دکتر سامان ضیایی

Climate change has had a significant impact on the global production of agricultural products. Studying the impact of climate change on the production of agricultural products is very important for making preventive decisions to improve agriculture. The aim of the current research is to simulate the cultivation pattern of Jiroft plain agricultural products under the influence of different climate scenarios. For this purpose, at the beginning, the effect of temperature and precipitation climatic variables on the yield of onion and potato crops in the period 1991-2022 was investigated using regression analysis. The reason for choosing these two crops is that they occupy a high area under cultivation and are cultivated in spring and autumn. Then, using HasGEM3 general circulation model, the climate variables of Jiroft plain under RCP 8/5, 4/5, 6/2 series scenarios available in the latest report of the International Panel on Climate Change (5th report) for the periods (2011-2045) , (2046-2065), (2066-2079) and (2080-2099) were predicted. In the end, by applying the positive mathematical programming approach, the cultivation pattern of the region was simulated and the effects of climate change on the cultivation pattern in the mentioned periods were investigated. The results showed that the climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation have a significant effect on the performance of selected products. Also, by applying the forecast of climate variability in the cultivation pattern model of all selected crops in the periods (2011-2045), (2046-2065), (2066-2079) and (2080-2099) based on The noses of the HasGEM3 model are affected by different climate scenarios. Considering the effects of climate change and improving the productivity of agricultural products, it is one of the bad effects of this phenomenon. The results of this research can be useful in agricultural planning and economic development of Jiroft city.

Due to the importance of climate change on agricultural production and the dependence of yield on rainfall, the purpose of this article is to investigate effect of climatic variables such as temperature, rainfall, fertilizer and onion inputs on saffron yield in cities of Khorasan provinces during the years 1398-1380. For this purpose, using Ricardin model and mixed spatial autoregressive model (SAR), the effect of climate change in three climates: hot and dry, temperate and cold in the mentioned provinces was investigated. The results of the model in three climates showed that the amount of rainfall, fertilizer and onion, contrary to temperature, have a positive and significant effect on saffron yield and the significance of the spatial interruption coefficient of the dependent variable confirms the existence of spatial effects. According to the results of this study, it is necessary to increase the serious events of high temperature and decrease rainfall and reduce the yield of saffron in future periods and the undeniable role of saffron in livelihood, employment and income generation of farmers in the region.

Dust storms are one of the natural phenomena that have affected many arid and semi-arid regions of the world in recent decades And it has increased significantly in the past years And as a result, it has had many harmful effects on the residents of the areas, so that the living conditions are very difficult in many areas due to the large amount of dust. Unfortunately, due to climate changes, including the decrease in rainfall, which on the other hand leads to the barrenness of the land surface and soil erosion, the conditions for the transport of fine dust can be provided, and when there are storms, a lot of fine dust is carried towards residential areas, and this affects It has a negative effect on the economy, health and environment. Fine dust enters the atmosphere affected by various factors including atmospheric conditions, characteristics of the earth's surface and characteristics (temperature, rain, wind, soil). Desert and devoid of vegetation are among the natural resources. Therefore, the most important factors affecting the intensity of dust are climatic changes and land surface conditions, so that with the decrease of rainfall and the decrease of water resources, especially in wetlands and the increase of barren lands, conditions prone to dust increase. Sistan plain is one of the important regions of the country which is very negatively affected by storms. Because, the lack of drainage of the Hamon wetland has led to the desertification of many areas of the wetland, and this has caused many of the wetlands to be transported to residential areas during dust storms, causing the destruction of agricultural and residential lands, damage to infrastructure, and many heart diseases. and be respiratory. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the factors affecting the intensity of dust in Sistan region so that necessary measures can be taken to manage and plan dust control. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the frequency of days with dust in relation to climatic variables (temperature, rainfall and wind speed) and water intake of Hamon lagoon.

In this research, the degree of correlation between the frequency of dusty days in relation to climatic variables and water intake of Hamon wetland in the Sistan plain in the period (2011-2021) was investigated. For this purpose, the average annual data of temperature, rainfall, wind speed and catchment area of Hamon lagoon were used in the studied time period. The data used were obtained from the meteorological station of Zabul. In order to use the data of the catchment area of Hamon lagoon, satellite images related to Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellites for 11 years (2011-2021) have been used.in order to prepare a map for extracting NDVI of water resources from Landsat satellite images related to the years 2011 to 2021 were used. The water resources index was used in the studied years. Then, the water layer was extracted by reclassification from the spectral index of each year and prepared as a Boolean layer of zero and one. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used in order to investigate the correlation between dusty days with climatic variables and the catchment area of Hamon lagoon. For modeling, multivariable regression was used, multivariable regression shows the change rate of one variable for other variables, and in other words, the rate of change in the dependent variable that occurs due to a unit change in the independent variable. In this method, a multi-equation A variable is used that summarizes the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables in a formula using the measured values. In this model, the number of days with dust is selected as the dependent variable, and the variables, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and water intake of Hamon lagoon are selected as independent variables. The coefficients of the equation for each variable are calculated and determined based on its importance in predicting the criterion variables. The degree of correlation between predictor variables is shown by coefficients.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the intensity of correlation and model the relationship between the frequency of days with dust storms and the water intake variables of Hamon lagoon, wind speed, rainfall and temperature in Zabul station. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient with the number of days with dust is related to the wind speed with a value of 0.808, which shows the highest correlation. The correlation coefficient of temperature with the number of days with dust shows a significant and positive relationship of 0.422. The correlation coefficient of rainfall with the number of days with dust shows a significant and inverse relationship of -0.333, in addition to this, the frequency of dusty days with Hamon lagoon drainage has an inverse correlation coefficient with a value of -0.748. Because with the lack of dewatering of the Hamon wetland and the drying of the wetland bed and the reduction of vegetation, as a result of wind erosion, the wetland bed becomes the main centers of dust. And with the wind blowing, if the wind speed is high, a significant amount of sediments are transported from the wetland bed to the residential areas. Multivariate regression modeling between dust and the studied parameters showed that Hamon lagoon drainage and wind speed have a great effect on dust. According to the correlation coefficient of the studied variables, it was found that the water intake status of Hamon wetland has a greater effect on dusty days in the region than rainfall and temperature, so that with the increase of 1000 hectares, the water intake of Hamon wetland will decrease by about 0.3 units of dusty days. became. The results of multivariate regression modeling for dusty days and studied parameters showed that Hamon lagoon water intake and wind speed have a great effect on the frequency of dusty days. According to the value of R2, 61% of the dependent variable (number of dusty days) is explained by the independent variables (wetland drainage status, wind speed, temperature and rainfall) entered into the model.

