ali akbar

Living in today's societies is impossible without mutual communication with others, and meeting all kinds of individual needs forces people to interact with one another. These interactions create expectations among the parties involved, which can be defined and explained through social trust.
Most of the research conducted on the phenomenon of social trust has shown a decrease in social trust at the community level. For example, in the analysis of the trend of interpersonal trust in two surveys (the first wave of the 2000 Iranian Values and Attitudes National Survey and the 2017 National Report on the Social, Cultural, and Moral Status of the Iranian Society), it was found that trust in family members in 2017 compared to 2000 has increased, but trust in family and relatives is less, and trust in friends has decreased drastically. Also, in the analysis of the generalized trust trend based on the first wave of the national survey of values and attitudes of Iranians that was conducted in 2000 and the second wave of the national survey of social capital that was conducted in 2014, the level of trust in doctors, teachers, university professors, The judgment of journalists, clerics, and law enforcement officials has decreased, which is a serious decrease in trust in teachers, university professors, and doctors. Also, in the second wave of the national survey of the values and attitudes of Iranians (2003), in response to the question of how reliable you think people are in general (evaluation of the general trend of social trust), 28.8% said that people are less are reliable, 56.9% average and 14.3% have evaluated people as very reliable. Also, in the second wave of the national social capital measurement survey (2014), 35.6% believed that people are little or very little trustworthy. 47.1% moderate and 17.3% have evaluated the reliability of people as high and very high. As you can see, people's trustworthiness has decreased.
Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor and evaluate the state of the phenomenon of social trust at different levels. This will allow for the assessment of the necessity and feasibility of reviewing the plans and the methods of implementing them formulated by the authorities, to prevent the emergence of a crisis of distrust in society that could potentially lead to social collapse.
The formation of trust and related theories can be divided into three levels: macro, medium, and micro. At each of these levels, various theories have been presented, each offering a distinct perspective on the social phenomenon of trust.
Trust at the macro level, as a characteristic of social relations or a characteristic of a social system, such as the performance of institutions, especially government institutions, democracy, the performance of the judicial system in ensuring equal implementation of the law for all people, accountability and transparency in affairs, the equal distribution of justice, and in general, is conceptualized as a collective characteristic.
Trust at the intellectual level is presented as a personal characteristic and emphasis is placed on personal feelings, emotions, and values, in the investigation of trust, personal variables such as; Honesty, truthfulness, faithfulness to promises, cooperative tendencies, altruism, frankness, network of personal interactions, etc. are taken into consideration.
Between micro and macro theories of trust, theorists like Giddens reject reductionism in the study of the concept of trust. Instead, they analyze trust by combining micro-level and macro-level analyses, considering both the processes of construction and action.
The purpose of this research is to compile scenarios on the possible, probable, and desirable futures of social trust among 1404 residents of Tehran. The research methodology combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, including a review of sources, analysis of documents, exploratory interviews, environmental surveys, and expert Delphi sessions. Eleven key drivers were identified: 1- Perception of power 2- Perception of corruption 3- Social participation 4- Perception of justice 5- Change in shared moral values 6- Life satisfaction 7- Social harm 8- Religiosity 9- Sense of security 10- Altruism 11- Growth and development of technology and communication innovations.
Through cross-matrix analysis, the relationships and mutual influences among these drivers were examined. The most impactful driver in direct relationships was life satisfaction, while the perception of justice had the most significant direct impact. In indirect relationships, the perception of justice emerged as the most influential driver, with the perception of government performance being the most effective in indirect relationships.
Utilizing scenario wizard software and the transition balance matrix analysis technique, seven key drivers were further identified for scenario formulation: perception of justice, social harm, social participation, perception of corruption, perception of government performance, life satisfaction, and change in shared values.
In the output of the scenario wizard software to determine the possible, probable, and desirable scenarios of the future of social trust, 288 possible scenarios were reported from the combination of the possible states of the descriptors of the drivers. Of these, there were two scenarios with compatibility and internal harmony. In the first scenario called "Hell; Chah Weil," the future of the social trust situation at all levels (institutional trust, generalized trust, and interpersonal trust) has experienced a sharp downward trend, and distrust will increase dramatically. This scenario depicts a future of social trust in which various dimensions of social trust will have a downward trend in terms of institutional trust, generalized trust, interpersonal trust, and institutional trust.
In the ideal image of the future state of social trust, the second scenario—called ‘Utopia: Behesht’—presents a contrasting perspective. Unlike the first scenario, social trust in all three levels will experience an upward trend and be highly favorable.
According to the findings of current research and the higher probability of the first scenario (probable scenario), based on expert opinions, some suggested strategies to realize the second scenario (optimal scenario) include: stabilizing democracy, ensuring equal implementation of the law for all people, reforming or abolishing corrupt laws, and facilitating the free flow of information.

