akbar zare shahabadi

Climatic characteristics such as dry and semi-arid climate, lack of rainfall, long periods of drought in the country, and lack of rains in the seasons when the agricultural sector needs water resources have caused the decrease of underground water resources every year more than the previous year. Even beyond that, it becomes a challenge for policymakers, decision-makers, operators, farmers, and industrial sector employers. The numerous types of research that have been conducted in the field of underground water resources in the Water Resources Research Quarterly between the years 2006 and 2022 show that the importance of this issue is not only in the discourse governing water policymakers but also among experts and academics. Therefore, the present research, based on a systematic review approach to the pathology of previous studies, deals with the subject of articles related to underground water resources in the Quarterly Journal of Water Resources Research and reveals the factors affecting it based on the accumulation of the mentioned research results. To fulfill this aim, several questions were asked: 1- What methods have been used in the studies related to underground water resources published in the Iranian Water Resources Research Quarterly? 2- To what extent have the methods of these articles been able to cover appropriate solutions to solve problems related to underground water resources?

The current study was conducted with a systematic review approach. First, in order to increase the accuracy of the research, a checklist of eligible articles was prepared during the years 2006-2022, which included components such as the research method, the number of authors, the year of conducting the research, and the tendency of the authors of the article.After reviewing the papers, 38 articles discussing underground water sources, both in the topic and in the content, were selected as a statistical sample. In this sense, almost all articles related to the topic of "groundwater resources" were reviewed.

The findings of the research showed that among the 38 papers in terms of the number of authors, the largest number of studies are related to the articles that had more than two authors (22 cases), followed by the ones with two authors (12 cases), and the articles that were done by one person allocated the lowest amount (4 cases). Regarding the disciplines of the authors of the articles, it should be said that most of the articles are by researchers in the fields of water resources engineering, water resources management, water and development, irrigation and drainage, and hydraulic structures (30 articles), researchers in the fields of mapping, rural development, water and development, and geography (4 articles), researchers in the fields of environment, watershed management (4 articles), and researchers in interdisciplinary fields such as archeology and sociology (2 articles) were ranked next in terms of the number of published articles. Regarding the years that have been published in the Quarterly Journal of Water Resources Research, it can be said that most of the studies were published in 2022 (8 articles), and the least number published in the field of groundwater resources is related to 2006, 2008, and 2015 (1 article). In terms of methodology, the largest number of articles is related to the articles that have investigated the state of water resources and aquifers with the method of scenario creation and future research (15 articles). This scenario development is either quantitative and numerical analysis or qualitative analysis and future research. The studies that have been done with numerical simulation, modelling, and factor modelling (11 articles) and analytical research (5 articles) have the largest number of articles after the studies related to scenario creation.

This research was carried out with the aim of methodological pathology of the articles related to the topic of underground water resources that were published in the Iranian Quarterly of Resources Research from 2006 to 2022 and was intended to answer these two questions: 1- What methods have been used in the studies related to underground water resources published in the Iranian Water Resources Research Quarterly? 2- To what extent have the methods of these articles been able to cover appropriate solutions to solve problems related to underground water resources? According to the findings, the authors suggested these ways: 1- Regulating the research in the field of underground water resources, 2- Allocating part of the articles to the discussion of methodology (even modelling and numerical articles), 3- Attempting to conduct studies in the field of social impact assessment (ETA) so that policymakers are aware of the consequences of the projects carried out, 4- Emphasizing innovation, using various qualitative methods (ethnographic and phenomenological methods), and paying more attention to the use of newer methods. 5- And most importantly, turning to sociological analyses related to underground water articles.

Today, cultural capital is known as one of the most important capitals of any country, and the youth, as the main group of society, play a significant role in receiving this capital, because they can take effective steps in creating and of course improving tastes and their tendency towards the subcultures of the society. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and youth subcultures. The theoretical foundations of the research have been developed using the theories of Bourdieu and Cohen. This research was carried out in two parts, exploratory and descriptive. First, in the exploratory part, in order to make a suitable tool and to know the different subcultures of the youth of Yazd city, a qualitative interview was conducted with 20 young people, and after identifying the types of subcultures. And building the appropriate research tool was carried out in the form of a survey. In the survey section, the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 385 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The findings of the research showed that the cultural capital of Yazdi youth is at a low level and the cultural capital has a significant relationship with the subcultures of speaking, clothing and make-up, value and norm, film and music.

The purpose of this research is study the cultural factors related to the attitude of Afghan immigrants living in Yazd towards the host society. This research is wide-ranging in terms of practical purpose and in terms of criteria, which was conducted in a survey manner and with a descriptive-explanatory approach. The data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire and collected on a Likert scale. 384 of them were selected as samples in a three-stage sampling method and The data has been described and analyzed with SPSS software version 21. The findings indicate that the attitude of immigrants towards the host society is higher than the average and generally positive. Gender, marital status, and religion have shown significant differences in the attitude of these immigrants towards the host society. However, among the variables of education, ethnicity, language, occupation, income, and monthly expenses, no significant differences were observed with the dependent variable. Additionally, age, household size, and duration of residence, as independent variables, demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with the attitudes of these immigrants towards the host society, involving expectations regarding common cultural and historical aspects of the two nations, normative beliefs of immigrants about Yazdi citizens, and the influence of advertisements and media programs. Stepwise regression analysis results also revealed that the main variables, along with the household variable and the duration of residence variable in the city of Yazd, explain approximately 6% of the variations in the domain of the dependent variable.

