فهرست مطالب abbas ali gaeini

Due to the increasing development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the heart is one of the most important tissues that are damaged by this disease. Also, long-term oxidative stress in the heart tissue causes changes in the expression of various genes, including mitochondrial biogenesis genes. The effect of exercise in different phases of the circadian cycle on the protection of heart tissue in diabetes is unknown. The aim of this study was the effect of endurance training in the light and dark phase on some indicators of mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. In this study, 30 NMRI mice with an average age of 8 to 10 weeks were randomly divided into 6 groups: dark phase healthy control, light phase healthy control, dark phase diabetic control, light phase diabetic control, dark phase diabetic exercise, and exercise. Diabetics were placed in the light phase. Then they became diabetic by feeding with high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The endurance training protocol (Vmax 50-60%) was 5 days a week for 8 weeks. After anesthesia, blood and heart tissue were removed. The data were evaluated by ANOVA method at a significance level of p < 0.05. 8 weeks of endurance training significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α, NRF-1, Atf2, AMPK genes (P˂ 0.05) in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. The changes in the two phases of light and darkness in different groups did not show any significant difference (P˂ 0.05). Endurance training can lead to better performance by increasing the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis genes in the heart tissue of subjects with diabetes. Endurance activity in two phases of light and dark has no significant difference in the desired factors and more research is needed.

Alzheimer’s is a neuroendocrine disease related to insulin signaling, due to the association of Alzheimer’s disease with the reduction of insulin production and resistance, the term type III or cerebral diabetes has become popular in this regard. Accumulation of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with aging, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. AGEs increase the accumulation of amyloid oligomers in the brain causing neurotoxicity. The beneficial effect of physical activity on the brain has been established, but the effect of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment had been less investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of 8 weeks of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of AGEs protein, Amyloid beta, and cell death rate in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats with type III diabetes.

Methods and Materials: 

Twenty 10-week-old male rats were randomly divided into four groups including healthy control, sham, type III diabetes, and type III diabetes group+ voluntary exercise in an enriched environment. The intervention group trained in the cage two hours a day for eight weeks. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Voluntary exercise in the enriched environment caused a significant decrease in AGEs protein expression and amyloid beta accumulation in the hippocampus (p=0.0001). Also, the rate of cell death in the voluntary exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the control of diabetes type III (p=0.0001).

It seems that the activity in the enriched environment probably changes of AGEs and Amyloid beta by improving insulin resistance and increasing insulin production, and has favorable effects in reducing the signs of dead cells and improving cognitive function in type III diabetes.

Lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications and exercise, are highly recommended for managing dyslipidemia. This study aims to investigate the combined effects of high-intensity circuit training along with vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body fat and plasma lipid profiles in overweight elderly.

A total of 47 elderly subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups based on their body mass index as follows: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation+high-intensity circuit training group (D+Ca+T: n=12); high-intensity circuit training+placebo (T+P: n=13); vitamin D and calcium supplementation (D+Ca: n=12); and control group (CON: n=10). The subjects in the D+Ca group respectively received vitamin D and Ca supplements at 50 000 IU per week and 1000 mg per day for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the subjects in training groups exercised 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the D+Ca+T group participated in both treatments. The control group was instructed to maintain their regular daily routine throughout the study period. Body fat and blood lipid levels were assessed at the beginning of the study and after the 8-week intervention. 

The D+Ca+T, T+P, and D+Ca groups exhibited significant reductions in body fat percentage (P≤0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Additionally, total cholesterol, triglycerides, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly improved in the D+Ca+T, T+P, and D+Ca groups (P≤0.05), with no significant changes observed in these variables in the control group.

The results showed that high-intensity circuit training, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation would positively affect body fat and blood lipid profiles in overweight elderly. Moreover, vitamin D and calcium supplementation were especially effective when combined with exercise training.

The present study aimed to assess and compare the effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on oxidative stress-related markers in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle in healthy male rats.