Reference groups as social capitals of a society play a substantial role in the decline and growth (excellence) of society. Drawing upon descriptive-analytic method, the research seeks to explain the role these groups, especially rulers and scholars, play in the growth and decline of a society from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini. The results of the research indicate that virtuous ruler, who is best exemplified in the Muslim guardian jurist, contributes to the progress and reform of society on the one hand, and rejects any from of illegitimate sovereignty and tyrrany on the other. Unrighteous rulers hinder the power of creativity in society and retard the progress of it. Righteous scholars play a decisive role in the growth and excellence of society by taking responsility for religion and society (awakening society); just as the unrighteous scholars, whether working in the Seminary [of Qum], the School of Religious Sciences, (such as false scholars and court mullahs) or working in universities (Westernized intellctualls and corrupt professors) have a big role in the decline of society. In addition to these cases, Imam Khomeini thinks of the silence of the elites as playing influential role in the decline of society having recourse to the three jurisprudential, cultural and civilization approaches.

 

Considering the development of cultivation and production of legumes and the importance of genetic studies in plant breeding, identifying the genetic potential of these plants is very important. Knowledge of genetic diversity and relationships between genotypes is important for understanding available genetic variability and the potential to use it in breeding programs. According to previous studies on lentils, it was found that improving the yield potential per unit area can be one of the important criteria for increasing the production of this plant. Increasing the yield per unit area is possible mainly by modifying and creating high-yielding cultivars, improving the characteristics and increasing the quantitative and qualitative potentials. Breeders and plant physiologists believe that in order to be more productive in improving compatible cultivars in areas with limited water resources, recognizing the agronomic traits affecting grain yield under stress conditions will be of great importance; Therefore, indirect selection based on physiological traits has been proposed as a complement to the selection of cultivars with high yield potential. Considering the different reactions of photosynthetic indices under stress conditions, it is important to know the genotypic diversity of photosynthetic indices under culture conditions and their relationship with grain yield. Despite numerous studies on the role of physiological traits in drought tolerance in crops, recent studies on lentils, especially in Iran, are limited. This study was designed and carried out with the aim of determining genotypes with desirable physiological and yield traits and the relationship between these traits and photosynthesis under rainfed conditions.

 

In order to study the photosynthetic and yield parameters of lentil plant in rainfed conditions, selected advanced lentil lines with control cultivars were studied in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Khodabandeh dryland research station in Zanjan Province in two cropping seasons 2018 to 2020. Physiological traits included photosynthesis per unit leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic activated radiation, sub stumatal CO2, leaf temperature, photosynthetic water use efficiency, mesophilic conductivity and water use efficiency. Plant height, 100-seed weight, number of pods and yield (kg/ha) were also measured for each genotype in each plot. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were performed using Duncan's test at 5% probability level. Finally, correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were performed with the variables of photosynthesis rate and total yield.

 

The results showed that there was a significant difference in photosynthetic active radiation, leaf temperature, photosynthetic water use efficiency, mesophilic conductivity, water use efficiency, 100-grain weight and yield between two years of experiment. The studied genotypes showed significant differences in leaf temperature, photosynthesis, plant height, 100-seed weight and yield, which indicated the high genetic diversity of these genotypes in terms of these traits. The interaction effect of genotype per year was not significant in all studied traits, which shows that the trend of changes in these traits between genotypes during the two years was the same. Among the studied genotypes, G5 genotype is a genotype with superior agronomic characteristics that can be recommended as a cultivar with high yield potential. Photosynthesis rate showed a significant negative correlation with leaf temperature and significant positive correlation with transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, mesophilic conductivity, water use efficiency and 100-grain weight. 100-seed weight showed a significant negative correlation with leaf temperature and a significant positive correlation with stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, mesophilic conductivity and water use efficiency. These results show that drought and lack of water in the soil have the greatest effect on reducing photosynthesis and plant yield at different phenological stages (seedling, flowering and podding) of the plant. Finally, regression analysis showed that stomatal conductance and sub stumatal CO2 explained the changes in photosynthesis.