The aim of the current research was to analyze the discourse of upstream water documents in the time period (2011-2015) (2017-2021). Its statistical population consists of eleven documents from upstream water resources that were compiled in this period of time. The method of the present study is the analysis of discourse by Laclau and Mouffe method and an attempt has been made to answer these three questions; What was the dominant discourse on the documents upstream of water? What have been the central signifiers, discourse components, a chain of equivalence, and the ruling otherness that represents this discourse? And what theory has been used to explain the discourse governing these documents? The analysis of these documents showed that the main discourse governing this period was environmental discourse, which is the main signifier and point of these documents and indicates the adoption of an environmental approach to natural resources. This discourse manifests itself in the othering the discourse of Sustainable development in these documents and the main and floating signifiers such as the discourse hegemony of reducing natural hazards and paying attention to the environment, education and promotion of agricultural and environmental development, attention to the environmental effects of actions, education and promotion of agricultural and environmental development, attention to the environmental effects of actions, attention to innovations in agriculture, regulating environmental activities, and granting and investing facilities in the agricultural sector has been a confirmation of this discourse, which is approved through equivalence signs such as encouraging investors to invest in projects, paying attention to climate-friendly technologies, developing green transportation.

The research was conducted with the aim of discovering and analyzing the conditions and contexts related to the balance between work and life of women in Sanandaj. The research is a qualitative study, and in its implementation method, the grounded theory approach is used. The research objectives were obtained through exploration and understanding, the statistical population, the married working women of Sanandaj city, 20 of them were investigated through theoretical saturation by means of purposeful and snowball sampling. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were used to collect data with maximum diversity, the duration of each interview was one hour and the data collection process took one month, which were analyzed with open, central and selective coding methods. Data analysis showed that the conditions and contexts related to the balance between work and life in the form of 53 concepts and 16 subcategories (emotional relationship with spouse, sense of security, financial well-being, social status, suitable job, education, support of spouse, support of children, support of those around you, job motivation, suitable salary, job security, organizational support, work flexibility, opportunity to use capabilities, satisfaction with the group) and 4 main categories (peace of mind, social base, receiving social support, satisfaction) occupation) and a core category (satisfactory effort) were obtained and summarized. This study showed that establishing a balance between work and life improves the quality of work, maternal duties, and the quality of life of working women, and the themes obtained in the findings are effective in improving them.

Urbanization and its expansion is one of the most important human achievements. Undoubtedly, the participation of all individuals, layers and classes in the urban management process has an important role in its development and sustainability. Participation in urban affairs affected by the cultural, social, economic contexts of each society is different, but what matters participation at all levels, including the city level, must be created from the heart of society and in effective communication between people and people with urban management. The purpose of this article was to investigate the social factors related to participation in urban affairs. The present study was a survey and a statistical population of citizens aged 15 years and older in Chelgard city. Based on the Cochran's formula, a suitable sample size of 324 people was obtained. Data were collected by using a questionnaire and multi-stage cluster sampling. The validity of the questionnaire is based on content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test its reliability. SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the variables of social trust with a significant level (0.001), religiosity with a significant level (0.002), gender with a significant level (0.030), employment status with a significant level (0.004) and monthly income with a significant level (0.025) with participation. Regression analysis showed that the variables of social trust, religiosity, employment status and monthly income in total were able to explain 1.11of the variance of participation in urban affairs. The results showed that the level of participation of the citizens of Chelgard in urban affairs is affected by underlying factors such as gender, employment status and income of citizens and increasing the variables of social trust and religiosity. 

 Urbanization and its expansion is one of the most important human achievements. Undoubtedly, the participation of all individuals, layers and classes in the urban management process has an important role in its development and sustainability. Participation in urban affairs affected by the cultural, social, economic contexts of each society is different, but what matters participation at all levels, including the city level, must be created from the heart of society and in effective communication between people and people with urban management . In recent years, the class structure and social interactions of the citizens of chelgard have expanded by changing the production method and income of residents, creating new job opportunities, expanding the city and facing domestic and foreign tourists. However, many citizens still have an ethnic-tribal mindset, through which they deal with the social world in general and urban issues in particular, which is an obstacle to participation in urban affairs. The purpose of this article was to investigate the social factors related to participation in urban affairs. Accordingly, in this study, we decided to examine the level of citizen participation in urban affairs, to identify the social factors associated with it. This goal has been tracked by asking two main questions: 1) what is the level of participation in urban affairs in the city of chelgard? 2) what are the social factors associated with participation in urban affairs?

The method of the present research is survey. The statistical population of the study is citizens of 15 years and older in Chelgard. After using the cochran's formula, according to the measurement error of 0.05 and the acceptable confidence level of 1.96, the sample size of 324 people was determined. The required data were collected using a questionnaire and multi-stage cluster sampling. The validity of the questionnaire is based on the validity of the content and cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test its reliability. In order to analyze the research data, Spss software version 25 and statistical methods of correlation, regression and non-parametric statistical tests were used.