Fifteen male Wistar rats, aged 50-70 days, were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control group (CON), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). After determining the maximum speed of VO2max, the training program of HIIT (six 2-min periods with 85%-90% VO2max and five 2-min with 50%-60% VO2max intensity) and MICT (same distance of running as HIIT with 70% VO2max intensity) groups were performed for 8 weeks, 5 days per week. Forty-eight hours after the last intervention session, the animals were anesthetized, and their heart tissue was removed and stored at -80°C. Then, the expression rates of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes were measured by real-time PCR, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in left ventricular tissue of heart was measured by colorimetry method. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used for data analysis at the significance level of P<0.05.

There were significant differences between the groups’ expression rates of AMPK, PGC-1α, and SOD (P<0.05). The expression rates of AMPK and PGC-1α were higher in the MICT group than in the CON group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between HIIT and MICT groups regarding AMPK and PGC-1α (P>0.05). SOD expression was significantly higher in the HIIT group than CON and MICT groups (P<0.05). SOD expression was also higher in the MICT group compared to the CON group (P<0.05). MDA concentration was not significantly different between the studied groups (P>0.05).

HIIT and MICT induce positive adaptations in the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and SOD in the heart tissue of healthy male rats. However, HIIT stimulates SOD gene expression more than MICT.

In middle-aged women, the postmenopausal period is associated with increased oxidative, inflammatory, and psychological stress. We intend to investigate the effect of home-based aerobic exercise (HAE) on serum levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-C) and the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in leukocytes of postmenopausal women.

A total of 20 sedentary postmenopausal women who had at least 12 months passed since their last menstruation participated in the study voluntarily. Their Mean±SD age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were respectively 52.4±3.8 years, 161.4±3.7 cm, 74.4±6.8 kg, and 28.6±3.4 kg/m2. They were randomly divided into two groups: Home-based aerobic exercise (HAE, n=10) and inactive control (CON, n=10). HAE group undertook 4 weeks of home-based aerobic exercise (4 d/wk, intensity: 70%-80% maximal heart rate) with online supervision. Participants’ weight and fasting blood samples (12-h fasting state) were measured and taken before and 48 hours after the intervention. TERT expression in blood leukocytes and serum levels of 8-OHDG were assessed by real-time PCR and ELISA methods, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using mixed (2×2) repeated measure ANOVA and independent samples t-test in SPSS software. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered for all tests.

The findings showed that 4 weeks of HAE increased TERT expression significantly compared to the CON (ES=0.40, P<0.05). Although 8-OHDG serum level in the HAE group increased following training compared to pre-training (P<0.05), no significant difference was observed between the CON and HAE groups (P>0.05). Also, the interaction effect on 8-OHDG was not significant (ES=0.11, P>0.05). In addition, after 4 weeks of HAE, body weight and BMI significantly decreased in the training group compared to the control (P<0.05).

According to these findings, HEA effectively reduces telomere erosion and improves weight control in postmenopausal women.

Both exercise and vitamin D can affect oxidative stress indicators. However, their interaction at the level of kidney tissue has been less investigated. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic training on oxidative stress markers in the kidney tissue of middle-aged male rats.

To conduct this study, 20 Wistar male rats )14–12 months and 350–400 grams (were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON), aerobic training (EXE), vitamin D (VD), and aerobic training + vitamin D (EXE + VD). The exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic training (5 days/week). The VD and EXE + VD groups received vitamin D (500 units/kg) daily. Olive oil was also used as a placebo, and 48 hours after the last intervention session, animal tissues were removed. The gene expression of oxidative stress biomarkers, including catalase (CAT), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and xanthine oxidase (XO) was measured by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance test at the significance level of P < 0.05.

The results showed that the EXE + VD increased the gene expression of Mn-SOD, CAT, and GPx (P < 0.05) and decreased the expression of XO (P < 0.05). Furthermore, VD alone had no effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes or XO (P > 0.05). Moreover, EXE increased CAT and Mn-SOD expression compared to the CON (P < 0.05) and decreased XO expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, CAT values in EXE were significantly higher than those in VD (P < 0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it seems that the VD + EXE can increase antioxidant defense and reduce oxidative stress in kidney tissue.