Increasing temperature, solar radiation, and changes in rainfall patterns are among the most important factors affecting increasing plant water requirement, evapotranspiration and changes in volume and runoff, and soil moisture, which in turn have changed the demand and supply of water in the agricultural sector of northeastern Iran. Therefore, the sum of these cases necessitates awareness of the effects of climate change on agriculture and water resources. Considering the water crisis in Iran and its northeastern catchments, especially the Kashf Roud catchment, which is one of the most critical basins, attention to water productivity in these areas is essential. In this regard, to calculate the amount of water consumed in different growth stages, the water footprint index was used to evaluate the appropriate water used in the agricultural sector in different climates.

Simulation of basin parameters under climatic scenarios for the period 2040-2021 has been done in WEAP software. After modelling water resources in WEAP software, to define climate change scenarios, the simulation results using the weighted combination of four AOGCM models from the project comparing the coupled models of the sixth phase (CIMP6) under three scenarios SSP1-2.6 (optimistic), SSP3-0.7 (pessimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (very pessimistic) for the baseline period (1993-2012) and future period (2021-2040). The output observations of the sixth report models are under new scenarios (SSPs), which are the trajectories of the common socio-economic sectors, i.e., socially sustainable pathways, and describe different scenarios for future economic development, population and technology, and different concentrations of greenhouse gases. The conceptual framework of the present study was to calculate the economic and physical productivity of crop water resources using water footprint and carbon in climate change conditions. This approach was developed in the Kashf Roud catchment area located in northeastern Iran for 2019-2020.

The results showed that the water requirement of crops increased in all climate scenarios (CMIP6) and its yield decreased. Also, the highest water footprint among selected crops were sugar beet, forage corn, onion, alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber, respectively. The increase in the water footprint index of products in the basin indicated a higher volume of blue water footprint than green water footprint, which indicates increased evapotranspiration and decreased rainfall in the northeast of the country. The results showed that alfalfa (2623.2 m3/t) in a pessimistic scenario had the highest and the lowest water footprint with 502 m3/ton forage with 502 m3/ton. Potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and barley had the highest economic productivity in pessimistic climatic conditions, respectively. This is a sign of decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures in 2040. Also، the lowest physical productivity in the pessimistic climate was wheat and alfalfa (309.2 and 336.2 k/m3، respectively). Inotherwords, with changing climate conditions and increasing water demand for crops, the index of economic water productivity has been lowered.Among the studied crops, corn had the lowest share in green water footprint (1%) per hectare.  However, the share of this product from blue footprint is estimated to be 14.52%. Also, alfalfa, barley, wheat, and tomato crops (21.85, 20.36, 20.03, and 10.09%) had the highest share and significant amount of green water footprint, respectively. In contrast, the share of the aqueous water footprint of the mentioned products was estimated to be 12.3%, 2.5%, 5.7%, and 11.7%, respectively. The economic productivity index of wheat and alfalfa in the pessimistic scenario was calculated as 9276.3 and 7444.02 Rials per cubic meter. The continuation of drought conditions in the basin has led to a 48 and 56 percent reduction in its productivity. The highest water footprint and carbon footprint were potatoes, sugar beet, onion, cucumber, and corn, respectively. The least of them were wheat, barley, tomatoes, and alfalfa, respectively. According to the concept of water footprint, if less water can be used to produce a particular product, that product is a priority. Therefore, the most suitable product in the discussion of water and carbon footprint is that of wheat.

In this study, water consumption for agricultural products was investigated. The results showed that the share of green water footprint in alfalfa, barley, wheat, and tomato crops was more than 20% of the total water footprint share. In general, due to the consequences of climate change and the upcoming droughts, special attention should be paid to the issue of water scarcity and water resources should be managed appropriately. Also, major changes should be made in crop cultivation patterns so that crops with less water requirement and higher yields appropriate to the climate of each region will replace the other crops. The most important solution is to reduce the water footprint by reducing the demand and consumption of water and in other words, balancing the water supply according to the potential of the region's water resources. One of the practical solutions in water resources management, estimation of plant water requirement and determination of water volume consumed at different stages of production was proposed.

Many human civilizations have collapsed due to the climate. Historical and geographical evidence demonstrates that the majority of significant and stable civilizations were established in specific geographical-climatic areas with suitable biological conditions. Human civilizations have faced serious damages and collapses due to unfavorable climatic conditions. The existence of most human civilizations can be attributed to climatic conditions, with historical and geographic evidence, especially the special environmental condition of the world in the current situation. Countries that deal with biological, economic, social, and even political issues may not give special importance to this issue. The climate conditions around the world are constantly changing, and there will be severe problems in different dimensions in the not-too-distant future. Their existence could even be threatened by economic problems they will face. The world's population increase and energy demand in today's industrial world also result in damage to the planet's climate and atmosphere, as well as the effects of natural disasters. The human burden has not been spared and has been affected by many fundamental changes, of which the phenomenon of climate change is one of the clear examples. The most important indicators of climate change are temperature and precipitation. The change of each of these factors causes climate variability, which also has consequences on people's lives. The increase in greenhouse gases and suspended particles in the atmosphere, along with variations in the earth's surface, are among the most apparent consequences, and the damage caused by the world's industrial activities and human societies in the past two centuries. Different economic sectors, such as agriculture, industry, tourism, water, and health, are affected by this phenomenon. Based on what has been stated, it can be concluded that climate change will definitely occur in Iran. The agricultural sector will face significant challenges due to the occurrence of such things, given the climatic situation, hydrological characteristics, and limitations of the country's agricultural sector. It has created a unique climatic situation in Iran due to its location. The high-pressure rule in the subtropical zone causes the total amount of precipitation in Iran to be low.

