دکتر علی اکبر تقیلو

The continuous and active presence of disciplinary centers has an important role in ensuring security and peace in cities.Therefore the fair and efficient distribution of law enforcement centers in urban areas is an important factor in meeting this basic need.Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the service of police stations on vulnerable areas of Urmia.The descriptive-analytical research method used in this study is applied.The results of the study show that the vulnerability zoning of the city of Urmia is in four categories from very high to very low. About 68 km2 of the whole area of the city is known to be highly vulnerable.Most of the northern (informal settlements of Region 2) and central (old districts of four region) settlements of Urmia are the most vulnerable areas due to the high density of population and housing,with most of the politically sensitive, commercial and administrative offices in these areas.The results of the network analysis based on standard time (12 minutes) indicate that the 28.9% (24 km2) of the Urmia Vulnerable Areas was not covered by the police stations.Within 12 minutes the police stations of Urmia city have quick access to 55 km2 of about 75 km2 area with high vulnerability and about 20 km2 of this area also without timely access. In terms of the police stations access to low vulnerability areas,the results also show that from about 15 km2 of these areas to 3 km2 have quick access, indicates that there is no quick access to these 12 km2

Groundwater management is of great importance for the sustainability of water services. Many approaches have been used for groundwater management. So far there has been no study conducted on the anti-fragility of the social-ecological system (SES) of groundwater. System anti-fragility refers to the process by which the system likes internal and external dynamics and events because it benefits from disruptions and improves its services. The aim of the present research is therefore to provide a conceptual framework for the social-ecological management of groundwater. The research method is as follows: First, the socio-ecological system of groundwater and fragility protection was defined based on the existing principles. The two models of Talib's anti-fragility and social ecology were then linked using the transfer concept. The results of the discussion on the relationship between the two models highlighted the weaknesses associated with the lack of accurate disclosure of the anti-fragility redundancy of groundwater to disturbances. Finally, an antifragile adaptive social-ecological model was constructed with one goal, three species, and three stages in the groundwater system. The purpose includes: eliminating the negative effects of disturbances and risks in the groundwater system, including methods; The energy transfer, function transfer, and element design steps included: (i) determining the effects of the disturbance rather than the disturbance and the risks themselves, (ii) formulating a transfer policy, and (iii) implementing the policy. This article not only expands the literature on groundwater management but also provides an appropriate framework for policymakers and water managers and can be helpful in groundwater planning and management.

Flexibility refers to the ability of a system to quickly adapt to changes and adjust to new conditions in order to maintain competitiveness. The aim of this research is to investigate the level of flexibility of livelihood assets in the rural areas of Bekeshloo Chay district. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical in terms of approach. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire in the field. The samples were selected randomly for data collection. The sample size was determined to be 309 individuals using the Cochran method. The data obtained were analyzed using the fuzzy inference system in the MATLAB environment. The results show that the economic asset has the lowest flexibility capacity with a membership degree of 0.03/1 in the low fuzzy set and 0.46 in the medium set. The physical asset has the highest flexibility with a membership degree of 0.34/0 in the high fuzzy set and 0.07/0 in the medium set among all livelihood assets. Generally, the flexibility of livelihood assets is in the medium to high fuzzy set, and all livelihood assets have membership degrees in the medium fuzzy set.

Population growth, increased prosperity, the spread of technology, and the improper use of land have in recent decades imposed many changes on land. Nazlou district in Urmia city has been exposed to many changes due to its favorable natural conditions, location in the development paths of Urmia-Cir and Urmia-Bazargan, establishment of numerous industrial estates and so on. So planning to manage these changes requires studying land use changes. The purpose of this study was to detect land use changes in Nazlou district in Urmia city using Landsat TM and OLI satellite images by Object Oriented Classification. Also, two methods of change detection and change intensity index in land use change monitoring were used to investigate the severity and trend of land use changes. This study was descriptive and analytical and data collection was done by documentary method. The survey showed that during the study period (2005-2018) of the total area of ​​77498.37 hectares, the total area under study was approximately 25981.56 ha (33.52%). The highest level of change in 2005 relates to the level of the horticulture, with its downward trend in 2018. In contrast, changes in rangeland and dryland land use have an increasing trend, respectively.