Atherosclerosis is a mechanism of cardiovascular disease which characterized by endothelial dysfunction related with flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The purpose of this study was investigation of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on plasma levels of vaspin, nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and relation with FMD in T2D. 48 patients with T2D were randomly assigned to three groups: HIIT (n= 16), MICT (n= 16) and control (n=16). The HIIT group intervention was 12 intervals at 85-90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 2 min at 55-60% HRmax. The MICT group intervention was performed on ergometer cycle for 42 min of exercise at 70% HRmax for 3 sessions per week during 12. The blood sample was collected 48-h before and 48-h after last sessions of exercise training. The vaspin was measured by ELISA, and NOx messured by Griess assay. FMD was assessed by ultrasound in baseline and follow-up 12- weeks of intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed- liner ANOVA with SPPS version 18. The results showed that plasma levels of vaspin and NOx and FMD percent after 12-weeks intervention (HIIT and MICT) were significantly increased compared to control group. There is no significantly different between HIIT and MICT in plasma levels of vaspin. While, there are significantly increased in plasma levels of NOx and FMD percent between HIIT and MICT (P< 0.05). Additionally, result indicated that there is a positive correlation with vaspin and NOx with FMD in HIIT group (P= 0.001) and vaspin (p=0.037) and NOx (P=0.026) in MICT group (P= 0.037). It seems that intensity via increase of vaspin and NOx plasma levels led to improves of FMD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aerobic exercises expand the capillary network in the heart and skeletal muscle, but its shape and type remain unknown; thereforeThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercise on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin (ES) in male rats with coronary artery disease. The experimental subjects were 30 healthy male Wistar rats that 2-month olds who were divided into 3 groups included discontinuous aerobic exercise group with coronary artery disease, control group with coronary artery disease and healthy control group. After rupturing 20 of the rats by isoproterenol, 10 rats in the experimental group performed 8 weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercise on treadmill, and both the control group with coronary artery disease (n = 10) and healthy control group (n = 10) did noting.72 hours after the last training session, serum VEGF and ES indices were measured and one-way ANOVA with scheffe posthoc tests was used to compare the mean of variables among the studied groups. The results showed that discontinuous aerobic exercise could increase the blood VEGF in rats with coronary artery disease (p=0.01), while there was no difference in the level of endostatin in experimental group compared with control groups (p>0.05).

Health-related physical fitness is one of the important issues in exercise physiology that is related to people's physical health and disease prevention. The purpose of this study was to developing and updating the physical fitness norm for women aged 18-60 years old of Tehran city. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 365 women aged 18-60 years old with a mean age of 33.04 ± 9.57 years, height 163.09 ± 6.05 cm, weight 67.17± 11.57 kg from different regions of Tehran were recruited by cluster and random sampling. In this study, body mass index (BMI), Waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage (caliper), cardio-respiratory fitness (Rockport 1mile walking/Running), Flexibility (sit & Reach), endurance of abdominal muscles (curl up), Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (modified push up) and strength of hands (hand grip) measured in subjects. Descriptive statistics and computation of Z scores and point percentages were used to construction of norms. The findings of this study showed that the mean cardio respiratory fitness (38.46 ± 7.78 ml / kg.min-1), body fat percentage (38.85± 6.65), BMI (25.40± 4.20 kg/m2) Flexibility (31.50± 8.10 cm), Endurance of abdominal muscles (37.36 ± 14.74), WHR (0.84 ± 0.50), WC (78.65 ± 10.70cm) Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (18.90 ± 11.94), strength of hand muscles (23.32 ± 4.88 kg).

