. The aerobic training program consisted of 15 to 30 minutes of treadmill running at 65-70% VO2max intensity, 5 days a week for 6 weeks. The HIIT program consisted of 5 to 8 alternations (2 minutes) of 80 to 100 percent VO2max and 2 minutes of recovery with 50 to 60 percent of VO2max between each period for 6 weeks (17). TGF-β, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 gene expression in lung tissue was measured after training using Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test at the P <0.05.

Table 4 shows the mean and standard deviation of research variables in different groups. The results showed that HIIT and MICT led to significant decrease in MMP-2 gene expression and significant increase in TIMP-1 and TGF-β gene expression in lung tissue compared to the control group (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in the relative expression of MMP-2 between the two groups of HIIT and MICT (P=0.832), but TIMP-1 and TGF-β gene expression was significantly higher in the HIIT group compared to the MICT group (P=0.001) (Fig. 1-3).

The findings of the present study show that HIIT and MICT significantly decrease MMP-2 gene expression and significantly increase TIMP-1 and TGF-β gene expression in lung tissues of male wistar rats. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (12,13, 23, 27-29). Decreased gene expression of MMP-2 in response to training sessions can be attributed to the expression of endogenous protein inhibitors such as TIMP-1, alpha-2 macroglobulin and protease degradation. Also, the reduction of some inflammatory factors that stimulate MMP-2 due to interval training periods can play a role in this reduction (19). Therefore, according to the mechanisms involved in reducing MMP-2 expression and the findings of the present study, reducing MMP-2 in the HIIT and MICT groups compared to the control group can reduce the expression of TIMP-1 and TGF-β genes after exercise. MMPs are highly regulated at the level of gene transcription and translation in the lung, their expression is through a variety of transcription factors (activators and suppressors, including growth factors, hormones, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, proteins), extracellular matrix and their bioactive components and intracellular signaling agents (GTPases), all of which can directly or indirectly regulate the expression of MMPs (20). Therefore, HIIT and MICT may alter the gene expression levels of the MMP-2 in lung tissue by affecting the above factors. The reason for the increase in TGF-β1 following exercise is not well understood. However, oxidative stress and exercise-induced hypoxia are two possible mechanisms (33). Studies have shown that by increasing the expression of NADPH oxidase and decreasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes, increases the expression of TGF-β1 in tissue (34,35). HITT is associated with hypoxia at the cell, which leads to increased expression of HIF-1α (Hypoxia-induced Factor 1- α). This factor increases in cells in response to hypoxia and mediates several biological functions. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other MMPs. According to the results, it seems that HIIT training may be a more effective intervention to reduce lung fibrosis. Therefore, it is recommended to consider High-intensity interval training programs for the health of the respiratory system.

One of the major aging mechanism is telomere shortening that affected by factors such as telomerase and SIRT6. Exercise may have effective role in delaying aging and increase telomerase enzyme activity. However, these mechanisms are unknown. In this context, the aim of present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of telomerase enzyme and SIRT6 protein in aged men. For this purpose, twenty aged men with average age of 63±8 years, 71.03±5.78 kg, body mass index 24.49±3.25 kg/m2 and height 170.79±5/92 cm assigned into two control and HIIT groups. Subjects in HIIT group beginning the sprint training program with intensity of 90% reserve heart rate with three sets and three repetitions, and finally reached to five sets and six repetitions, but intensity maintained. Training program perform three time in week for eight weeks. At the end of training period, blood samples collected and experimental factors measured with Elisa method. for data analyze, covariance analysis and dependent t test used. Results of present study represent significant increase in SIRT6 protein and telomerase enzyme in HIIT group than to control group. Therefor respect to downregulation of telomerase activity and SIRT6 protein with aging, exercise training can be effective in compensate this decrease and delaying aging, and effectiveness pathway of exercise training in aged people can be partly related to increase in mentioned factors (telomerase enzyme and SIRT6 protein).