The LARS-WG model is a model that is utilized for exponential micro-scale GCM models. This model is a great choice for generating random weather data, which can be used to generate rainfall, radiation, and maximum and minimum daily temperatures at a station for both current and future climate. In order to model meteorological variables, the LARS-WG model uses a complex statistical distribution. Modeling is based on the length of dry and wet periods, daily precipitation and radiation series, and semi-empirical distribution. Climatic parameters such as minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation are inputs for the LARS-WG model, which are all in the daily time frame. In this model, temperature is not taken into account when modeling radiation, and the sundial can be utilized instead. From the semi-empirical distribution of the rainfall for the month in question, and without taking into account the wet series or the amount of precipitation from the previous day, the amount of precipitation for one day is calculated. In this model, the temperature is estimated using Fourier series. The daily minimum and maximum temperatures are modeled as random processes using the average and standard deviation of the daily standards, which depend on whether the day is wet or dry. The mean and standard deviation of the seasonal temperature are simulated using the third-order Fourier series. Residue values are determined by subtracting the average values from the observed values, and the minimum and maximum data are utilized in time autocorrelation analysis. Minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, and radiation are the outputs of this model. LARS-WG model data generation involves three stages: calibrating, evaluating, and creating meteorological data. In the next step, using LARS-WG models under RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios and the micro-scale exponential LARS-WG generating model of Jiroft City climate changes during the planting period of each crop in the periods of 2011-2045, 2065-2046, 2066-2079 and 2080-2099. In the final stage, a positive mathematical programming model was utilized to investigate the impact of climate change scenarios on Jiroft City's planting patterns using predicted climate change results. The cultivation pattern of Jiroft city today and the predicted effects of climate change parameters during the periods 2011-2045, 2046-2065, 2066-2079, and 2080-2099 are examined in this section. The current cultivation pattern will be discussed in the previous step. A positive mathematical programming model and GAMS25 software have been employed in this regard. Separate information about the area under cultivation, production, and performance of selected agricultural products, as well as the consumption of inputs, for the agricultural year 2021-2022 is presented in the table.

The results indicate that the performance of selected products is significantly affected by the climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation. Also, by applying the forecast of climate variability in the cultivation pattern model of all selected crops in the periods 2011-2045, 2046-2065, 2066-2079 and 2080-2099 based on the noses of the HadCM3 model are affected by different climate scenarios. The improvement of agricultural productivity and climate change are both negative effects of this phenomenon. The findings of this investigation can be advantageous for agricultural planning and economic development in Hamadan province.

Applying a favorable tax system has important conditions such as justice and efficiency, therefore, consumption tax and income tax will comply with the principles of benefit and ability to pay. In this regard, value added tax is known as the most important innovation of the 20th century in terms of tax collection on consumption. Since increasing government revenue is one of the important goals of imposing this type of tax, the government has tried to determine the rate of this type of tax effectively and efficiently. Disproportionate increase in value added tax rates can have negative social effects on inflation, economic growth, income distribution, and general well-being in society. It may also have disruptive effects on other variables and sectors of Iran's economy. To manage the rate increase, one approach is to simulate and examine its consequences and effects on macroeconomic variables in the form of a multi-regional calculable general equilibrium model (MRCGE). Three different scenarios were applied and examined to simulate the shock effects of the increase in the value-added tax rate (12% , 15% , and 20 %) on four macro variables of Iran's economy: inflation, gross domestic product, consumption, and investment.  The simulations were conducted at the country level using a multi-regional calculable general balance model, known as the ORANI-G Iran model, using the 2016 input-output table and regional accounts of the country. The results indicate that the effect of increasing the tax rate on value-added will increase inflation and investment and decrease GDP and consumption.

an attempt was made to simulate and evaluate the water footprint of agricultural products under the conditions of climate change in the Kashf River watershed. I, WEAP was used for the integrated assessment of water resources. Also, the MABIA tool available in the WEAP was used to simulate the effects of climate change on crops such as wheat, barley, alfalfa, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and fodder corn. The simulation of water and carbon footprints was done using the outputs of WEAP and MABIA models for the years 2013-2040.respectively. The biggest decrease in yield in the middle scenario was attributed to the two products barley and alfalfa with 25.7 and 25.6 percent. Also, the highest amount of change in net water requirement belongs to potato crops equal to 64.8%, and onion at 59.37% in the pessimistic scenario compared to the current conditions. In general, from the calculation of the water footprint, it was found that the highest water footprint of the selected products is sugar beet, fodder corn, onion, alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber with 18, 15, 14, 14, 13, and 12 thousand cubic meters. The lowest carbon footprint was assigned to wheat, barley, alfalfa, and fodder corn products, the water footprint of agricultural products will be larger than the green water footprint. The increase in evaporation and transpiration and the decrease in rainfall at the basin level, show the negative consequences of the climate change phenomenon for the farmers of the region.