The decrease of GLT-1 is associated with the activation and increased expression of the glutamate receptor subunit, NR1, which causes neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) by increasing basal cell activity. This study aimed to compare the effect of four weeks of swimming and living in an enriched environment on GLT-1, NR1, and c-FOS, a marker of neuronal activity, in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model used to study of MS.

forty female C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: EAE, control, swimming exercise, and enriched environment. The healthy control group received a saline injection, other groups were induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55). After the induction of EAE, the swimming group performed swimming for 30 minutes, 5 days a week for four weeks, and the environmental enrichment group lived in an enriched environment for four weeks. On day 30 post-induction, the mice were sacrificed, and the spinal cord tissue was removed. GLT-1, NR1, and c-FOS protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry.

The findings showed that living in an enriched environment and swimming exercise both significantly increased GLT-1 levels and significantly decreased NR1 and c-FOS levels compared to the EAE group. Although, living in an enriched environment compared to swimming exercise, showed that the first was a more effective method.

Exercise, in addition to reducing disease severity, can reduce pain sensitivity in the EAE mice and increase their quality of life by increasing GLT-1, and decreasing NR1 and c-FOS in the spinal dorsal horn.

The present study aimed to investigate the interaction effects of vitamin D and calcium, and High-Intensity Circuit Training (HICT) on BDNF and fat percentage of overweight elderly.

Thirty-two healthy older women were randomly divided into four Training + Supplementation, Training + Placebo, Supplementation, and Control groups. The training protocol performed three sessions per week for eight weeks. The Supplementation groups consumed 1,000 mg of calcium-effervescent tablet daily and 50,000 IU of vitamin D per week.

The results showed that the body fat percentage in the Training + Supplementation group decreased significantly compared with Supplementation (p = 0.001), Control (p = 0.001), and Training + Placebo (p = 0.045) groups. Moreover, the fat percentage in the Training + Placebo group decreased significantly compared with the Control group (p = 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the Training + Placebo and Supplementation groups in body fat percentage. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in fat percentage in the Supplementation group compared with the Control group (p = 0.047). BDNF in the Training + Supplementation group had a significant increase compared with the Supplementation (p = 0.002) and Control (p = 0.001) groups but had no significant difference compared with the Training + Placebo (p = 0.085) group. Moreover, there was a significant increase in BDNF in the Training + Placebo group compared with Control (p = 0.003) and Supplementation (p = 0.01) groups. In contrast, no significant difference was observed between Supplementation and Control (p = 0.985) groups.  

Overall, the interaction of training and supplementation showed a significant decrease in the body fat percentage and a significant increase in BDNF in overweight elderly.

Exercise training and vitamin D supplementation play an important role in cardiovascular health. However, the effects of combining these two strategies and their molecular role in cardiac adaptations are less known. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercise on oxidative stress markers and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) levels in the myocardial tissue of middle-aged male rats.

Forty male rats (12-14 months, 350-400 g) after two weeks of familiarization and maximal aerobic speed test, were randomly divided into four groups: control (Con), aerobic training (AT), vitamin D (Vit-D) and aerobic exercise + vitamin D (AT+Vit_D) were divided. The training consisted of eight weeks of incremental training (5 days per week). Vit_D and AT+Vit-D groups received 500 units of vitamin D along with 0.3 ml of olive oil (kg/body weight). Olive oil was also used as a placebo. 48 hours after the last intervention session, the heart tissue of the animals was removed. The activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and SIRT-1 protein were measured. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA test at P < 0.05 level.

The findings showed that the SIRT-1 was significantly higher in the AT than in the Con group (P < 0.05). Also, the MDA levels in the AT were lower than in the Con group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in MDA and SIRT-1 among other groups (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the ‌ GPx, SOD and H2O2 between the groups (P > 0.05).

In general, the findings of the present study showed that regular aerobic exercise is beneficial for reducing oxidative damage to the heart tissue in middle age. Also, aerobic training in middle age leads to an increase in SIRT-1 protein. Considering the important role of SIRT-1 in preventing heart diseases and strengthening the antioxidant defense system, aerobic exercise seems to be an effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular diseases associated with aging. In addition, the findings of the present study showed that vitamin D supplementation along with aerobic exercise does not produce synergistic effects in improving oxidative stress markers or SIRT-1. However, due to the small amount of studies in this regard and also some limitations of the current research, it is suggested to conduct more studies in this regard.