Population growth, information technology changes, climate change, quantitative and qualitative changes in water and economic developments of the 21st century have greatly affected the rural economy. So that managing the rural economy against these changes and shocks requires recognizing the dynamic capacity of its constituents. The research method is based on the purpose of the user and the type is descriptive and analytical. This research was conducted in 1398 with the aim of researching the sustainability of the rural economy of the central district of Urmia. The method of collecting is documentary and field information. The statistical population of the study was 9305 households from which 385 people were selected as a sample through Cochran's formula. The sampling method was simple random. Data collection tool was a questionnaire based on variables (agricultural economy, services and industry) in Likert scale. The results show that services and industry activities have contributed to the dynamics of the rural economy that have been somehow dependent on agriculture. Tourism and nature tourism in the services, handicrafts and leather and furniture industries are heavily dependent on farming and livestock activities, which, in the eyes of the people, drive the economy of the village. In these activities, production, cost and production diversification have made a major contribution to the sustainability of the rural economy, ensuring that the rural economy in the region is sustained.

In the catchment area of Lake Urmia in West Azerbaijan province, the development of non-agricultural and agriculture-related small production activities has been the main strategy of the government to reduce the dependence of rural livelihoods on the agricultural sector and reduce water consumption in agriculture.Referring to the studies conducted and the literature on the subject, it seems that the issue for the development and expansion of small non-agricultural activities in the villages is a problem of power relations and the inequality of abilities among the beneficiaries of these activities, which has made them unable to get the market benefits and capture the surplus value.Therefore, the purpose of this article is not to explain the lack of success and discover the cause and effect of the development and establishment of non-agricultural production activities in villages. Rather, it is to help understand the structural limitations of the development and creation of production activities by identifying and examining the pairs of power relations and the interaction forces of these pairs.

Our fieldwork was done in 2019. The main methods used in this research are in-depth interviews, document reviews, and secondary data analysis. In-depth interviews with villagers, semi-structured interviews with officials of financial institutions and entrepreneurship fund (KARA), responsible for rural small business development of Jihad Agriculture Organization, responsible for the training of technical and vocational organization, responsible for the rural economic development of West Azarbaijan Governorate, rural insurance fund, responsible for cooperation Rural, responsible for rural business development of the province's industry, mining and trade organization is.Villagers and village councils and, producers of pickles, herbal spirits, paste, and dry fruits production, some large and medium-sized companies producing similar urban products were of interest to us in the interview. During the research, we also conducted informal interviews with a number of villagers who own small workshops. Also, we examined the sixth development plan and policies for the development of household and small rural businesses of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Department of Labor, Welfare and Social Security, Technical and Professional Organization, and Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters.Finally, the interviews of the officials in charge of small rural businesses with news agencies were used as second-hand information in our analyses, But the questions that were raised in the interviews are: Why do you think small non-agricultural production activities related to agriculture do not develop? What is the role of the government's interests and programs in the development of urban and rural industries in the development of these activities in the villages? How do you evaluate the performance factors of financial and government institutions in the development of these activities?

The relations between small rural production activities and similar urban production factories threaten each other's interests, and there is no common interest between them. These two activities compete with each other in acquiring the market and adding value produced in the market. Small rural production activities have a relative advantage, such as high-quality raw materials, more organic production, production quality, and reasonable price compared to the production of urban industries in gaining market and benefits.According to the logic of the consumer, this advantage in the consumer market increases the ability to gain benefits and keeps the flow of market benefits for itself; But in contrast to the advantage of Urum Ada, Pakdis, Sasan Shahd, Khoshkbar il Sur, Khoshdis and Noushin Shahd industries against these activities, it is in how they relate to the government and other determinants of small rural production activities that have changed the flow of benefits; Because the strength of small rural production activities is in their nature, but urban industries have gained their strength from relationships, which play a decisive role in the distribution of market resources and benefits, and with the rents created through relationships, the most banking facilities, government incentives, opportunities They change the market created inside and outside for their own benefit and threaten small rural businesses with mechanisms such as unhygienic, traditional, bribery of regulatory organizations and non-compliance with labor laws and rural production insurance.In the network of urban consumer relations and small rural production activities, the flow of benefits is somewhat bilateral. The interests of the consumer are the quality and price of the product; considering the bad economic conditions of the consumer and the low purchasing power of the urban consumer, products with a low price are the priority of purchase, and the quality of the products is the second priority. Rural products have been produced at a relatively low price due to the elimination of many costs such as tax, insurance, labor and energy costs, and self-sufficiency of raw materials. Therefore, the consumer market has welcomed it, and it has generated good income for producers. But since these products are not a priority in the households' basket, it does not bring many benefits to the producers. On the other hand, the production of discourses on "rural products being unsanitary" by scientific centers and government institutions such as universities and health centers changes the relationship between urban consumers and rural producers in favor of industries with similar urban production in a small market and causes further contraction of the market and the interests of the villagers.The main issue in this section is to investigate how the relationship between the government and the city and the government and the village disrupts the balance of power between the city and the village and how this imbalance of power affects small rural production businesses. Apart from the relationship between the city and the village, which has always prevailed over the village in attracting human, financial capital, goods and other things, this dominance is due to the relationship between these two places with the scientific and economic elites and the government, which affects small production activities.