 

The results showed that for lentils, two traits of stomatal conductance and sub stumatal CO2 concentration may explain the changes in photosynthesis. Genetic diversity is very important for crop breeding and higher diversity of genotypes provides a better chance of producing a variety of desirable cultivars. The observed genetic diversity in traits can help select superior genotypes based on phenotypic expression and can be used in breeding programs to improve economically important traits. Finally, among the studied genotypes, G5 genotype was found to be a genotype with superior agronomic characteristics that could be recommended to the farmers to improve lentil yield.

The goal of any profit organization is to bolster its revenue by providing useful suggestions to its customer base. In order to achieve this, vast research is being undertaken by companies such as Netflix and Amazon on their Recommendation Systems and providing users with choices, they are most likely to click on. The purpose of this paper is to provide a holistic view of types of Recommendation Engines and how they are implemented, scaled and can provide a basis for revenue generation. The focus would be to implement a Recommendation Engine on PySpark using the ALS (Alternate Least Square) method. Besides, Neo-4j and Cypher query language for implementing recommendations on a graph database and analyzing how heterogeneous information can be levied to tackle the infamous cold start problem in recommender engines would be explored. The dataset used for analysis is the Group-lens 100K Movie-lens dataset and the algorithm is implemented to best fit the dataset. Further, an in-depth comparison of several techniques has been carried out on the basis of different metrics, hyper-parameter selection and the number of epochs used. The claims have been justified by evaluating the performance of the model depending on the different use cases, thus aiding in predictive analytics of the movie, as per the interest of the customer using visualization tools.

the current research Development the Comprehensive Model of Tax Audit Quality in Iran Based on Grounded Theory Approach،and considered as exploratory research and due to the fact that it deals with qualitative data, it is in the category of qualitative research and in terms of results is also in the category of developmental research. In this research, by theoretical sampling and collecting information through interviews with 20 experts in the field of tax auditing in 2020 and then analyzing the information and finally extracting the model and creating a theory in three main stages (open coding, axial coding, selective coding) done. In this study, using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998), the tax audit quality model was explained along with its explanatory components, ie causal In formulating the quality model of tax audit, the potentials of human resources, organizations and taxpayers have been identified as causal conditions that this choice is made in the context of domestic and macroeconomic and political factors, cultural and market factors and the requirements of the stock exchange. Strategies were also categorized into two levels of organization and taxpayers, the most important of which are: the establishment of a comprehensive information system for economic actors, the efficient implementation of electronic automation system, the establishment of a quality control working group of tax audit files that can have short-term and long-term consequences. Including organizational and financial productivity. The results also show that the strategies adopted at all levels of tax audit quality have been appropriate and different according to the existing conditions. In adopting tax audit quality model strategies, some intervening conditions such as inexperience and negligence of tax experts, opportunism of managers, complexity and rapid change of governing laws and regulations, have made the quality of tax audit difficult

One of the natural and common hazards in recent years is the phenomenon of dust, which causes damage, especially to urban and human environments, and is very difficult to control and manage. One of the main and effective factors in the occurrence of this phenomenon is the geographical location and climatic conditions of the regions of origin and the areas affected by this phenomenon. In this research, which has been done in Hindijan City of Khuzestan Province, first, issues and problems have been identified based on library studies, questions from experts, referring to the research area. Then, the Driving force-Pressure-Status-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was used to analyze the most important factors that have caused the occurrence of dust in the city of Hindijan. The DPSIR framework is an analysis of the "cause-effect" relationship of factors for policy-making and management planning. In this study, the factors related to each of the components of the DPSIR framework were identified and prioritized using a questionnaire of experts with a Likert scale and based on nonparametric Friedman tests. Explain that, to complete the questionnaire of experts, experts from the Departments of Natural Resources, Environment, Regional Water and Agricultural Jihad of Khuzestan Province were surveyed. Results showed that population growth, agricultural development, livestock development, industrial development and climate change are important from maximum to minimum, respectively, the most important drivers affecting the occurrence of dust in the study area. Attention to both reactive and preventive responses has an important role in improving the situation and reducing the adverse effects of dust occurrence in the research area.