The aim of the present study is to compare two types of aerobic exercise on stem cell mobilization, WBC, and admission durationbefore autologous transplantation. Cancer is a malignancythat causes an uncontrollable growth in the cellreplication. Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells is required for the treatment of many malignant and non- malignant blood diseases. In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, patients' hematopoietic cells are removed and replaced with stem cells. The success of the transplantation depends largely on the amountof stem cells. The higher the number of cells, the sooner recovery happens.

In a quasi- experimental applied study, 60 patients in the age range of 22-69 years admitted to Taleghani Hospital were randomly selected and assigned into 3 groups of 20 members (continuous aerobic, discontinuous aerobic, and control group). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 7 consecutive days of mobilization period including walking on a treadmill (according to the patient's ability) continuously and discontinuously for 30 minutes in the morning and afternoon, taking into account the perceived effort. Blood samples were taken in the mornings before and after mobilization, and the CD34-MNC and WBC levels were counted as absolute. Days of admission were counted after discharge. Chi-square test, analysis of covariance (ANCOA), and multiple comparison test were used for statistical analysis. The p-value of 0 ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Moderate- intensity continuous and discontinuous aerobic activity increases the number of CD34- MNC and WBC countin all 3 groups and decreases the days of admission in the continuous group. . Moreover,the amount of CD34 and MNC cells in the continuous aerobic activity group was significantly higher than in the discontinuous aerobic activity group. (This case has been published in an article in English that is mentioned in the references). However, WBC count was not significantly different between the continuous and discontinuous groups. Finally, the days of admission in continous group were less than the discontinuos group (P≤0.05).

Moderate- intensity continuous and discontinuous aerobic exercise significantly increases hematopoietic stem cells. The admission period in thecontinous group was less than the discontinuos group. However, the increasing rate of cell count and the decreasing rate of admission period in the continuous group were higher than the discontinuous group. Due to the role of these cells in the transplantation our findings could contribute to a higher rate of success.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Pdis and QTdis are simple and useful electrocardiographic markers that may be used in the prediction of the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in PCOS patients. The main purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training (MICT) on Pdis and QTdis as biomarkers of adverse cardiovascular events in women with PCOS.

30 females with PCOS aged between 18 and 40 years were randomly dividedinto an eight- week MICT anda control group. The MICT program included eight weekly sessions (three sessions a week). Electrocardiography was performed the day before the intervenion, and 48 hours after the last exercise session. A cardiologist evaluated all parameter measurementsst. Statistical analysis was conductedby tes t-test using SPSS software (version 23). P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

After the eight- week intervention, a significant reduction in QTdis, QTcdis, weight, and BMI was observed in the MICT group (p˂0.01) but not in the control group (P>0.05). Regarding Pdis, no significant changewas observed before and after intervention in both groups (P>0.05).

These findings demonstrated that eight weeks of MICT in PCOS patients could be prescribed to prevent adverse cardiovascular events in women with PCOS.

Oxidative lipid damage is a reaction that requires the attack of free bases on unsaturated fatty acids with multiple bonds. Garlic with antioxidant effects can reduce the index of cell membrane damage while counteracting the adverse effects of oxidative stress caused by diseases. The aim of the present study was to answer the lipid peroxidation index to long-term consumption of garlic following strenuous exercise.

An experimental study was conducted on inactive male students of Ahar Azad University with an age range of 23-23 years. Totally, 26 people were selected based on research background and randomly divided into three groups of placebo and garlic supplement in two doses of 500 and 1000 Mg distributed on a daily basis. The first and second blood samples were obntained at baseline after strenuous exercise and the third and fourth samples were taken after 8 weeks of supplementation and under the same conditions to measure lipid peroxidation index. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance and one-way Tukey post hoc test were used at the significant level of p <0.05.