Land has differences with other goods and production factors, which causes its pricing to be different. Land is an asset that is heterogeneous in terms of location and quality. The type of soil, geographical location, weather and physical conditions are among the factors that affect the production facilities of the land and thus its value. Since land is one of the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be very important for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. Valuing the national capital is one of the effective factors for sustainable development. Expressing the value of natural resources raises questions about how to price these resources. The necessary efforts to estimate the monetary value of ecosystem services play a double role in the integrated management of humans and natural systems (Amirtimori, 2016). At the micro level, valuation studies lead to obtaining information related to the structure and function of ecosystems and their diverse and complex role in supporting human well-being, and in the macro dimension, the valuation of ecosystems can create and contribute to the improvement of indicators of human well-being and sustainable development. In different regions, the demand for land increases along with economic development, population growth, increase in per capita income and changes in other influencing factors. By revitalizing favorable lands and implementing policies such as reducing the size of existing lands, the increase in land demand is answered. Therefore, with the increase in the price of land, its use changes and the land is assigned to uses that are more productive. This issue causes many changes in the land market. Land is an important production factor in industry, agriculture, and commerce, and features such as indestructibility, durability, and eternal survival, savings, and insurance have doubled the importance of this economic item, since some costs and benefits have no monetary value. are, to estimate their value, it is necessary to use economic valuation techniques. Valuation research of non-market goods into two branches, the method of revealed preferences and the method of stated preferences of PEB development has found. The method of revealed preferences refers to the valuation of a non-market good by studying actual behavior in a relevant market. The most famous method of revealed preferences is hedonic pricing and travel cost (Khodavardizadeh et al., 2015). Land is a natural resource and the main factor of production. Use or non-use, presentation or non-presentation, as well as the type and extent of land use are explained through concepts such as land supply and demand function, land price, and similar categories. Land is a commodity that is heterogeneous both in terms of location and quality. Land is also mentioned as nature, factor of production, consumer goods, geographical location, space, property rights and capital (Amirenjad and Mojtahadi, 2013). The price of land is determined by its supply and demand function. For land supply, there are two concepts of economic and physical land supply. The economic supply of land is the amount of land that can be offered for different uses at a certain price. The physical supply of land is the amount of land available in a geographic area. The economic supply of land changes due to price changes or other factors affecting the supply. In general, the economic supply of land is elastic and the physical supply of land is inelastic. Land demand is mainly a derived demand. Factors such as price, income level of society, technology, land quality and taste are effective in land demand. In any region, along with economic development, population growth, increase in per capita income and changes in other economic variables, the demand for land increases, and land developers try to respond to this growing demand by reviving favorable lands and implementing policies. Others, such as making the existing parts smaller, maximize their interests in the land and real estate market. It is in line with the implementation of such policies that with the increase in the price of land, its use changes and the land is allocated to uses that have higher productivity. Such a process is practically associated with many changes in the land market. As a result, the interests of land suppliers and consumers change and ultimately this leads to the land market (Mahmoodi, 2004). Considering the specific characteristics of land, which was mentioned, it is not easy to estimate the functions of supply and demand of land. In terms of transactions, it is never exchanged under the conditions of competitive markets, and therefore the continuous land market is a monopoly market. Producers demand land according to the final production of the land in the desired use and consumers-according to their financial ability and with the aim of maximizing their utility. For this reason, the consumption and exchange value in the market is not very clear (Sabuhi and Tavana, 2007). Due to the above limitations in determining the market value of land, the Hedanic method has been used to determine the value of agricultural land. In the hedonistic method, land is considered a complex or multi-dimensional commodity that includes a basket of various characteristics. The main issue in this method is the selection of a basket of agricultural land characteristics. By using the Hedanic method, it is possible to determine those features of the land that have a greater effect on its price (Esfandiari et al., 2004). The theory of land rent was first formed based on the classic theory of land use by Van Tanen (1966). He considered transportation costs or the distance to the market as a key component of land value.Since land is one of the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be very important for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. On the other hand, it achieves the highest possible efficiency from it due to scarce production factors such as labor, tools, purchased inputs and management ability. This study was carried out with the aim of valuing the agricultural lands of Sistan plain using Hedanik pricing method in 2022-2023.

For the valuation of agricultural land in the Sistan plain, the villages of Zulfiqari, Rahdar and Kod were selected as samples. The reason for choosing these villages is access to river water and wells, which are valuable due to the cultivation of their land. In this study, the hedonic pricing method was used to estimate the price of agricultural land in Zabol city. For this purpose, in 1400-1401, 99 questionnaires were completed in the schools of Rahdar, Kod and Zulfaqari villages of Zabul city using simple random sampling method. After completing the questionnaires, the simple logit model was estimated using Eviews7 software, and SPSS22 software was also used to estimate the statistical descriptions including the mean and minimum and maximum variables. In this research, the effect of 15 variables on the price of one hectare of agricultural land was investigated using the regression estimation method.

The results of linear logarithm model estimation showed that the variables of land quality and fertility, agricultural water quality, ability to cultivate multiple crops and re-cultivation, access to local road, distance to the city and distance to the main road have a positive effect on the price of each hectare of agricultural land. Land access to electricity and city water, impact of storms on crops, impact of storms on soil, conversion to agricultural use and conversion to non-agricultural use have negative effects on the price of each hectare of agricultural land in the region. Due to less environmental pollution in the mentioned region and the less development of urban and industrial contexts in the area of main roads compared to other studied parts of the country, as well as the concentration of facilities and infrastructures in urban and road areas. Such as water, electricity, telephone and easier transportation has had a positive effect on the price of agricultural land. The desire to change land use is also very high due to the mentioned conditions of low agricultural profit in the region and drought. According to the topology of the area and the smoothness and lack of proper drainage, in some cases the price of agricultural land is affected by the presence or absence of this factor. The percentage of the land under cultivation can confirm the availability of water and the quality and profitability of the product for the land owner, which will also have a positive effect on the price of the land. On the other hand, the owner's desire to change agricultural use, which is a less profitable activity, to non-agricultural uses, which are more profitable, increases the price of land. The ability to change the use refers to the existence of the necessary permits, access to the required facilities and infrastructure, and the profitability of this case. Meanwhile, the only thing that has a negative effect on the price of agricultural land is the distance from the road, the more the distance from the road, the lower the land price.

With the growing population of the world, water, food and energy supply will be one of the most important challenges ahead. Agriculture as the most important food producer is not only the consumer of water and energy, but also the most important supplier of energy. As a result, a balance must be struck between harvesting and exploitation of production resources and the amount of agricultural production. Due to the close relationship between water-food-energy systems and also their interaction with each other, a new concept called the “nexus” approach has been proposed which refers to the integrated nature and interactions of water-food-energy planning. This approach has provided suitable options for political decision makers, managers and planners in order to conserve existing resources and achieve sustainable development.

In this study, we have tried to introduce a mathematical programming model using multi-objective mathematical programming (MOP) technique for water-food-energy nexus that has the ability to process managerial decisions. In this model, in addition to examining the economic aspect, the control of greenhouse gas emissions has also been investigated. The regions of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz are the most important regions in the study area of Mashhad province in the production of crops. The data required for the study were collected through review of reports and agricultural statistical yearbooks of the year 2020-2021 and interviews with experts in each region and through consulting engineering companies. The hypothetical model under study includes lands covered by crops of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz. In this model, the water needed to irrigate crops is supplied from surface and groundwater sources. Electricity (electricity consumption) is used to collect and pump of irrigation water, produce food, and supply the domestic and industrial sectors. In the process of generating electricity, production of food, irrigation of crops and consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, greenhouse gases are emitted, especially CO2. In this study, 6 objectives including: maximizing gross profit, maximizing the production of calories from food, minimizing emission of greenhouse gases, minimizing consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, minimizing consumption of irrigation water, and minimizing consumption of energy have been pursued.