The aim of this case series was to describe the results of impression cytology (IC) in clinically diagnosed ocular surface melanocytic lesions. Impression cytology (IC) was conducted for 18 patients with the clinical diagnosis of an ocular surface melanocytic lesion, using cellulose acetate strips and Periodic acid Schiff‑Papanicolaou staining. For those cases with atypical cells on IC or at patient’s request, excisional biopsies of lesions were performed and subjected to histopathological analysis. Agreement between clinical diagnoses and IC results and between IC results and histopathology were evaluated. Clinical diagnoses were nevi in 13, conjunctival choristoma versus amelanotic nevus in 1, primary acquired melanosis (PAM) with atypia/melanoma in 2, and atypical nevus versus pigmented conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in 2 cases. IC results showed a benign nevus in 15, PAM with atypia/melanoma in 2, and CIN versus an atypical epithelioid type melanocytic lesion in 1 case. IC results were consistent with the clinical diagnoses in 16 cases (Cohen’s kappa index = 0.84) and excluded CIN in 1. Histopathology in 7 cases disclosed benign melanonevus in 4, malignant melanoma in the context of PAM with atypia in 2, and CIN in 1 case. There was a relatively high correlation between the histopathologic results and the IC features (Cohen’s kappa index = 0.76). By showing typical cytomorphological characteristics of ocular superficial layers, IC diagnosed the true nature of melanocytic ocular surface lesions in the most cases in this case series. Based on the fact that IC does not substitute histopathology, given the high correlation between results of IC and histopathology, it can be of excellent help in diagnosis and management of ocular surface melanocytic lesions.

The induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus has shown to play a role in the beneficial effects of resveratrol (RSV) on the learning and memory. The BDNF gene has a complicated structure with eight 5’ noncoding exons (I-IXa), each of which can splice to a common coding exon (IX) to form a functional transcript. Estrogens increase levels of BDNF transcripts in the hippocampus of rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the phytoestrogen, RSV, on the splicing pattern of BDNF transcripts and on the pro-BDNF protein in the hippocampi of mother rats and their embryos.
RSV (60 or 120 mg/kg BW/day) was administered orally to pregnant rats from days 1 to 20 of gestation. Hippocampi of adults and embryos were dissected 24 h after the last administration of RSV. Extracts from hippocampi were subject to quantitative (q) RT-PCR and Western blotting to assess splicing pattern of the BDNF transcripts and levels of pro-BDNF protein, respectively.
RSV (120 mg/kg BW/day) caused a statistically significant increase in the expression levels of BDNF exons III, IV and IX, but not the exon I in the hippocampi of adult rats (P≤0.05). Levels of pro-BDNF protein remained unchanged in the hippocampal tissues from both adult and embryonic rats treated by RSV (60 or 120 mg/kg BW/day).
Our results showed that RSV differentially activates promoters of the BDNF gene in the hippocampus of pregnant rats, but fails to affect the pro-BDNF level neither in adult nor in the embryonic hippocampal tissues.

Medical tourism is a branch of health tourism that has grown considerably in many parts of the world now days. Mashhad city with regard to the Holy Shrine, More than 300 thousand foreign tourists per year, more than 31 public and private hospitals and specialties of cardiology, ophthalmology, pediatrics and ...,which is one of the centers of attracting tourists and religious - health tourism in Iran. cost of medical services in these hospitals are 75% less than those of European and American hospitals in terms of the quality of similar services they offer and this could be a big advantage for developing such activities in the region. The research methodology has been a descriptive-analytical one which employs a SWOT analysis model in exploring the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats which are considered as internal and external factors critical for treatment tourism in this city. This paper Prepared by using the library documents and the field study and interviews with experts, has been considered as descriptive - analytical. The results show that infrastructure and expertise in Mashhad by the Holy Shrine are the main strengths of this research. And the other hand non-governmental organizations, investment and support and develop the bilateral relations between the Middle East countries are the main opportunities in this research. In conclusion the strengths and opportunities for developing such activities outweigh the weaknesses and threats.