Findings showed that there is a positive correlation between social trust and participation in urban affairs, which means that with increasing social trust, their participation in urban affairs also increases. The existence of social trust in society is a powerful force for the formation and development of secondary relations, which gives a special atmosphere to the public space and is an effective source for collective actions such as participation in urban affairs. Social trust as a catalyst encourages citizens to do voluntary, group and participatory work. When citizens trust each other and city managers and planners, they will feel more responsible for their city affairs and ultimately more involved. The results also indicate a direct and significant relationship between religiosity and participation in urban affairs. Thus, with the increase of religiosity, we see the promotion of citizen participation. Given that iranian society is a religious community and citizens from the first years of their lives are formally and informally faced with religious education, so they are familiar with the principles of religious beliefs. On the other hand, islam not only holds the individual accountable and committed to god, but also holds him accountable to society. As a result, those who are more committed to religious affairs will feel obligated to participate in the political and social activities around them. Finally, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between gender, employment status, and monthly household income with participation in urban affairs.This significance is higher in women with average (71.14) than men with average (67.90) and in non-employed with average (71.77) than employed with average (67.46). Also, the group "no income" with an average (74.95) has the highest and the group "more than 5 million" have the lowest level of citizen participation. The prerequisite for moving in a sustainable urban path is the participation of all citizens in effective areas, including decision-making in the areas of urban planning and urban management. Access to this situation is possible only with the responsibility of individuals in society and the joint efforts and support of women and men. In traditional iranian society, where men have a breadwinner duty and spend most of their time and energy on business, they have fewer opportunities to volunteer and participate in urban affairs, but women and unemployed on the one hand because of the more time they have on the other hand, the existence of urban security in small cities such as Chelgard have more opportunities to participate in the public arena of the city and participate in voluntary and voluntary programs.

Overall, this study showed that there is a relationship between social factors and participation in urban affairs. Thus, high levels of social trust and religiosity among citizens play an important role in their participation in urban affairs and can play a role as a facilitator for participation in urban affairs. In the end, it is suggested that workshops and training and justification programs be held to persuade and justify men and employees, and to provide a platform for safe and reliable participation and investment for all. Urban institutions can also increase trust as a social asset in the city by increasing frankness, honesty, conscientiousness and integrity in order to increase the participation of citizens in urban affairs.

In societies, incorrect beliefs about cancer cause stigma and weaken the health care and patients' treatment. The purpose of this studu is to investigate the impact of cancer habitus on cancer social stigma among family caregivers of cancer patients.

Survey method was usedand the statistical population included family caregivers of cancer patients in Tehran hospitals in 1401. Sample size included 384 people selected by convenience sampling method of multi-stage stratified type by referring to the hospitals under study. Data collection tool was the standard cancer stigma index questionnaire and the researcher-made cancer habitus questionnaire. Data were analyzed through correlation tests, mean difference, path analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and Amos.

According to the results, there was a relationship between cancer stigma (with dimensions of others-avoidance, self-avoidance, and being released) and cancer habitus (with dimensions of enchantment and cure-avoidance); according to the path model, habitus explains 19/6% of the variation in stigma. Moreover, enchantment and cure-avoidance had the highest and lowest contribution to explaning stigma with an impact factor of 0/29 and 0/25. The results of structural equation model test also indicated appropriate fit of the presented conceptual model (GFI=0/973, RMSEA=0/067, CFI=0/958).

Caregivers of cancer patients, as the main supporters of the patient, are always influenced by incorrect cultural stereotypes of society. Identifying different dimensions of habitus (especially the aspect of enchanment), paying more attention to the aspect of being released of stigma, paying attention to the role of education and awareness in reducing false beliefs and more interaction with patients have a significant role in reducing the stigma of cancer and makes it easier for patients to bear the pain and suffering of cancer

Cancer is often stigmatized in many societies and this has unfortunate consequences for sufferers. The aim of this research was to know the factors related to the social stigma of cancer.

The research method was correlation-analytical, and the sampling method was multi-stage cluster. Data were collected using CSI and CAM standard questionnaires.The statistical population included three categories of ordinary citizens, medical staff, and companions of patients in Tehran; Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 384, 201, 384 people, respectively. In order to fit the model and measure the relationships between the variables, the method of structural equation modeling was used in the form of AMOS software.

 Goodness of fit indices (chi-square/df=2.851, Rmsea=0.08, Cfi=0.945) all indicated the appropriate fit of the model. Except for the variable of inequality in treatment, other independent variables had a significant relationship with stigma. The r2 explanatory coefficient showed that the variables of habitus, optimism, cancer awareness, religiosity, social support, and social capital together predicted 48% of stigma changes. Habitus and social support with standard coefficients (beta) of 0.48 and -0.28 had the highest and lowest contribution in explaining stigma, respectively. Based on the mean difference test, the amount of stigma among ordinary people was more than the other two groups.

 Awareness of different aspects of cancer disease (such as symptoms, causative factors), removing false stereotypes about cancer (such as cancer means death), constant communication with cancer patients, and receiving the necessary social support from various sources, were the most important tools necessary to reduce the stigma of cancer.