The results of the proposed model showed that the rate of change in the level of cultivation area in MOP compared to the current cultivation pattern in Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz decreased by 25.92%, 53.05% and 55.88%, respectively. The level of optimal cultivation for barley in Mashhad in order to maximize net profit objective increased by 16934 hectares (46.71%) and its maximizing caloric production equal to 8484 ha, which has decreased compared to the current pattern (22%). The cultivation area of barley in minimum irrigation water consumption decreased by 10877 hectares (1.11%) and in other minimization objectives it changed to 12892 hectares which increased by 17% in Mashhad region. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, corn, sugar beet, tomato and potato have the highest decrease in cultivation area in the MOP among crops. The total area of optimal cultivation in the net profit maximization model of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz equal to 48639, 26027 and 75 hectares, which showed an increase of 41.4%, 11.61% and 55.8%, respectively. Furthermore, in the model aimed at minimizing energy, irrigation water, fertilizer, pesticide consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions, the recommended cultivation areas are as follows: 25,475 hectares for energy consumption, 15,954 hectares for irrigation water consumption, and 100 hectares each for fertilizer consumption, pesticide consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. These figures clearly indicate the need to reduce the cultivation area dedicated to agricultural products that have a significant environmental impact. Consequently, it is crucial to alter the cultivation pattern and adopt a strategy that focuses on producing crops with a lower environmental impact. By implementing this strategy, the objective is to cultivate crops that require less energy, irrigation water, fertilizer, and pesticides, while also minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. This approach aims to mitigate the environmental footprint associated with agricultural practices. By reducing the cultivation area for crops that have high environmental effects and transitioning towards crops that have a lesser impact on the environment, it is possible to achieve a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system.

The purpose of this study was to propose a nonlinear multi-objective mathematical programming model with water-food-energy nexus approach for crops in Mashhad province. In this study, in addition to economic relations, energy and environmental issues (greenhouse gas emissions) were also analyzed. The various components of the water-food-energy nexus, including energy supply planning, water supply and demand, food production, and control of greenhouse gas emissions, were modeled. The results showed that considering the MOP model based on economic and environmental objectives, the area under cultivation of wheat, barley, alfalfa, tomatoes, sugar beets and potatoes has significantly decreased. In other words, in order to achieve the objectives of maximum profit and minimum environmental impact, the area under wheat, barley, tomato, corn should be reduced and the area under cucumber, onion, potato and sugar beet should be increased. According to the results of this study, the following suggestions are presented:- Implementation of the proposed optimal model of water-food-energy nexus allows farmers to simultaneously maintain economic income, environmental considerations, optimal and sustainable consumption of resources (water-food-energy) to select and consider suitable policies. So, it will only be a sustainable policy if it can be built within the combined framework of water, food, energy and the environment. In order to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases and its damage to the environment, the area under cultivation of agricultural products that have high environmental impact should be reduced, and in contrast to changes in cultivation pattern, the strategy to produce crops with less impact. Therefore, by developing a cropping pattern model, the productivity of the production capacities of the agricultural sector can be maximized and at the same time the damages and destructive consequences of crop production can be reduced.

Lack of water and its growing demand has created competition for the use of this valuable substance; therefore, planning should be done on how to allocate it among different economic sectors. The goal of water allocation among different users is to maximize the social benefits of water consumption. The current study seeks to maximize the benefits of water use by providing a hydro-economic structure in the West Jazmourian Basin.
To this end, the objective function is to maximize the benefits of water consumption in agriculture, urban and environmental sectors subject to hydrological, agricultural and institutional restrictions.
The results showed that by changing the pattern of cultivation and irrigation technology, it is possible to increase the benefit in the agricultural sector up to 44; whereas water consumption in this sector is reduced by 11%. In addition, taking into account the environmental sector in the integrated water resources management program and allocating water to Jazmourian wetland, a profit of 56260 million Rials will be obtained.
Based on the results, if the cropping pattern and irrigation strategies suggested by the model are applied, there would be a possibility of increasing profit along with reducing water consumption in the agricultural sector, and the saved water can be used in other competing sectors and create benefits, or it reduces the consumption of ground water, which helps the sustainability of water resources.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the hidden curriculum and environmental protection from the perspective of the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Jiroft University in the year 2021-2022 in Jiroft city. The number of members of the statistical population in this research was 606, and 235 of them were selected by simple random method by referring to the Karjesi-Morgan table. After answering, 195 questionnaires (110 girls and 85 boys) were returned. Finally, 195 questionnaires were subjected to final analysis. The data collection tool of this study was two researcher-made questionnaires. The validity of two questionnaires was used through face and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure their reliability, which was 0.86 for the hidden curriculum variable and 0.84 for the environment preservation variable. The results showed that out of The components of the hidden curriculum have the highest mean of the "interaction of students with each other" component and the lowest mean of the "organizational climate" component; Also, among the environmental protection components, the highest average was assigned to the "pollution reduction" component, and the lowest average was assigned to the "human-environment relationship".

the purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationship between the impact of trade liberalization on the import of a number of inputs from the Iranian agricultural sector during the period 2009-2018 using panel data. determine To the fixed and random effects with Hausman test, the test statistic was 37.40, which is quite significant. , in estimating the model, the use of the fixed effects method was more appropriate than the random effects method. To estimate the long-term and short-term relationships of the studied variables, the model of self-explanatory integrated group panel with wide intervals (PMG) and group average (MG) was used.The results of estimating the model of the self-explanatory integrated group average panel with wide intervals and group average indicate that in the long run, the trade liberalization index has a positive effect on the import of agricultural sector inputs. The index of trade liberalization on fertilizer, chemical pesticides and agricultural seeds was calculated as -0.788, 0.17 and 0.043, respectively,

Price stability of agricultural products is related to the stability and development of the agricultural products market. Inflation in Iran, despite the intense fight against it, is increasing at a worrying rate, and has become the most important economic problem in the country. This study investigates the relationship between inflation and expected inflation with price fluctuations of agricultural products in Iran using self-explanatory method and Granger causality test during the period 1991-2019 in the form of quarterly data.The results showed that the inflation rate has a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations of agricultural products during the study period. Expected inflation variable also has a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations in agricultural products. The results of Granger causality test also showed that there is a two-way cause and effect relationship between expected inflation and price fluctuations in agricultural products. There is also a two-way causality relationship between inflation and expected inflation. There is also a one-way causal relationship between inflation and agricultural price fluctuations.