Researchers have always been looking for better ways to develop the design, operation and implementationofwater distribution networks in GIS.Despite,extensivegeographical potentials of GIS,however, it cannot be independently considered as a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for management of this kind of networks. This research aimed to develop a spatial decision support systemin the form of standalone application for management of the water distribution network of FereidoonShahr City. This study attempts to combine advanced analytical hydraulic functions with the spatial analysis potentials of GIS software.In this regard, the identification and assessment stage was intended to develop the components of SDSS including Database Management component, Model Management component and Dialog Management component. By implementing conceptual, logical and physicalmodels in Database Management component, our geodatabase was developed. By using user friendly interfaces in order to communicate easily with users the Dialog Management component was developed. After that,in the Model Management component, some hydraulic models of water distribution networks such as velocity analysis model of pipes, and pressure on junctions were developed using ArcObjects components. Ultimately, alternative evaluating models were designed in order to solve semi-structured issues of urban water distribution networks. With the implementation of the above system for the first time in Iran which is based on a scientific approach, network administrators and analysts can use this software as a comprehensive SDSS in the analysis of urban water distribution networks.

To determine the prevalence of various types of conjunctival lesions, at a tertiary ophthalmic center in Fars Province, South of Iran. Histopathologic slides and medical records of conjunctival lesions submitted to the pathology department of Khalili Hospital, Shiraz, Iran was reviewed from April, 2009 to July, 2013. The histopathologic diagnoses were categorized into benign, pre malignant, and malignant lesions. The prevalence of various types of conjunctival lesions was calculated. Histologic sections of 631 conjunctival lesions were reviewed. Benign lesions were most prevalent (81.8%), followed by premalignant (10.8%) and malignant (7.4%) lesions. Pterygia were the most common benign lesions (69.2%), intraepithelial dysplasia constituted most cases of premalignant lesions (94.1%), and squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent malignant lesion (93.6%). Benign lesions were the most common type of lesions in all age groups; however the prevalence of malignant lesions increased significantly with age (P< 0.001). Benign lesions were the most common conjunctival lesions with pterygia on top of the list, while intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma were the most common premalignant and malignant lesions, respectively. Conjunctival malignant lesions were more prevalent with older age.

Earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters which frequently occurs with different intensities. Earthquakes cause severe damage to buildings, main roads and most importantly, loss of life. Detection of damaged buildings caused by such an event at the right time is a critical issue for crisis management and disaster relief. The aim of this study is to detect earthquake damaged buildings using very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery. To achieve this result, the satellite images with very high resolution before and after the earthquake in Port-au-Prince in Haiti as well as the observed destruction map in 2010 were used. In this study, the optimum features extracted from the image were selected using correlation analysis. The buildings destroyed were classified using fuzzy inference system and the values of selected textures. Finally, the damage map obtained from the proposed algorithm was compared to the map of the area. The kappa criterion estimated from the results of the proposed method is 82% while the index- Jaccard parameter is 89.69%.

α-Amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) are covering approximately 25% of total enzyme market and are frequently used in food, pharmaceutical and detergent industries. The first ever detailed characterization of amylase from any halophilic Engyodontium album is presented. An extracellular α-amylase was studied from halophilic E. album TISTR 3645. The enzyme was extracted and purified by column chromatography. SDS-PAGE was performed to find the molecular weight of the enzyme. The effects of pH, temperature and salinity on the isolated enzyme were determined. The effects of various additives on enzyme were studied. The molecular weight of the amylase was 50 kDa. The enzyme specific activity was 132.17 U.mg-1 with Vmax and Km values of 15.36 U.mg-1 and 6.28 mg.ml-1, respectively. The optimum enzyme activities were found at pH 9.0, 60ºC and 30% (w/v) NaCl. BaCl2, CaCl2, HgCl2 and MgCl2 improved amylase activity. β mercaptoethanol, EDTA, FeCl2 and ZnCl2 decreased enzyme activity. Polyextremophilic characteristics of α-amylase from halophilic E. album TISTR 3645 were revealed during the characterization studies, demonstrating promising features, making it a useful candidate for various industries.

Hepatitis C is a blood-borne virus that cause a liver inflammation. The prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) in hemodialysis patients is more than the general population. Periodic screening of HCV in dialysis centers is necessary for control this viral disease. The aim of this study is the evaluation of HCV infection among hemodialysis patients living in Yazd province of Iran.
In this cross sectional study, two milliliters blood sample has been taken from each of 188 hemodialysis patients. Third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RT-PCR methods were carried out for detecting HCV antibody and viral genome in patient sera. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were collected and data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and Mann–Whitney U test in SPSS software v.19.
HCV-Ab was positive in 12 hemodialysis patients. Eight cases had history of blood transfusion and four patients had a history of kidney transplantation. Anyone didn’t have a history of skin tattooing or intravenous drug usage. HCV-RNA was positive in 4 cases and was negative in 8 patients with positive HCV-Ab.
HCV prevalence using ELISA and RT-PCR tests among hemodialysis patients living in Yazd provenance of Iran is 6.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Risk factors are hemodialysis duration (p