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between the use of virtual social networks and the types of religiosity of the youth of Yazd city, based on the theory of multiple worlds and the metaphor of the burger market, with the help of a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity is through validity. Its content and reliability have been confirmed through Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population is 384 young people aged 15 to 34 in Yazd who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data were analyzed with the help of spss software and factor analysis and t, f tests, correlation coefficient and path analysis, and the results after identifying two types of popular religiosity and bricolage show that women have popular religiosity and men have strong bricolage religiosity. They have a The correlation of economic-social base with popular religiosity is negative, but with bricolage religiosity is positive and significant. Also, there is a significant relationship between the amount of use of virtual social networks and types of religiosity. Regression analysis shows that independent variables (social-economic base, non-recreational use of virtual social network and social-economic base) are 9% of changes in popular religiosity and variables (use of virtual social network, social-economic base and recreational use of virtual social network) explain 20% of the changes in bricolage religiosity.

One of the important aspects of water is policy making for water. In different decades, there have been different policies, plans, and regulations with regards to water. The purpose of the current research was to do a discourse analysis on higher documents of water from 1989 to 1999. The research data is the first development plan (1989-1993), general policies of the second development plan (1993), the second development plan (1995-1999), general policies of the third development plan (1999), and general policies on water resources (1999). The research method is Lucklaw and Moufeh discourse analysis method. The research question is: What is the discourse dominating the higher documents? What are the main factors, discourse elements, and othering chains in this discourse? What theory can be used to explain the discourse used in this document? The analysis showed that the dominant discourse is to develop economy through agriculture. This shows the attention policy makers have paid to the quantitative aspects of development through the agricultural sector. This discourse borrows othering the discourse of economic development, the elements of which are the hegemony of construction discourse, water-based employment, and the hegemony of productive government. The discourse focuses on domestic production in agriculture, attracting investment, improving the aims of water sector and agriculture with regards to water and soil.

Currently, Afghanistan is experiencing unfavorable, chaotic, and unpredictable conditions in various aspects of social life. Certainly, the mentioned conditions did not appear all at once, and there are several reasons involved in it. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to analyze the background and foundations of the situation in Afghanistan, as well as the factors involved in the formation of this disorder and the erosion of social hope. This research was conducted within the framework of the interpretive paradigm and utilized a qualitative approach. The grounded theory method and in-depth interview technique were employed. The research targeted twenty elites from Afghanistan who were present in the country at the time of the interview. The findings showed that a multidimensional and historical process contributes to the current situation in Afghanistan. Several factors were identified, including people's passivity towards political systems, weak governments, and elitism in the management structure (as causal conditions). Additionally, non-democratic governments and foreign interference were identified as intervening factors. Furthermore, multi-ethnic-religious social structures, political instability, poverty, and illiteracy were identified as underlying conditions. These factors collectively form the paradigmatic model for understanding the current situation in Afghanistan. The central nucleus is determined by its chaotic past and uncertain future. The current unfavorable situation is a result of a troubled past. This situation has made the future of society uncertain and vague, ultimately leading to a decrease in social hope and the formation of a negative attitude towards improving the social situation.

Tribalism, the strong loyalty to one's own tribe, is a characteristic of traditional and tribal structures that still exist in some regions of Iran and can affect formal elections. This research aimed to investigate the factors related to the tendency towards tribalism in Parsabad's parliamentary elections of the Islamic Parliament of Iran. 

Methods and Data: 

This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 people over 18 years of age (who were eligible to participate in the elections) in Parsabad. They were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling technique. The data was collected by a questionnaire with content validity and Cronbach's alpha reliability. 

The research findings showed that legalism, the feeling of relative deprivation and the embodied dimension of cultural capital were related to tribalism in elections. 

Tribalism in the elections has led to the exclusion of people who could have provided many services at the local and national level. Key Message: A competent electoral system plays an important role in the formation of an efficient parliament and government as well as political and social stability. This aim is achieved when the mechanisms and cultural and social contexts of the elections are well-established. The election of worthy people from all tribes enables public participation in the administration of the country's affairs. Tribalism can be reduced by developing political parties.

Water governance is a decision-making process in a set of political, economic, social, and executive systems in order to plan, develop water resources management and provide water services in different parts of society. Yazd province is one of the driest provinces in the country due to being located on the central plateau. Therefore, it seems that water governance is necessary in such a way that in different sectors of agriculture, drinking water hygiene, and industry, the main goal project is, to have optimal consumption, and water resources are not destroyed. The approach of the present research is qualitative; The foundation's data method and data collection technique were semi-structured in-depth interviews with three groups of managers and administrative experts, independent experts and experts in the water field, and employers in the industry and agriculture sectors. which were selected by purposeful sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. The data analysis technique was also open, central, and selective coding. The findings of the research showed that the water governance model is based on self-interested governance. This type of governance means paying attention to immediate and present interests and not paying attention to the state of water resources for the future, which has characteristics such as orders from the top to bottom, show, temporary, without paying attention to environmental issues and sustainable development. There has been a lack of interaction between the people and the officials and the defective participation of the stakeholders.