The findings showed that a session of helpless exercise increases a significant increase in lipid damage (p <0.05). In addition, long-term supplementation of garlic pills with doses of 500 and 1000 mg per day reduces basal lipid damage after strenuous exercise. Also, taking 1000 mg of garlic tablets has a greater effect compared with the 500-mg dose (p <0.05).

Therefore, it can cautiously be suggested that long-term garlic supplementation, especially the 1000-mg dose, be used to prevent oxidative stress from strenuous exercise.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of interval resistance training with different intensities (low, medium and high) on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) and insulin resistance in obese men.

Forty-four obese not trained men, after determining 1RM and based on anthropometric characteristics were divided into the control, low-intensity interval resistance training, medium-intensity interval resistance training, high-intensity interval resistance training groups (in each group, n=11). The protocol of interval resistance training includes 8 movements which were periodic and in different intensities in the form of 3 Set 10 repetitions with 80% 1 RM, rest between sets active, and with 20% intensity and the number of repetitions 15 in the high-intensity group, in the medium intensity group in the form of 3 sets 13 repetitions with 60% RM, resting active sets with 20% intensity and number 15 repetitions and in the low-intensity group in the form of 3 sets of 20 repetitions with 40% 1 RM, rest between sets was active with 20% intensity and the number of repetitions was 15. The first fasting blood sample was obtained 48 hours before and the second blood sample was collected 48 hours after a twelve-week training period. Then the measurements were performed.

The 12 weeks of interval resistance training with different intensities in the training groups led to a significant decrease in BMP-2 and insulin resistance compared to the control group (P < 0.001) but for BMP-4 these decreases were not significant (P = 0.055).

The study showed that different intensities of resistance interval training, especially moderate and high intensity training, can decrease the BMP-2, BMP-4 levels and improve insulin resistance.

the aim of this study was to comparison of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training and continues training on SIRT3 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in gastrocnemius muscle of aged female Wistar rats.

15 female Wistar rats (age= 18 month, weight= 270-350 g) were chosen and divided into 3 groups; high intensity interval training (HIIT), Continues training (CT), and Control. After determining rat’s VO2max, progressive HIIT and CT protocols were designed with the intensity corresponds to 85-90% VO2max and 65-70 % VO2max, respectively and training duration in HIIT was approximately half of CT. 48 hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed and their gastrocnemius muscle samples were saved for further analysis.

This study showed a significant difference of SIRT3 between HIIT, CT, and control group (p=0.001) (Control

Evaluation of the effect of 8 weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the serum level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in sedentary obese young men.

Thirty sedentary men were randomly divided into 3 groups: the 30s HIIT training group (n=10), the 60s training group (n=10), and the control group (no exercise) (n=10). Interval training with 90 %VO2peak was done in 3 sessions for 8 weeks. cTnT was measured 5 times; pre-exercise, 4hrs, and 24hrs after the first session (4hF, 24hF), and 4hrs and 24hrs after the last training session (4hL, 24hL). ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used by SPSS 23 with a significance level of (P< 0.05).

The significant increase in serum levels of cTnT in the post-tests of the 60s HIIT compared to the first 24hrs and the last 24hrs (P= 0.0001). But in the 30s group it was not significant compared to the other measurements (P≥ 0/05). In the 2 training groups, serum levels of cTnT in the last 4hr post-tests of the last week were not significantly different from the 4hrs post-tests of the first week (P≥ 0.05).

It seems that none of these activities cause heart damage sustained, and changes in cTnT levels in two 4hrs compared to the first and last 24hrs of the 60s group may be due to reversible leakage of cardiac cell membranes, and may continuous exercise will reduce this reduction.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Exercise is a therapeutic strategy to improve vascular function and reduce patient mortality. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectins in women with PCOS.

Thirty females with PCOS aged between 18 and 40 years were randomly categorized into an HIIT group and a control group. The HIIT program was administered three sessions a week for eight weeks. Serum levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectins were measured before and after the intervention after an overnight fast of 10 h. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23).