The economic valuation of environmental resources is a step in the direction of controlling and preventing the destruction of places and environmental species. Among environmental resources, forest areas play a very important role in increasing human well-being. On the other hand, forest areas provide products such as fodder and medicinal plants and services such as carbon sequestration, oxygen production, soil and water protection. On the other hand, recreational uses such as walking and mountain climbing are used and they have existential and heritage values. The aim of the current research is to estimate the economic value of recreational services as well as the conservation value and the use value of Birk Forest Park. The necessary information for valuing recreational services has been obtained by completing a two-dimensional double-choice questionnaire online, and the necessary information for consumption values has been obtained by surveying and completing the questionnaire. Probit model has been used to measure people's willingness to pay. Based on the results of the research, about 68% of the surveyed people are willing to pay for the recreational use of the Birak forest area, and the willingness to pay for recreational and conservation use is 8850, respectively. Estimated at 4385 Tomans. The total value of its annual recreational use was estimated at 1397 million Rials. Also, the annual direct and indirect use value of the studied area is equal to 187,247 million rials. The results of the probit model show that the variables of income, education, gender have a positive effect and the variable of age has a negative effect on willingness to pay.

Khorasan Razavi Province suffers from the most critical groundwater resources in Iran, i.e. the groundwater decline has reached 1 m; 34 out of 37 water plains are banned in Khorasan Razavi Province. Recently, Mashhad plain has been fighting with the crisis of drought and water scarcity. Illegal harvesting from groundwater resources and the warming trend caused by change in climate have exacerbated the crisis. Comprehensive water resources management, assuming the complicated nature of water-related issues, rapid growth of population, water requirement for a variety of purposes, and limited water resources, requires novel methods to stack up technical, economic, environmental, social, and logical perspectives in an integrated forum. One of the tools for comprehensive water resources management is utilizing hydro-economic models to simulate the present status of drainage basins and evaluate the impacts of different scenarios and policies. The current study used a hydro-economic model to simulate the hydrological status of Mashhad plain and evaluate the impacts of different scenarios. Then, the agent-based model (ABM) was used in order to reach an agreement with stakeholders on executing different conservation scenarios. The hydro-economic model results revealed that reducing the water demand of the agricultural sector and, as a result, surface and groundwater consumption is possible through following adaptation scenarios. Implementing various adaptation scenarios may alter the present cultivation pattern. Moreover, the ABM results showed a significant difference between the volume of available water, due to the execution of strategies, and water demand, bringing about the lack of farmers’ cooperation regarding the implementation of conservation scenarios. However, through applying some incentive policies, a number of representative farmers may agree to pursue adaptation scenarios.

The stability of the cultivation and production of cotton or any other product requires its competitiveness with other agricultural products in the region. Therefore, research is one of the determinants of competitiveness of agricultural products. This study aimed at evaluating the economic impacts of cotton breeding research in Razavi Khorasan province of Iran under two scenarios of small open and closed economies. For this purpose, two categories of data related to technology (average yield increase, supply curve displacement parameter, research success probability, depreciation factor) and market (research costs, product price, supply price elasticity and discount rate) of cotton breeding research projects terminated during 2015-2019 in Razavi Khorasan Agricultural Research and Training Center were used in an economic surplus analysis method. Based on the results, under the scenario of small open economy, the average net present value of benefits, internal rate of return and the ratio of profit to cost of each breeding research were predicted and evaluated 12718000 thousand IRI rials, 55 percent and 7.6 and under the scenario of small closed economy, 9134351 thousand IRI rials, 50 percent and 5.7, respectively. These values ​​indicated the high efficiency and acceptable economic profitability of cotton breeding research under both scenarios, but the study results and findings indicated that the interaction and presence in global cotton markets would increase the benefits and distributive effects of agricultural research and cotton competitiveness in Razavi Khorasan province. Therefore, in agricultural research policy making, the degree of interaction of the country's economy with global markets should be considered.

Water as one of the sources of life is one of the most important factors of growth and development in human societies. In the last two decades, especially in the late 20th century, water management has become a major international concern. Drought and dehydration in Iran are also a climatic fact, and due to the growing need for different parts of the water, the drought problem will become more acute in the coming years. Water productivity is one of the most important key indicators in large-scale planning related to the supply, allocation and consumption of water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in water productivity in industrial and agricultural sectors by country's provinces during the implementation of subsidy targeting using Malmquist index. The results indicated that the provinces of Tehran, Kerman and Hormozgan have been inefficient in all three sectors, but overall, the total productivity index has increased in the country.

The agricultural sector is of strategic importance in the economy and development due to the supply of food required by the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable security of this sector, appropriate development measures must be taken. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is the major consumer of water and electricity (16% of total electricity consumption) in Iran. Water is the most important factor in the production of agricultural products and groundwater is the most important supplier of water resources in the agricultural sector. In the past, diesel fuel was used to transport water from the depths of the earth to the surface, in which case a significant amount of vital and strategic resources was wasted due to the use of traditional and worn-out methods. Today, one of the basic solutions to prevent water loss is to use electric pump motors instead of diesel. Also, timely, reliable and cheap supply of electricity required by this sector, by electrifying all wells in the agricultural sector, will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce environmental pollution and optimize energy consumption. This will also help increase agricultural production, accelerate economic growth and increase the country's non-oil exports. Agriculture is the main consumer of water in the world and 93% of water is consumed annually by this sector. Water demand in urban and industrial areas is projected to double between 1995 and 2025 in developed countries facing water shortages. The supply of water for irrigation is also at risk, and this sector is considered economically inefficient and the largest consumer of water. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Iran. Given the water shortage in many parts of the country and the increasing competition of other sectors of the economy with agriculture over water, it seems necessary to gradually increase the economic value of water in agriculture. It is predicted that rising water prices will lead to increased water productivity and economic surplus water consumption in agriculture. Increasing the price of electricity used in water wells in this sector is one of the methods used by the government to increase and control the price of agricultural water. To this end, and in accordance with the Agricultural Well Acceleration Act of 1999, the government intends to electrify water well pumps. Reducing environmental pollution and consuming fossil fuels are the benefits of using these regulations in the agricultural sector. Therefore, many of Iran's agricultural wells are regulated by law. The government spends a lot of money on electrifying agricultural water wells. The government intends to increase agricultural electricity tariffs in the second phase of subsidy reform and increase the cost of agricultural water. The goal is to optimize water consumption and increase efficiency in this sector. Jiroft city is one of the oldest cities in Kerman province in Iran, which includes four parts: Ismaili, Sardouieh, Jabalbarz and Esfahdah. Jiroft city has the most agricultural products among the cities of Kerman province. Therefore, the reaction of farmers to the liberalization of electricity prices in this sector is considered. The city includes 1,500 hectares of pomegranate, almond, olive, pistachio and peach orchards and also has 6,000 hectares of arable land, of which 2,100 hectares include 1,200 hectares of wheat, 600 hectares of barley, 100 hectares of tomatoes, 100 hectares of mandab and 30 hectares. Is rapeseed. There are 3900 hectares in the form of fallow. There are 160 wells in Jiroft city, of which 120 are electric and 40 are diesel. This number of electric wells have been equipped during the 1360s so far, and 10% of these 120 wells have been electrified in the last 10 years.