The purpose of this study is investigating on the role of spirituality and awareness and attitude towards disease in the feeling of suffering in patients with AIDS/HIV. In this descriptive cross-sectional study، 43 patients had selected of all patients with AIDS/HIV in cities of Zahedan، Iranshahr and Saravan in Sistan&Baluchestan province، by available sampling. The variables were measured by using the Spirituality Questionnaire and Scale of Experience and Perception of Suffering and Questionnaire Awareness and Attitudes towards Disease. Data were analyzed by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. Results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between physical suffering and attitudes towards disease. Psychological suffering has a negative significant relationship with spirituality and has a positive significant with attitude towards disease. Spiritual/existential suffering has a positive significant relationship with spirituality، and a negative significant relationship with attitudes towards disease. The results of stepwise regression showed that psychological suffering is predicted by attitudes towards disease. Also self-awareness and attitudes towards disease is significant predictorfor spiritual/existential suffering. According to these results، it can be deduced that spirituality and attitudes towards disease have impact on feeling of suffering in patients with AIDS/HIV. Also spirituality and positive attitudes towards disease as coping styles can be used to reduce feelings of suffering in patients with AIDS/HIV.

Catalase is a basic antioxidant enzyme that exits in human organs, mainly in the liver. The liver as a main tissue in the body that plays a substantial role in the catabolism and detoxification of drugs is a target of toxic and carcinogenic effects of many drugs. In the present study, the side effects of an anti-cancer compound of oxali-palladium on the function and structure of liver catalase were investigated. In this experimental study, changes in the enzyme activity were studied by conversion in substrate (hydrogen peroxide) absorption at wavelength of 240 nm, using UV-visible spectroscopy in the absence and presence of different concentrations of oxali-palladium at room temperature. Furthermore, the effect of oxali-palladium on the tertiary structure of catalase was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy via studying the changes in the intrinsic enzyme emission in the absence and presence of different concentrations of oxali-palladiumat at both room and physiologic temperatures. Kinetics data showed that the Km value of bovine liver catalase was 26.8 mM. Moreover, in the presence of different concentrations of oxali-palladium‚ the enzyme activity showed a gradual decrease in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.001). Fluorescence data presented changes in the tertiary structure of the enzyme by quenching fluorescence emission‚ that indicated alteration in protein chromophore environment. It could be concluded that inhibition of catalase enzyme by anticancer drug of oxali-palladium increases the content of reactive oxygen species. Increase in reactive oxygen species values is one of the chief mechanisms of different anticancer drugs.

Today the importance of job satisfaction in exploitation of human force in a diverse occupation is not concealed from everybody and some part of this human force is composed of women that the inspection of their issues is worthy to observe. The aim of this study is to consider the Job satisfaction of women in nongovernmental serving occupations in Mashhsd and also specifying the effective factors of it. The used method in this research is of the kind of descriptive-unification. For this reason 244 people of women in nongovernmental serving in Mashhsd are selected randomly with plausible sampling, from the kind of cluster sampling. The instruments for collecting data are questionnaires which consisted of several indexes such as Fild and Roth job satisfaction. The results showed that the average of job satisfaction of respondents is meaningfully below the middle level. Also the variables of salary gratification, intimacy with coworkers and job promotion contained positive relation and the variables of vagueness and aggressiveness of roles contained negative relation with job satisfaction. At the end by the use of multifold Regresiyon analysis, it became distinct that independent variables of research specify 48 percentages of job satisfaction changes.

The book Baharestan by Hajji shekh Mohammad Hussein Ayati was written about the outstanding religious، scientific، cultural and political characters of the Ghohistan region from the past to author’s present time. In this article، Baharestan has been evaluated from descriptive-analytic method on the base of the pivots of criticism and inspections of books (external and internal criticism). Despite the author›s enormous efforts to write a well reasoned out work، about characters and events of Ghohistan، spending lots of time، and in spite of using numerous resources; this book also has some errors and with a critical viewpoint، we can make the best use of it. Author hasn’t made the optimum use of all important geographic sources and he also has ascribed some characters to Ghohistan by mistake and in some cases without any reasonable bases، he has inserted some lengthy quotations from recent sources. Also regarding the conquest of Ghohestan، no use was seen in book relating to some authentic sources and has exaggerated in describing the biography of some of Ghohestan’s outstanding characters. The cited sepulchers in this book have been mostly based on seen generosities of them، and have not been evaluated and noticed by the author from the virtue of the important precedin sources. The matters of fourth section of this book are mentioned in detail، but in precise wording and precious value which indeed has lots of value and the author by composing of this book has preserved some of the luminous figures and permanent individuals of Southern Khorasan.