Increasing urbanization today and the lack of integrated urban management have led to inadequate planning in cities. In this regard, the local councils, as the most prominent local institutions and the most important decentralization manifestations, symbolize the serious presence of the people to determine their own fate, if they are institutionalized in the governance structure as coordinators of the executive agencies. In these cities, they can play a valuable role in the social security of cities. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytical approach and field method. In this study 354 people were selected using Cochran model. Next, based on the results of the questionnaire, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. Conclusions Based on the Friedman test, among the research items, the second item is "Social Security Development", and the first item is "Economic Security Development". Among the items, the second item (Social Security) with 2.90 points out that the role of local councils in social security development is higher than other dimensions and the first item with 1.98 points of economic security development comes in last. has taken. Also, the one-sample t-test showed that the significance level of the test is less than (0.05) and at 95% confidence level there is a positive significant difference between the dimensions of council functions and the dimensions of sustainable urban security development.

City and rural interaction was recognized as one of important and effective factors in occurrence of social, economical and cultural changes for current arenas. In most of development plans and theories, we focus on city and rural dichotomy. Suitable and several relations between city and rural can generate two mentioned societies development or non-development. So the aim of current research is investigation effects and relations at Oshnavieh city on Naloos sector villages development which they were implemented by analytical-descriptive method. Data gathering is combined with documentary and measurement methods. Research Statistical society include all of rural households in Naloos sector of Oshnavieh city. By using Cochrane’s formulae, we determined 100 samples volume number. In order to data analysis Cronbach , T Test , Pearson and Regression tests were applied. Results showed that city and rural relationship amount is equal with 2.54 and it was evaluated in low level. Also, in the Pearson correlation test, the investment flow of urban residents in the rural economic activities has a higher correlation and in the test of regression of the flow of communication through the provision of financial resources has had a greater impact on communications.

There are different approaches to security. One of them is the social approach. The role of women is very important in this approach. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to find out what the role of women is in creating sustainable social security in the 24,000 Village- Bagh Maroof-. One of the most problematic villages in East Azerbaijan is The Bagh Maroof village and therefore the study of its security is of great importance. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and women over 20 years are the statistical population. The sampling method is random and the sample size is selected by Cochran formula 353 persons. In this study, the data collection tool was a questionnaire. Structural model and Chi-square test are two methods of data analysis. From the results, in addition to reinforcing the theoretical foundations of the research, we can find the effective variables of creating a sense of security through women in the village with a chi-square statistic of 72.96 and the creation of a secure social environment by women in the Bagh Maroof rural community of 44.91 whit a significant level of Zero noted that it had the most and strongest direct relationship with other components of village security.