Given that in the positive planning approach, many limitations and disadvantages of normative mathematical programming have been removed, this method has been considered by agricultural economics researchers in recent years and has had wide applications in examining the effects of policies. Positive mathematical programming is an experimental analysis method that uses all available information, no matter how scarce. The PMP model, formally introduced by Identity in 1995, actually enables the correct calibration of mathematical programming patterns using the observed behaviors of economic agents at the aggregated or non-aggregated level.

In line with targeted subsidy policies and the importance of energy in the agricultural sector, the present study examines the effects of electricity price liberalization by applying different price increase scenarios in Jiroft. To investigate the changes in the cultivation pattern in the two groups of farmers, four scenarios of increasing electricity costs by 5, 10, 20 and 30% were applied. Given that the cost of electricity accounts for a significant share of farmers' costs, the results of the implemented policies showed that the increase in electricity prices reduced the area under cultivation of some products with low profitability and products with high water consumption. Has been. Ahmadpour in 2012 and Fattahi in 2010 also concluded that with the increase in energy costs in agriculture, the area under cultivation of some crops has decreased. Edwards et al. 1996 also showed that higher electricity prices lead to lower water levels as well as lower acreage. Also, in all scenarios, farmers' incomes have decreased. On average, the impact of electricity price increase policies on the gross return of the first group was greater than the second group. Also, the changes in crop area in the second group are more than the first group. In implementing the policy of liberalization, measures must be taken to prevent the loss of farmers. In the first group of farmers, barley has the highest reduction in cultivation area and corn in this scenario has a decrease in cultivation area, which can be due to the high water requirement of corn. In contrast, most of the cultivated area is replaced by irrigated wheat. The second group of farmers, consisting of farmers with a cultivated area of more than 15 hectares, had the lowest decrease in gross yield. Blue barley product has low profitability. This has caused that even in the second group, by applying the fourth scenario, the barley crop is completely out of the cultivation pattern and a smaller amount of wheat and tomato cultivation area is replaced. It is suggested that in order to conserve resources and be more profitable, wheat, which is more profitable, should be replaced by barley. Technically, farmers were more specialized in wheat production than other crops. In all groups and scenarios, the level of cultivation and income of farmers decreased, which was more in the first group. It is suggested that the government prevent the reduction of gross returns by supporting farmers and reducing electricity costs.

This study was performed to explore the 2020 agricultural sustainability through studying the environmental indicators in Golestan Province, Iran, using data and information acquired from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Golestan Provincial Water and Wastewater Organization, Iran Meteorological Organization, and the Governorate of Golestan Province. According to the results, chemical pesticide and fertilizer usages, as well as nitrate concentration in groundwater, showed a negative effect whereas the cropping area, rainfall, conservation tillage practices, and cropping diversity showed a positive effect on the environmental indicators. Meanwhile, the highest and lowest weights were obtained respectively for conservation tillage practices (0.16) and cropping area (0.11) based on the application of analytical hierarchical analysis (AHP). Having prioritized the study area, Gonbad Kavus (89%) and Bandar-e-Turkmen (56%) were respectively the best and worst counties in terms of environmental indicators. In addition, conducting a sensitivity analysis with a shifting range of 1-5% showed the indicators have constancy with no priority changes. Finally, the counties of Golestan province were classified into stable, relatively stable, and unstable categories. Taking the findings into account, the sustainability of agriculture in Golestan province can be enhanced by implementing the proposed environmental indicators into the planning process.

One of the macroeconomic goals of countries is to create the necessary conditions to promote social welfare. One of the factors affecting the welfare of economic freedom. In this way, the freedom of the economy through the use of a set of solutions seeks to achieve some goals that increase the level of welfare through these goals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between economic freedom and social welfare in Iran using the ARDL model. This study was based on seasonal data during 2002-2019. The results showed that by increasing economic freedom by one percent, the social welfare index increased by 0.105 percent. and increasing per capita income increases the social welfare index by 0.142 percent. The effect of an increase in the unemployment rate by one percent reduces the social welfare index by -0.122 percent. The effect of a 1% increase in college education was followed by an increase in the social welfare index of 0.283. Also, as the population over 65 years of age, the social welfare index declines by -0.673 percent. The effect of increasing government size also reduces the social welfare index by -0.427 percent. Finally, the effect of increasing tax revenues by one percent, social welfare index by 0.361 percent. According to the results, it can be said that economic freedom can increase social welfare and equity by removing the constraints and limitations of economic pursuits.

Today, with the advances in science and technology and the increasing need for societies to exchange information, people are turning to new ways of communicating and interacting.  Virtual networks also allow for the formation of new communities because of the interactive space. In the meantime, with the transition from traditional to modern, the communication and interaction of farmers and activists in this sector to be acquainted with new methods is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of knowledge and information sharing in relation to the effect of using social networks on the empowerment of agricultural jihad employees in southern Kerman using a survey method. The statistical population of this study was the employees of Jihad Keshavarzi in southern Kerman. The sample size was determined by simple random sampling using Krejcie and Morgan table of 206 people. Data collection tools were employee empowerment questionnaires, knowledge and information sharing, social networks. To test the research hypotheses, the data were processed using SPSS23 and LISREL8.80 software. The results showed that the use of social networks was directly related to the sharing of knowledge and information of Jihad Keshavarzi employees in the southern city of Kerman. The use of social networks has a direct relationship with empowerment of agricultural jihad employees in Kerman. Sharing knowledge and information with empowerment of staff in southern Kerman agriculture has a direct relationship. Finally, the results showed that knowledge and information sharing in relation to the impact of the use of social network and empowerment in the staff of the southern agricultural jihad of Kerman has a mediator role.