Evaporation and evapotranspiration are two major components of hydrological cycle which are very important for agricultural studies as well as water resources management. So far, various methods have been addressed for the estimation of daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0). Among them, FAO Penman-Montieth 56 (PMF-56) (Allen et al., 1998) is widely used as a standard method, particularly for arid and semi-arid regions. The major drawback to this method is the fact that the required weather data are not usually available for majority of the study sites. Pan coefficient (Kpan) method (Eq.1) is an alternative procedure which can be used for such conditions. ET0 = KPan (1) To estimate the pan coefficient (KPan), many works have been performed by various researchers (e.g. Cuenca, 1989; Allen and Pruitt, 1991; Snyder, 1992; Orang, 1998; Ranghuwanshi and Wallender, 1998). In a humid region, Imark et al (2002) used Frevert et al (1983) and Snynder (1992) methods for estimation of KPan and ET0. They suggested that Frevert method performs more reliable ET0 estimation close to PMF-56 than other Kpan estimators. Sabziparvar et.al (2009) introduced Orang (1998) and Ranghuwanshi and Wallender (1998) methods as the most accurate Kpan estimators for warm arid and cold semi-arid regions of Iran. Another research work conducted for north Spain suggested that the daily ET0 which estimated by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method performs more accurate results than empirical and semi-empirical relations. Aims and Scope: The main aim of this study is to assess Kpan values as estimated by ANN and ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System) predictors against empirical estimators such as Cuenca, Orang, Pereira, Snyder, Raghuwanshi and Wallender methods. The comparison is made by using the statistics such as coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Summary and In this research, the performance of different pan models (Cuenca, 1989; Allen and Pruitt, 1991; Snyder, 1992; Orang, 1998; Ranghuwanshi and Wallender, 1998) for better estimation of pan coefficients for the selected sites in warm arid climate of Iran is compared with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) results. For this purpose, a ten-year daily measured pan data (1996-2005) were used. Having considered the shortage of lysimeter data, we applied the FAO recommended alternative approach of Penman-Montieth FAO-56 for the determination of daily ET0 at the study sites. In ANN and ANFIS methods, wind speed, relative humidity and fetch distance were applied as the input of the verified networks. The pan coefficients as estimated by PMF-56 method were also used as the input of the intelligent networks. Model validation was presented by using Root Mean square Error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) criteria. The results showed that the ANFIS method performs more accurate pan coefficient and reference daily evapotranspiration values compare to other approaches. For the selected ANFIS method, the mean values of R2, RMSE and MAE were 0.83, 0.97 (mm day-1) and 0.74 (mm day-1) respectively. Among the empirical pan models, Cuenca and Snyder methods are recommended for prediction of Kpan in warm arid climates. In this work, we assumed that the synoptic weather sites of Shiraz and Kerman are representatives of agricultural fields in warm arid climate. This assumption might affect the estimated Kpan values. To remove some weaknesses, of the fetch distances, using evaporation pan and lysimeter instruments inside the agricultural fields, in addition to other weather instruments such as wind recorder (anemometer) are recommended for more reliable results.

We provide some new sharp embeddings for p-Carleson measures and some related measures in the unit disk of the complex plane.