According to the climate change and the water crisis on the one hand and population growth and crop demand on the other, land allocation for agricultural activities is the most important issue. Understanding the quantity, quality, type, distribution and allocation of land based on demand and supply are important requirements. The growing global population, coupled with demand for new products such as biofuels, and pressure on agricultural land. Managers decisions and goals. Multipurpose hybrid optimization is one of the most important factors in land allocation that makes land allocation difficult. The goal of research identified prioritize and recognize land allocation scenarios for strategic products for food security based on natural capacities and socio-economic and social conditions in Urmia city. The method of in this research is descriptive-analytic and information collecting is documentary and field. Research indicators include population growth, national and global per capita, national and global efficiency .The results show, the worst scenarios for land allocation (scenarios one, two, five and six) are because of food security issues in the country, critical water conditions, and high per capita consumption, per capita scenarios and national efficiencies. The third, fourth, seventh and eighth scenarios of the optimal scenario, and the ninth and tenth scenarios of the medium scenario and the eleventh and twelfth scenarios to be the most desirable scenarios are considered. The decline in growth rates in the last few years has led to the region's best growth due to population growth problems, so the eleventh scenario will be the best scenario according to the short-term growth rate and per capita and global efficiency. This research for responding to agrarian issues, water and population of the region is unmatched by using a combination of indicators and compiling land allocation scenarios.Extended AbstractIntroductionLand use allocation is a competitive process by managers and decision makers for achieving the goals set. The growing global population, coupled with demand for new crops such as biofuels and the push to farmland by managers' decisions and goals, are multi-tasking hybrid optimizers that are important factors in land allocation. Therefore, proper decision making in the process of user allocation in the agricultural sector is very important. There are various methods to solve this complex optimization problem, including mathematical programming and heuristic optimization methods. Urmia city is one of the cities in the country that has good climatic and natural conditions for agricultural activities and also the border city has doubled its benefits. Therefore, with proper land allocation, conditions can be provided for exporting the product. Meanwhile, some crops are strategic because of the increasing importance in the country and even the world. According to the region's agricultural conditions, such strategic products such as grapes, apples, potatoes, tomatoes, wheat, barley, peas and beans, can be to prioritize. Therefore, the present study seeks to prioritize land allocation for strategic crops to provide food security based on the natural capacities and economic and social conditions of this city in order to identify the main priorities and amount of cultivation of each strategic crop. Various global, national, and local indicators are considered for this process. MethodologyThe research method in this study is descriptive-analytical. The data collection was based on documentary data. GIS software was used to measure land capacity and Excel was used for scenario building. Scenarios used were national, global, per capita consumption indices, regional and national production efficiency, and population growth index (50-year growth rate from 1967 to 2017 and 10-year rate from 2006 to 2016).In the scenario, if (Pn) is the end-of-period population and (Pa) is the beginning of the period and (n) is the forecast year, then the population growth rate (r) will be: The population prediction for a specific time horizon based on the growth rate is obtained from the following relationship:   Where r is the population growth rate and t is the period of time (here ten years). And if the value of the land is (Lh) and the population is represented by (p) then the per capita land (LP) will be:  And if the production value of (P) is obtained from the value of (Lh) then the production efficiency (PE) will be: And if the population in the coming years (Pt) is specified and the per capita consumption over a year is determined for national products (PcNC) in kilograms, the national per capita consumption for that year (PCt) for different products with The tone scale will be equal to: 5)          PC  =     Pt* PcNC / 1000And according to the per capita consumption and global consumption (PcGC) the amount of consumption will be equal to:* PcGC / 1000Then, the scenario building relationship will be equal to: Results and discussion,  In this regard: LASP: Allocation Scenario, Pt: Crop Value per Year, Pn: Population Year n based on Long and Short Term Population Growth r, PcCn (g) per capita global and national consumption (calculated separately), and PEn (g) National and global production efficiency for each product (calculated separately). Results and discussionBased on the studied indices, 12 scenarios were obtained for land allocation to different crops. A comparative comparison of the 12 scenarios shows that the current situation (water crisis, climate change, soil and water pollution) and its continuation do not seem to be favorable for the region. This is due to the high per capita consumption of crops such as grapes and wheat and the low efficiency of horticultural products on the one hand and population growth and increasing demand on the other. Therefore, given the country's food security, dire water conditions, and high per capita consumption, scenarios related to per capita and national and local efficiencies are the worst-case scenario (scenarios one, two, five, and six). Scenarios three, four, seven and eight are considered for global consumption, but low national and local efficiency has made the scenario moderate. And, alternatively, scenarios nine and ten are considered to be the average scenario (despite global efficiency) due to the high national per capita consumption. Scenarios eleven and twelve are the most desirable scenarios because of the global average.  Conclusion In this research, the importance of land allocation for agricultural activities has been identified, but no research has been conducted on crops and their allocation. But the present study, in addition to explaining the importance of land allocation, has determined how much land is allocated to each crop. scenarios one, two, five, and six  are the worst possible scenarios according to given the country's food security issues, dire water conditions, and high per capita consumption, scenarios related to per capita and national and local efficiencies. Scenarios eleven and twelve are the most desirable scenarios because of the global average. Given that the growth rate of the country has been very volatile in the last 50 years, so it is a bit high and low (probability scenario).  The slowdown in growth over the last few years due to population growth problems has made the region's growth rate at its best, so the eleven-scenario scenario with short-term growth rates and per capita global yield will be the best-case scenario. With this scenario will yield world-class crop yields, and in some cases, such as wheat, given the high potential of the region, even higher global yields can be achieved. Given these interpretations, research into this scenario will meet both regional needs and export surpluses to neighboring countries such as Turkey.