After the intervention, a significant difference was observed in serum E-selectin levels in the HIIT group (p=0.037) compared to the control group (P>0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in serum VCAM-1 levels in the HIIT group after the intervention (P≥0.05).

The findings demonstrated that eight weeks of HIIT could improve endothelial function in women with PCOS.

Identification and analysis of compounds that playing a role in delay aging and increase longevity is essential. Sirtuins are one of the main regulators of cell survival and longevity. The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of six weeks HIIT swimming exercise and Resveratrol supplementation on the level of SIRT3 in left ventricular heart of aged rats.

In this research, 30 wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (control (C), solvent (M), supplement (R), HIIT exercise (EX), HIIT exercise and supplement (EXR)). The EX group performed HIIT swimming for six weeks. C group did not practice. R group received only resveratrol supplementation. EXR group performed HIIT swimming exercises with resveratrol and M group received only solvent. The SIRT3 protein was obtained by Western blotting. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.

After six weeks, there was a significant difference between the mean SIRT3 protein levels in the five groups. Therefore, Tukey post hoc test showed that SIRT3 levels were significantly increased in EX and EXR groups compared to C, R and M groups (P = 0/001). However, this difference between EX and EXR groups was not significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, the amount of SIRT3 in group R was significantly higher compared to groups C and M.

Increasing the amount of SIRT3 indicates the involvement of this protein in metabolic pathways, antioxidant defense and improves cell condition. High intensity interval training with resveratrol supplement consumption can also be used to moderate oxidative stress and delay the aging process.

The inflammatory factors can be considered as one of the important factors involved in metabolic disorders and diabetes. The identifying of the best type of exercise training has been considered as an important method for reducing inflammation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of six weeks aerobic, resistance and concurrent exercise trainings on plasma levels of IL-10/TNF-α ratio and insulin resistance index in diabetic male Wistar rats.

The research was performed as an experimental research method. Statistical population were consisted of male Wistar rats with a weight range of 130 to 150 gr. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8) including resistance training (intensity about 60% one repetition maximum), aerobic training (intensity of 50-60% VO2max), concurrent training, diabetic control and inactive healthy control groups. All groups performed their relevant exercises for six weeks/three times in each week. Forty eight hours after of last training session, blood samples were taken directly from the heart and blood data were collected. Inflammatory factors and insulin resistance were measured by ELISA and HOMA-IR methods respectively. The one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc statistical methods were applied at a significant level of p≤0.05.

Levels of IL-10/TNF-α ratio in diabetic control (p=0.001), aerobic training (p=0.02), resistance training (p=0.003) and concurrent training (p=0.003) groups significantly decreased compared to healthy control. On the other hand, in training groups compared to diabetic control, no significant change was observed (p>0.05). Moreover, insulin resistance index in aerobic, resistance and concurrent training groups (p=0.002, p=0.03 and p=0.01 respectively) significantly decreased compared to the diabetic control. No significant differences were observed between the training groups.

Performing of resistance, aerobic and concurrent exercises for six weeks improves type II diabetes; but it probably does not have enough potential to improve the body’s inflammatory conditions.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a shape of interval training that provides ameliorated athletic capacity and has a good effect on health. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol abundant in grapes and red wine and has been demonstrated to apply various useful health impacts on the body. This research aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of swimming HIIT and resveratrol consumption on SIRTs 3 & 4, NAD+/NADH, AMPK and SOD2 expression in aged rats.

In total, forty-five old male albino rats (Wistar) with the age of twenty months were allocated into 5 groups randomly. Control group (Ctrl), Swimming HIIT group (Ex: Exercise), Swimming HIIT with Resveratrol consumption group (R+Ex), Resveratrol consumption group (R) and solvent of resveratrol consumption group (vehicle). R+Ex group accomplished the exercise and consumed resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day, gavage) for 6 weeks.