Recently, people try to represent their identity and differentiate themselves from others by using strategies to beautify their body and appearance by visiting beauty centers and managing themselves. Managing appearance and achieving beauty is expressed in actions and deeds, such as body makeup, sports, dieting, having a beautiful and young body, etc. In this way, beauty can also be introduced and managed by people as an individual identity. Fashion and makeup are signs through which people declare what is their identity and what is not. In addition, people flaunt their appearance in such a way that they are different from others. However, nowadays, the body is considered as a project to build personal identity. The current study was conducted using a qualitative approach and the method of thematic analysis. The participants of this research were 24 women and 25 men. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The citizens studied were men and women from Yazd who visited beauty salons, clubs, medical centers, beauty clinics, etc. and were selected for the interviews. The participants in this study are a combination of men and women with different demographic characteristics, and the maximum variation purposive sampling method was used. In the data analysis, the data are recorded on paper and coded at three levels. The results show that self-management factors led women and men to tend to visit beauty centers. Women visited many beauty centers and manipulated their bodies due to self-care, defense mechanisms, deconstruction of femininity and inhibiting forms and men, career change, abolition of masculinity schema, symbolic annihilation, and social deprivation. The above factors indicate that men and women want to change and manage their identity through beauty so that they can present their new selves to everyone. For this reason, forming a new identity has consequences for them. Women have experienced consequences such as generative action, self-reflection, self-efficacy, conflict flooding, and finally subversion of identity, while men have faced identity stabilization. Men want to manage their identity with the continuation of masculinity agency, stigma reduction, sexual seduction, and self-expression. Therefore, according to the research, the men and women studied achieved their ultimate goal of self-management through the strategy of body presentation. Although both groups consider that self-presentation is a sign of silence, women try to undermine and rebuild their identity and want to achieve a new identity, while beauty in men means the continuation of masculinity in a new way for them. In line with the changes achieved, men have changed and smooth their lives, men tend to manage their identity through beauty in who they are. However, through the process of beautification, men try to gain independence and more opportunities, including advancement in their social life

Tendency to drugs among young people is considered one of the harms and social problems in all countries, including Afghanistan. According to the general condition of Afghan society and especially the unsuitable economic, cultural, recreational conditions in Kabul City, young people are more exposed to drug addiction than other age groups. The purpose of this study is to determine the effective social factors of the tendency to use drugs among the youth of Kabul City. This study was done through explanatory, descriptive, analytical and survey methods. The statistical population of this study was the young people between 18 and 35 in Kabul City who are users of social networks and the Internet. A total of 251 questionnaires were completed from among the statistical community. The result of this study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between not having facilitating opportunities for free time, feeling insecure, having bad/harmful friends, abnormality and normalization of drug use in Kabul City and family problems. Also, income, employment and literacy are influential in the tendency of young people to drugs. However, age, marital status, household size, residential status, addiction of a family member had no significant relationship with drug tendency. Therefore, it was concluded that drug tendency has been influenced by various social factors. Public and private institutions and organizations can reduce the tendency to use drugs among young people by facilitating and providing education, awareness, recreation-entertainment, employment and reducing insecurity factors.

Historical narratives and theoretical justifications have placed the central sign of "Kurdishness" in an idolized and transcendental conceptual position, So that the review of this phenomenon itself has just been neglected; The present study is about to investigate the changes of the objectification of "Kurdishness" from the Kurdish local governments to the rise of the modern state; To this end, with a radical critique of the approaches of primordialism, ethnocentrism and modernism-constructivism and taking a discourse perspective, the developments of Kurdish identity will be examined and the discourse formulations of such a phenomenon will be clarified. The research method was Foucault's discourse analysis and the method of selecting documents have beeb on purposeful sampling. The findings of the study indicate that the previous epistemological order had a linguistic-ethnic connotation that with the penetration of changes and developments such as First World War and subsequent centralizing power of the government on the verge of emergence, identification mechanisms are placed in the field of politics and find meaning within such a field. In fact, according to the findings of this study, it can be said that before the world war, as a breaking point, the linguistic-religious and ethnic community represented the Kurdish identity, and after that, it takes a social-politicized form.

Macro-level documents, laws, programs, and documents are of utmost importance in any country since they are the basis of planning in the executive areas at different levels of management. Amongst these executive areas, water resources management is one of the most important. The aim of this study is to analyze the discourse of macro-level documents on water management after the 1978 revolution. The statistical population of the research includes the Sixth Development Plan before the revolution (1978-1988), the Law of Equitable Distribution of Water (since 1982), and the Law of Preservation and Stabilization of the Border Rivers Banks and Beds (1983). The method of the present study is the analysis of discourse by Laclau and Mouffe method and we tried to answer these two questions; What has been the dominant discourse of the macro-level documents in the field of water resources management and What are the consequences of this discource for water resources? The analysis of these documents showed that in the period under consideration the main governing discourse is the exploitative discourse which is the main signifier and center of gravity of these documents. This indicates the full use of the country's water resources using technology and mechanization in methods of production. This discourse manifests itself in the othering the discourse of protection in these documents. The discourse of modernization versus development, and governmental versus participatory management confirms this conclusion which is approved through equivalence signs such as the use of surface and groundwater resources, attention to agriculture, employment and income generation, diging deep and semi-deep wells to supply drinking water, industry and Agriculture, increase the capacity of the country's hydropower plants, and the policy of self-sufficiency in agricultural products.

The phenomenon of suicide attempts is one of the most important socio-psychological harms growing worldwide, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths worldwide. The aim of this study is to discover family factors in suicide attempt which has been done by qualitative methodology and using the method of Grounded Theory. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 women from Abdanan city whom suicide attempt and were selected by theoretical sampling method for more than one year. Nine main categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: strained family, family relationship inefficiency, Delinquent family, moral deviance of spouse, Divorced family, forced marriage, avoidance of unfavorable family atmosphere with marriage, marital disputes, experience of rejection and deliberate avoidance. Also, "Family Challenges - Significant Suicides" was selected as the core category, and finally a paradigm model derived from the data was set up. The findings indicated that family factors and family living conditions played an important role in the prevalence of suicide among women attempting suicide.