In order to minimize the undesirable effects of unsteady growth of Urmia and to apply the smart-growth model for this city, recognizing the characteristics of different areas and their inequality in planning, is the basis of the work. Therefore, proper planning should be done to eliminate these inequalities and transform the optimal situation. Areas need to be categorized in terms of "development" in order to plan for whether or not they are developed. In measuring smart growth indices, there are different types of statistical methods and techniques. Using quantitative criteria and methods to classify the neighbourhoods and urban areas of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices not only recognizes the differences between areas, but also these criteria for determining the types. The services needed and the adjustment of inequality between areas of the city. The present study tries to study the spatial distribution of urban smart growth components in the five urban areas of Urmia and based on the obtained scores, the rate of urban smart growth indices in three levels of smart, semi-intelligent and less intelligent. Therefore, the following objectives were considered for the study: Identification of Smart Areas of Urmia, Prioritizing Urban Areas of Urmia for Future Planning in line with Urban Smart Growth Pattern and Identifying Homogeneous Neighborhoods of Urmia in terms of Urban Smart Growth Indicators.

The approach of the research method in this study is of applied type and it is descriptive-analytical and correlational. Spatial statistics tests were used to model the spatial pattern of smart neighbourhood distribution. To identify the spatial pattern of intelligent living spaces and finally to identify the desired zones. First, library studies were used to identify smart city indices from different sources and databases. Accordingly, six main indices (intelligent dynamics, intelligent people, intelligent living, intelligent environments, intelligent governance, and smart economics) with 91 items were used. The field was determined. Regarding the research subject, random sampling was used in order to obtain the maximum accuracy coefficient in obtaining samples with a high degree of characteristics of the statistical population and the results of which can be generalized to the whole population. According to Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample population. Simple random stratified sampling and distribution of samples for 30 neighbourhoods were done based on proportional allocation. Questionnaires were collected based on field method through direct interviews with residents of five districts. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software. The reliability of the research is significant since the reliability of the questionnaire was assigned to each of the answers 1 to 5 with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.785. In order to complete the questionnaire, a questionnaire was distributed in each of the five urban areas. According to the objectives of the study, Shannon entropy (as a multi-criteria decision-making method) was used to evaluate and rank Urmia metropolitan areas in terms of smart growth indices. Regression analysis (Pearson function and linear regression) were used in SPSS software.

To achieve definitive ranking in terms of smart growth indices, all 91 variables were computed using Shannon entropy model and results were slightly different. In terms of integrated indices of Region 3, with an entropy value of 1 was ranked first. The region was also ranked first in smart living indicators. The last rank came in the 4th place with an entropy value of 0 which was in the last place in relation to the smart governance index. Overall, Region 3 was ranked as one of the most prosperous regions in terms of smart growth indices with economic and social structure, good accessibility, favourable environment, dynamic economy, proper urban infrastructure, proportional distribution of land uses and construction density. The mean of the integrated indices is 0.39 and the standard deviation is 0.39. Area one has the highest score above average and other areas are below average. Using the inequality coefficient, the coefficient of equilibrium in urban smart growth indices between urban areas for these indicators was calculated and a value of 1.01 was obtained, indicating heterogeneity and divergence between urban areas in terms of intelligence indicators. This inequality is affected by the inadequate distribution of facilities and services throughout the city. According to the calculated entropy and inequality coefficient, there are differences and inequality between the neighbourhoods of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices. In other words, this paper investigates and ranks the neighbourhoods of the five urban areas of Urmia for urban smart growth index using Shannon entropy model. The results of the ranking show that the neighbourhoods of Urmia city achieved different scores and scores in each of the indicators of a smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart dynamics, and smart environment. This indicates significant inequality and differences in some indicators. The highest inequality between the indicators of smart governance and the lowest inequality between the indicators of intelligent life. All six indices (91 items) were combined and then tested for composite rank. Then the entropy of each index was calculated and classified using three clusters using cluster analysis. According to the consolidated results, smart growth index in neighbourhood 8 Shahrivar with entropy value 0.799 located in region 3 is in the first rank among smart neighbourhoods. The neighbourhoods of the school, Isarah, Imamate and Ayatollah Dastgheib are in second to fifth place, respectively. The last rank of this ranking is for the Kohnavard neighbourhood with an entropy value of 0.16 located in District 2 of Urmia.