HIIT & resveratrol significantly increased NAD+/NADH, SOD 2 and AMPK in the aged rats. HIIT increased SIRT3, but resveratrol reduced it. As for SIRT4, HIIT decreased it, while resveratrol positively affected it.

Resveratrol and HIIT, especially their combination, have anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects on the hippocampus of old rats.

Breast cancer is the major cause of mortality for women and is wide spread among them. Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. The effect of exercise training on the inhibition or reduction of angiogenesis in tumor tissue is not clear. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the adjuvant therapy effects of High Intensive Intermittent Training on the expression of angiogenesis factors P53 and SRF in breast cancer tumor tissue.

Sixteen Bulb/c mouses were obtained and randomly divided into two groups of control and High Intensive Intermittent Training- Tumor .After daptation to the environment, murine Adenocarcinoma-type cancer cells were injected into all micses. Two weeks after injection, HIIT group mouses were exposed to treadmill for one week.Then HIIT-Tumor group performed their training protocol in six weeks long, three sessions per week and each session lasting for 60 minutes. Rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 48 hours after completion of the protocol. Tumor tissues were isolated and stored at -70˚C. The RNA extraction steps were performed according to the TRIzol protocol made by Invitrogen Company and cDNA was made according to cDNA synthesis kit instruction. Real Time - PCR steps were performed according to Saber-Green instructions and data were collected.

The study data showed that, HIIT decreased SRF by 5.27-fold and caused a 5.97_fold increase in P53, compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.01).

HIIT exercise suppresses tumor growth and inhibits cancer progression by reducing SRF and increasing P53.

Aerobic training somewhat corrects endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but the most effective form of exercise is still unclear; therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as an angiogenic factor and endostatin (ES) as an angiostatic factor in male rats with coronary artery disease.

The subjects of the present experimental study were 30 healthy male 2-months old Wistar rats divided into three groups: the experimental group, the control group with coronary artery disease, and the healthy control group. After rupturing 20 of the rats by isoproterenol, 10 rats in the experimental group performed eight weeks of continuous aerobic exercise on a treadmill, with an incremental intensity of 50% in the first session to 78% in the last session, whereas both control groups did not exercise. Seventy-two hours after the final training session, blood samples were taken for serum VEGF and ES indices, and one-way ANOVA with Scheffer posthoc tests was used to compare the mean of variables among the studied groups.

The results showed that discontinuous aerobic exercise could increase the blood VEGF in rats with coronary artery disease (P≤0.01), while there was no difference in the level of endostatin in the experimental group compared with control groups (P>0.05).

It seems that continuous aerobic exercises can be used in the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease and might be effective in the process of angiogenesis.

IGF-1 hormone decreases in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The effect of exercise on this hormone requires further researches. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise on IGF-1 hormone and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD.

In this study, forty female type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD (mean age 50.6 ± 4.5 years, height 1.58 ± 0.07 m, weight 74.4 ± 9.9 kg) were randomized into four groups. The exercise training groups performed exercises by cycle ergometer three days a week for eight weeks. The groups included: interval aerobic exercise group (75-80% maximum heart rate), continuous aerobic exercise group (60-75% maximum heart rate), combined exercise group (interval and continuous), and control group. Variance analysis was used for analysis and comparison between groups. The t-dependent test was used for intra-group compression (α≤0.05).

Decreased body weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, body fat percentage, body fat mass, and increased IGF-1 were significant in all three exercise groups (P≤0.05). In the control group, increased hip circumference and decreased IGF-1 were significant (P≤0.05). Among the three exercise groups, the interval aerobic exercise group had the most effect on improving type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD. Comparing between the groups, IGF-1, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-height ratio were significant in the interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise groups compared to the control group (P≥0.05).

Interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise improves body composition and hormone IGF-1, and according to the findings, interval aerobic exercise had the greatest effect on diabetic patients with NAFLD. Therefore, it is recommended that these patients participate in aerobic exercise regularly, especially interval aerobic exercise.