One of the most important characteristics of every family is the way of communication and interactions between family members. This desirable communication would guarantee family health and consequently health in the society. Individuals in a family use various methods to solve family problems, some of which lead to the creation or destruction of interactive conetxts. Dialogue is one of the most important elements of communication skills and a social action in families. Problem-solving methods in a family can be considered to be dialogue-oriented or anti-dialogue methods. Today, families have delegated many of its responsibilities to other social institutions. Their most important task is to establish desirable and constructive relationships and create a dialogue-based context among family members. Unfortunately, the average dialogue between couples in Iranian families is about 15 minutes according to the latest research in the country. This indicates a sharp decline in dialogue among Iranian families (Radiogoftogoo, 2018). Also, many damages the family context, including inequality, unbalanced distribution of power, domestic violence, emotional divorce, extramarital relationships, generation gap, etc. originate from incorrect and anti-dialogue methods in problem-solving, as well as the weakness of the culture of dialogue, which has been intensified by sexist discourse at various levels of the family and society. Therefore, scientific research in this field is necessary. This study aimed to explain the problem-solving process through dialogue among couples in Yazd City with a sociological approach.  

This interpretive research was based on a qualitative method. Among the various methods of qualitative research, it used the grounded theory strategy with Strauss and Corbin's objectivist approach. Samples were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling to achieve saturation. 31 couples were selected from among normal families in Yazd City. In-depth interviews were utilized for data collection. With the permission of the participants, the interviews were recorded. Each interview lasted between 70 and 180 minutes. Theoretical coding method was also applied to analyze the data and develop the grounded theory. Then, the recorded interviews containing all the details were converted into a text. The analysis process was performed simultaneously with data collection. Strauss and Corbin’s method was employed for data analysis. The data were analyzed line-by-line for open-coding. Also, along with the development of concepts and categories and construction of the basis of the grounded theory, axial and selective coding were utilized. Finally, a research paradigm model was presented. The validity of the findings was ensured via prolonged engagement, peer review, negative case analysis, member-checking and deep description. 

The present study aimed to explain the problem-solving process through dialogue among Yazdi couples. The collected data were categorized into open, axial, and selective coding, including 18 main categories and 67 sub-categories. These categories were presented in one core category of "dissonance in problem-solving Pendolic behaviors". Then, the paradigm model and theoretical scheme of the research were presented. The results generally showed the dissonance of couples in problem-solving in a family formed based on the lifeworld of gender, power structure, and family structure and function. In fact, the culture of gender that governed the society and the family structure of each couple had caused gender differences in individuals, some of which were related to biological differences between the two sexes and most of them were due to cultural and social structures of the society and cultural and educational contexts of families. The rotational and interaction effects of these factors, which had caused differences between couples, had affected the problem-solving process and methods in families. They had caused dissonance in the methods taken by each couple to solve their problems. In general, couples' strategies for solving their problems can be summarized into the two opposing strategies of compromise and violence/avoidance. Compromise includes constructive and desirable strategies that ultimately aims to reach an agreement and empathy to solve problems. It is based on dialogue and thinking together. The strategy of avoidance/violence is related to the people, who prefer to run away from family problems and issues, remain silent, or destroy the desired interaction contexts by aggression, which destroys the context of dialogue. Therefore, dissonance in strategies, which is due to heterogeneity in couples’ views and attitudes and is affected by social and cultural structures, culture of gender, and power structure in the family, leads to intensification of conflicts and family issues. It makes each couple use a different method for solving problems and consider his/her own method as the best method.

As a social phenomenon of the present age, Divorce as one of the social phenomena of the present age has many obvious and hidden factors practical and fundamental solutions have been proposed to reduce and deal with this issue by examining and recognizing these factors in each society. This study was carried out to identify the social factors related to the demand for divorce in Yazd.

The present study was conducted by survey technique. The statistical population included the couples seeking divorce referred to the judiciary of Yazd in the period of 2011-2017, the sample size of 110 people was selected by random sampling method based on Cochran's formula, a researcher-made questionnaire was used as the measurement tool whose validity was measured by Formal validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha.

According to the findings, the respondents believed that the three variables of domestic violence, interference of others and the level of spouses' participation in household work had great roles in the demand for divorce. There is also a significant relationship between age and gender, and variables of domestic violence, spouse's family interference and spouse's participation in household. 18.9% of the variance of the dependent variable (Divorce) is explained by the variables of gender, education, family past.

It is necessary to provide life skills training and free counseling to couples and families in this regard in order to prevent failed marriages and marital problems and develop strong relationships. Besides, it is necessary for the mass media to raise awareness, give information to people, and promote rational, spiritual and easy marriages.

The border areas of Kurdistan in recent years have witnessed the emergence of a new phenomenon called porterage (kulbery), which is one of the false and dangerous jobs of the country. Baneh city is one of the poor border areas of Kurdistan province in which the porterage job can be seen. Job opportunities in this city are very limited. Although Iran suffers from unemployment, statistics show that in the Kurdish provinces of the country, the unemployment rate is high, and as a result, the economic and social indicators are not in a good condition.