Cotton is one of the most important agricultural products that plays an important role in creating employment for the raw materials of the textile, oil and feed industries. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic benefits and surplus of cotton research projects. For this purpose, the results of completed research projects in the period 1394 to 1398 Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Research and Training Center and the method of economic surplus analysis were used. The results show that the average net present value of the benefits of each cotton research project is about 13 billion rials, the benefit-to-cost ratio of each research is 7.6 and the rate of return of each research is estimated at 55%. These values ​​indicate high economic surplus and acceptable economic return from cotton research activities in the Agricultural Research and Training Center of Khorasan Razavi. The findings of this study show that research on cotton has increased the productivity of all factors of production, the end result of which is to increase the interests of producers and consumers, so investment in agricultural research projects related to the development of cotton cultivation was specifically justified. And it can convince policymakers and planners of the country to further assist and provide sustainable funding for cotton research. Based on the findings, it is suggested that the necessary facilities be paid to the provincial facilities for further cotton research, especially in Khorasan Razavi province.

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sub-sectors of the country, accounting for about 9 percent of GDP, 21 percent of non-oil export value, about 18 percent of employment, and nearly 93 percent of community food and raw material production in many other industries. Also, agricultural and horticultural products account for the bulk of foreign trade in agricultural sector and a large share of the household basket. Thus, issues related to maintaining the production capacity and economic power of this sub-sector can affect economy of the country .In this study, crops and horticultural crops were considered as agricultural crops. According to statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad and statistical yearbooks of National Statistics Portal, from 2011 to 2016, the area under cultivation of crops and horticulture increased by 367252 hectares there was an increase of  24119617 tonsin production of these crops  and the value added of agricultural sector increased by 1693951 billion Rials in these years. 

In this study, spatial data model was used to study the economic factors affecting agricultural production (crop and horticulture) in Iran provinces during the period 2011-2017. The required information was obtained from the National Statistics Portal, Statistical Yearbooks and Agricultural Statistics of Iran. The spatial scope of this study covers all provinces of Iran and since this study is a regionalone, its main issue will be examined in the form of spatial analysis.Specifying research modelAccording to theoretical foundations and spatial econometric model, the model specified in this study is SAC model.𝑃 𝑖𝑡=α+ρ∑j Wij.Pit +𝛽1𝐶𝐴𝑖𝑡. +𝛽2. 𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽3. 𝐼𝑁𝐹𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽4. 𝑈𝑅𝑖𝑡+ 𝛽5. 𝑌𝑂𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽6. 𝐺𝐷𝑃𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽7. 𝑉𝐴𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑡 + Uit𝑈𝑖𝑡 =λ 𝑊𝑈𝑖𝑡 + 𝜀𝑖𝑡 In this model i: provinces, t: time, α: the width of the origin and β: the coefficients of the explanatory variables (slope coefficients). (P):Production. (CA): Crop cultivation area. (Gini): Gini coefficient. (INF): Inflation Rate. (UR): Urban Rate. (YO): Youth Population Ratio. (GDP): Gross Domestic Product. (VAagri): Value Added Agricultural Sector.The SAC model is selected to estimate this research. 

According to the results of this study, according to SAC model, the impact of economic factors on crop and horticultural production in the provinces of Iran was estimated. Variables from the stipulated model that were significant at 5% level include area of ​​cultivation, inflation rate, youth population ratio, GDP and agricultural value added. In this study, direct and indirect effects of the explanatory variables were estimated. 

The results of general spatial model analysis showed that cultivation area, inflation rate, youth population ratio, GDP and agricultural value added were factors influencing crop production and horticulture in the studied provinces. It was observed that income distribution and urbanization rate were not significant in the model, whilesignificant variables of the model, variables of inflation rate and youth population ratio, area of ​​cultivation, GDP and agricultural added value at 5% level were directly related to production.Therefore it is suggested:1- Considering inflation rate, authorities should implement incentive policies to attract more investors to agriculture sector.. 2. In government support services, farmers’ land features such as the area of ​​cultivation, equipment, and farming equipment should be paid attention. 3. Given that the proportion of young people has a positive and significant effect on the growth of agricultural production, it is suggested to managers and planners of the agricultural sector that more youth should be supported, provided with incentives and incentives so as to improve production. 4.Based on results as the area under cultivation has a significant and direct impact on agricultural production, individuls and authorities are recommended to maintain and exploit farmland reasonably because rehabilitation and enrichment of land which has been cultivated several times and is drained of minerals is costly.

Regarding the importance of environmental issues, identification of the factors affecting environmental pollution has been considered more than ever. The present study examines the effects of electricity consumption, financial development, foreign direct investment and economic growth on carbon emissions in Iran over the years 1970-2016.

For this purpose, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method was used. To verify the Stationary, Augmented Dickey Fuller, Zivot – Andrews and Lee, Strazicich tests were used. Also, to investigate co-integration, Gregory-Hansen test were used.

The results of the ARDL model estimation with presence of Structural Break show, electricity consumption and economic growth has a positive effect on carbon emissions. And with a one percent increase, carbon emissions increased by 0.58% and 0.05%, respectively. The relationship between financial development and carbon emissions is negative, with a one-percent increase in financial development, carbon emissions will fall by 0.09 percent. The relation between foreign direct investment and carbon emissions is positive, which shows that the Pollution haven hypothesis has been approved in Iran and with a one percent increase in foreign direct investment, carbon emissions will increase by 0.01 percent.

Based on the results, and given that Iran is considered as a renewable resource, except for the rich countries, it is essential that, with a streamlined plan, both the release of budget and GDP from the trap of oil revenues, towards the replacement of renewables In order to maintain energy resources, environmental pollution will also decrease. It is also imperative that the government and legislators in Iran seek to raise funds for the reconstruction of the country's manufacturing sector, especially the industry and the use of environmentally friendly technologies.

The purpose of this study is to simulate and evaluate the water market's efficiency and compare it with the law of optimal allocation of water and allocations based on fixed and proportional quotas. The study area is located in the Jiroft sub basin in the Hali Rood watershed and data are for 2015 which were obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization of southern Kerman province. The method used is calculate the benefit from irrigation and minimize income losses in the entire region. For this purpose, the first 20% and 30% restrictions was imposed on use of groundwater resources, and then the effects of optimal allocation law, allocations based on proportional and fixed quotas on the benefits of irrigation were investigated. Subsequently, through the water market simulation, the market performance was analyzed after the implementation of these rules. To investigate the effect of transaction costs on water trade, transaction costs were considered, zero, 5, 10, 20 and 30 percent of water price. Based on the results, if the conditions of perfect competition are on the market and transaction costs are zero, the optimal allocation and formation of the water market will result in the same final allocation of water rights and irrigation benefits for the whole region. Also, by reducing the availability of water resources, the benefits of water trade will increase and with increasing transaction costs, reduces the volume of water exchanged and the gains from trade.