Drought is a severe dilemma which influences different aspects of mankind’s life. Drought has a negative impact on economy, environment and agricultural sector and cause heavy damage and losses in many parts of the world. Therefore the quantitative estimation and prediction of drought phenomena has become an important issue for policy makers and the scientific community. In the last three decades, remote sensing has provided a useful tool for drought monitoring and a variety of remotely sensed drought indices based on vegetation indices, land surface temperature (LST) and albedo, have been developed. The main objective of this study was drought riskzonation in Sheitoor basin located in Yazd province by using satellite, climatology and environmental data. The data used in this research consist of ALOS (AVNIR) image collected on 18th July 2009, topographical maps (scale: 1/25000), rainfall, temperature and evaporation data which were obtained from meteorological stations.The Sheitoor basin is located in the central part of Iran. It covers a total area of 416 km2. The altitude varies in the region between 1844 and 2989 meters. Average annual rainfall in the study area is 171 mm and average annual temperature is 14 °C. Based on the Dumarten's climate classification method, the climate of study area is cold arid.At first, the ALOS image was processed to obtain the TOA radiance using gains provided in header file. Next the FLAASH algorithm was used to remove the influence of atmosphere and also for conversion of the TOA spectral radiance into ground reflectance. The image was registered to UTM Zone 40 (WGS 84) coordinates using 1:25000 scale digital maps, 17 control points, a polynomial (degree 2) equation and the nearest neighbor resampling method. In the next step, effective parameters on drought including environmental factors (slope, aspect, height, land cover/use, stream density and vegetation fraction) and also climatic data (temperature, rainfall and evaporation) were mapped in GIS environment. The land cover/use map was extracted from satellite data using supervised classification algorithm. Vegetation fraction was also extracted from image using MSAVI1 index. The other parameters such as height, slope and aspect were produced using topographical maps (scale: 1/25000). Data standardization is a basic task in data analysis when several incomparable criteria are involved. To make comparable various data layers, the data layers which effect on drought were standardized using linear fuzzy. For example, drought severity decrease with an increase in altitude and areas having more height are less sensitive to drought, so maximum and minimum altitude were converted to 0 and 1.The AHP method was used to identify the weight of each parameter. Results of weighted layers showed maximum weight for land cover/use parameter due to the human intervention in natural ecosystems. Next, Index overlay and various fuzzy logic operators (Fuzzy Sum, Fuzzy product, Fuzzy OR, Fuzzy and) were used to model the drought risk.Drought change land cover, soil moisture and surface roughness, it also influences the exchange of energy and water between the vegetation, soil and the air. Thus, it may affect surface radiation, heat and water balance by changing surface biophysical factors such as the VI, albedo and LST. In general, with the development of a drought, the NDVI decreases, the albedo and surface temperature increase and the soil moisture decrease, provided that other factors are stable. Combinations of these parameters may provide a useful tool for better understanding of the spatio-temporal patterns of drought. Most of the drought indices presented in the last decades are based on the above-mentioned parameters (especially NDVI, LST and Albedo). The retrieval of the surface albedo and the LST contains uncertainties rooted in the atmospheric correction of satellite data, decomposition of mixed pixel information, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) modeling and the spectral remedy by a narrowband to broadband conversion. As a consequence, the final error associated with the extraction and quantifying of drought information would be magnified. On the other hand, calculating these indices need time series of satellite data which increase the time and the cost of processing. In Ghulam et al., 2007, the MPDI as a real time index for drought monitoring based on vegetation fraction and soil moisture is presented. This index only needs one image to be calculated. In the present study, results assessed using MPDI. Final results indicated that the index overlay method can signify high-risk areas more accurately (R2=0.81) than the fuzzy operators.

Iran's young population structure has been highlighted the importance of addressing youth issues more than ever. Marriage is one of the stages that youth pass in their life. Today, marriage has become a major concern of young people that review and understanding of this area is considered as one of the tasks of social researchers. This study aimed to measure the attitude of unmarried male students of Ferdowsi university toward marriage and factors affecting it. The method is survey and used instrument used here is the questionnaire. The statistical population is all of single male students at Ferdowsi university of Mashhad in 2010-11. Through random sampling 200 subjects who were selected. The results show that several variables including attitudes to women, life satisfaction, parent's relationships with each other and friend's attitudes about marriage influence the attitude towards marriage.

In the end of the first century, Umayyad government changed the Persian language of divans into Arabic but this issue was delayed in Khorasan. At first, the communication between the natives of Khorasan and the inhabitant Arabs of that land was difficult and gradually they got acquainted with the essential expressions of each other's languages. Learning of the language of the opposite group was easier for the second generation. Arabs who were officially responsible and had relationship with people could learn Persian language to some extent and some Abbasid Arab inviters learned Persian to develop the invitation issue among natives of Khorasan. The natives who were appointed for important positions and particularly those who were going to learn Islamic sciences learned Arabic language. About one generation after the entrance of Arabs to Iran, there were found some grammarians of Arabic literature among Iranian natives.