The methodological model of this research was based on the methodology of the data-based theory. The approach of this study was qualitative and basic theory was used to analyze the data. The participants of this research were people who work porterage in Baneh city. Participants were selected by the purposive sampling method and using the snowball technique. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were also used to collect information.

The main themes (border political economy, survival risk, demolish of social exhaustion the occupation, self-alienation, legitimation, and family dissatisfaction) and a core category (high-risk political economy) to express the attitude of people who do this job in Baneh in relation to the concept of porterage were extracted from the data. The data were finally depicted in the form of a basic model. According to the information obtained from interviews conducted (formal and informal), the Kulbery was an inevitable reaction and strategy of these people to unsatisfactory conditions of the city in terms of geography, economy, and political dominance in the area. In fact, the unfavorable living conditions in the region is one of the causes of the occurrence and continuation of the kulbery. According to the paradigm of the study, it can be said that the phenomenon of cross-border trade in its current state is a social structure and as a historical and basic matter, the result of reactions and interactions of native people to the opportunities and limitations of geographical, economic, and political conditions. The final result of the study showed that the porterage participating in the study, by interpreting themselves, understood the effective areas in the emergence of the porterage, and expressed concern about it and its adverse consequences. They believed that the borders and algebraic conditions of the region caused the city to be underdeveloped. Rigi (2016) confirmed the results of the study. His research showed that borders, with their special conditions, lead to the phenomenon of underdevelopment, and underdevelopment leads to issues such as contraband and porterage. Kolberi also leads to social inequalities. The study of Amirpour et al. (2012) also confirmed the effect of unemployment and livelihood problems on the formation of porterage. Their results showed that the lack of investment by the government and the private sector was one of the effective causes of creating kulbery. New job opportunities are not provided for the unemployed due to the lack of investment in this city. Based on the findings of the study, kulbars perceived their work as a phenomenon that has its own consequences. They considered their work to be a phenomenon that meets their livelihood needs on the one hand and brings them many unpleasant consequences on the other hand, which has made this phenomenon a challenge. The unjust distribution of facilities has led to the spread of the phenomenon of excessive marginalization in the city of Baneh. In fact, by examining the background and basis of the formation of Kolberi and its consequences, the authors of the present study have achieved a kind of risky political economy. A high-risk political economy means that a part of the local issues arisen in the border town of Baneh is rooted in financial issues and in itself depending on the performance of the country's political system. In fact, many of the dangers that lurk in kulbars are rooted in economic issues, and economic issues depend on government policies in the region.

Today, the tourism industry can bring various aspects of development, including social development to the host regions, if properly managed and managed. The attitude and perception of local residents on tourism is an important factor in identifying the priorities and strategies of tourism management in each region and influencing future planning. The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between social variables and citizens' attitude to the relationship between tourism and social development. The method of this research is survey. The statistical population of the study is citizens of Chelgerd over 15 years. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size for this study was 324. Required data were collected using a questionnaire and multistage cluster sampling. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between social trust, citizenship participation and place attachment with the dependent variable, but there is no significant relationship between the cultural capital variable and the dependent variable. Regression analysis showed that the variables of social trust, citizenship participation and social attachment were able to explain 11.3% of the variance of attitude towards the relationship between tourism and social development.

Different sub-cultures are formed by different subjects such as ethnicity, religion, and race. One of these different subjects is youth's sub-culture. Our aim in this study is to examine youth's sub-cultures and its relationship with social capital. This study has been conducted in two exploratory and descriptive sections. First, in the exploratory section in order to design appropriate instruments and identifying Yazdi youth's different sub-cultures, 20 Yazdi youth were qualitatively interviewed, and after identifying these varieties and designing appropriate instruments, the study was quantitatively conducted. Through Cochran formula, 385 people were selected as the sample size and also the sampling of this research was multi-stage sampling. Findings indicated that youth's social capital is lower than average level and social capital has a significant relationship and high correlation with aggression and lumpen in speaking, jaunty and lumpen in make-up and clothing, secluded and criminal in values and norms, addiction, religious and exercising in leisure time, foreigners in movies and music, and vegetarian food in eating.

Among the fundamental concepts in the field of urban studies is the notion of right to the city which include belonging the city to its citizens. And it is the main factor of citizen's participation in urban affairs which has opened its way in the fields of urban studies and urban sociology through translating Lefebvre artworks. The objective of the current research is to examine the relationship between right to the city and Yazdi citizens' social security sense. Based on the method of implementation, the present study is survey-based, cross-sectional based on time, applied in nature, and quite large based on the breadth. The statistical population of the current research include 411051 Yazdi citizens aged 18 or above in 1397 (2019), among whom, using Cochran formula, 365 people were surveyed through a three-stage sampling method. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity and reliability, through Cronbach alpha value, were confirmed. In order to analyze the data, t-test and Pearson analyses were used through SPSS. The obtained results suggest that the level of right to city and security sense is lower than average among Yazdi citizens, and also there is a positive and significant relationship between right to the city and security sense. The is also a significant relationship between urban area, housing type, and right to the city. Moreover, based on the regression model, independent variables could explain 10% of security sense variance.

Urbanization growth and the formation of the scales of urbanization growth in recent decades have given rise to new challenges in urban and contemporary urbanization. What has recently drawn attention according to cities expansion and the importance of studying urban life and the right seeking style in the city is the discussion of the right to urban life or, as Henry Lefebvre puts it, the right to the city. The right for city dwellers to be involved in decision making processes about urban spaces at whatever level of decision making process they are. In exploring the causes of the emergence of the city and why human communities came together in an environment such as the city, various theories have been proposed, one of which being the issue of security and its objective dimensions. Now that centuries have passed since the birth of the first urban communities, cities as a result of the widespread physical and demographic growth have been involved in new issues within different dimensions of citizens' lives, including the urban security of citizens in the context of the concept of the right to the city as one of the most important issues in urban organization. Security is one of the reasons for seventies and the formation of communities and as social gatherings and social interactions expand, numerous relationships in various fields (politics, culture, economics, social, etc.) are formed and security is overshadowed. In terms of inclusion and universality, social security can be termed public security which can cover the areas of social security and group security. Among security theorists, Waver has defined social security as the ability of the community to take care of its fundamental features and characteristics in conditions of change and threats, both objective and probabilistic; Emphasizing the closeness between community identity and security. He further points out society requires its identity security and accordingly, social security is the peace and tranquility that every community is obliged to provide for its members and often is divided into communication security, emotional security, life security and financial security. Therefore, social security is the peace and tranquility that every society is obliged to create for its members. Security is one of the basic needs and motivations of the human being. Thus, the main question that this study seeks an answer for is: What is the relationship between Yazdi citizens' the right to the city and their social security?

The present study is survey-based in terms of implementation, cross-sectional in terms of time, applied in nature, and quite large in terms of breadth. The statistical population of the study was 41105 citizens aged 18 years and above in Yazd city. Using Cochrane formula, 365 individuals were studied by three-stage sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and its reliability was corroborated through Cronbach's alpha.

Based on the findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between the right to city and sense of security (0.29) (p≥0.01). Furthermore, there is a positive and significant relationship between the right to the city and the dimensions of feeling of security, communicative dimension (0.96), emotional dimension (0.15), life dimension (0.20) and financial dimension (0.34).  Thus, by increasing the right to the city directly and positively, we will have an increased sense of security in all aspects. Therefore, if the citizens and residents of Yazd have a sense of communicative, emotional, life and financial security, they will certainly be more involved in the urban environment. This sense of security is especially important in the financial aspect. Increasing education, having better jobs and higher incomes for their individuals will place them on a higher socioeconomic base and thus make them feel more financially secure as a citizen. As the results of the linear regression indicate, the right to city with 0.42 beta and significance level of 0.00 had the greatest effect on the dependent variable. Also, the correlation coefficient of the independent variables with the variable of sense of security was R = 0.33 and the adjusted coefficient of determination was equal to 0.10, which indicates that 10% of the variance explains the feeling of security. Also, the regression model explained by the ANOVA test is linear and significant because the value of F test for explaining the significance of the effect of independent variables on feeling of security is 18/75 and the significance level is 0.000.

The present study was purposed to investigate the relationship between right to city and security among Yazd citizens. In short, the sense of security means the liberation of man from the anxieties, insecurities, and anxieties that a person living in urban communities may face. Given that Yazd has recently become a worldwide historic and UNESCO-listed city, the participation of people in producing urban space on the one hand and having a sense of security, on the other hand, to enhance participation seems essential. Descriptive findings showed that the majority of respondents were in the age group of 20.2 to 33.2%, the lowest age was 18 years and the highest age was 73 years. 50.7% of the respondents are female and 49.3% are male. Additionally, descriptive findings demonstrated that 37.3% of the respondents were single and 62.7% were married. The research findings also showed that the majority of employed respondents are 59.2% and native to Yazd 87.9%. Inferential findings also showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the right to the city and the sense of security, which means that with the increase in the right to the city among the citizens, there is a positive increase in their sense of security. The obtained results revealed that the average feeling of social security was lower than the average of the mean.  In this study, although men and women have almost similar perceptions of participation and their distribution at different levels of participation in the Arneshtain ladder is almost the same, both at the level of non-participation and at the level of physical participation, and at the level of citizen power they have a higher percentage than women. Suggestions:1. as seen in the findings, the relationship between sense of security and the right to the city is a positive and significant one. This reinforces the need for more attention by officials in schools, mass media, education and municipalities. 2. Empowering all citizens in the city to participate in enhancing urban culture and enhancing their sense of social security.

Over the last two decades, a change has occurred in the paradigm of the development model, esp. individual and social development, and the theoretical model of dynamic human training has been attracting considerable interest since then. Indeed, humans and their needs were viewed from a different angle, and the communities set it as their goal to educate and train psychologically and socially good/OK humans. Thomas A. Harris, an American author, is one of the noted psychiatrists who has researched on this subject for several decades. He has written several books on the good status and the good human. He believes that good training bred good status. This article firstly provides a short introduction about the book and then in the second part, Transactional Analysis theory is introduced, and then the structure and content of the book is mentioned in the third part. In the rest of the paper, the criticisms and evaluation of the book are presented in two sub-sections (a) evaluation of form and (b) evaluation of content. In the final section of the paper, the conclusion on the book are presented.