Combined regression fitting shows that smart living variables have the greatest impact on predicting and developing the spatial structure of smart growth in urban neighbourhoods so that one unit change in the deviation of smart living indices will cause 0.680 units to change in integrated growth indices. The results emphasize the need for attention and prioritization of the Kohnavard neighbourhood in Zone 2 in future development and planning.

Due to the special geographical conditions of the villages of Sardasht County in West Azerbaijan province of Iran, these villages are prone to political, economic, social and regional threats. The present study, focusing on the concept of resilience, examined and analyzed the resilience of villages in Sardasht County against natural and human hazards in various dimensions based on their geographical location. The research was conducted in descriptive and analytical methods and the required data were collected in documentary and field methods. Data collection tool was a questionnaire and a random classified sampling method was used. Among other study results, in the economic dimension, the results showed that the farmer's capital and savings (in valley villages), employment (in valley villages), income from non-agricultural activities (in border villages), income from remittances from the city (both in mountainous and suburban villages) and property ownership and land number (in border villages) were indicators of high importance in resilience.

The study of changes in land cover and land use from the distant past on the surface of the earth, which usually occurs in two ways, the first type is changes caused by natural factors such as: erosion, tectonic forces or floods and the type The second is the changes that are imposed by humans on the earth due to the non-standard use of available resources. Land use is a description of the type of human exploitation for one or more purposes on a piece of land. Satellite data is one of the fastest and least costly methods for researchers to map land use. The analysis of these data can provide insight into human interaction with the natural environment. Investigations of land cover changes and land use have long been discussed at the ground level. Land use change is a process that enables the observation and detection of time series differences and phenomena, events and patterns of land surface. The present study is an example of applications of remote sensing technology in urban resource management in which land use changes in Urmia city were evaluated over a 9 year period (2018-2019). This research is a descriptive-analytical study and data collection was done by documentary method. To do this research, Landslide MTL satellite images of SPOT8 and SPOT 5 were used and image classification was performed by using object-oriented classification method. Then, in the Area ARC GIS environment, the user classification area was evaluated. Change detection method was used for land use change process. Evaluation of land use results shows that during the study period the area of Urmia changed from 1597.551296 km square in 2009 to 1678.3902 km square in 2018. The highest level of changes in percentage of land use in the period 2009 to 2018 was related to rangelands and the least changes were to saltwater.

Technological advances, especially in the transport and communications sector and the prevalence of capitalist economics, have greatly altered the spatial structure of many human settlements. The weaknesses of the appropriate form, the immediate decision-making process, and the dispersed decision-making process of rural growth leading to destruction of agricultural land and gardens, social solidarity reduction, increased pollution and reduced general health have been driven by land use change. It can be said that the use of intelligent growth policies for rural areas is also necessary in light of the foundations of sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of development of 8 villages in Nazlou villages in terms of social, environmental and infrastructural indicators, which was done by descriptive-analytic method. Required data were prepared using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software and ranking of villages was done using a Gray model. The results of the research show that there are no suitable conditions for intelligent growth in the studied villages, but according to the developmental indices of Nazlou, Taze Kand Qaterchi and Taze Kand Janizeh, the first to third ranks respectively. In general, the results show that the concept of rural development has been displaced by rural growth because the results showed that most villages in terms of the status of ecological indicators are much worse than other indicators, the main issue of the "sustainable development" paradigm at the Rio Conference And Brentland speaks of London.

Long political borders, proximity to several independent political units and proximity to international centers of opportunity and tension are prominent features of the borders of West Azerbaijan Province, which are affected by the two components of development and security of such a situation and space. This study examines the relationship between the development of border regions and communities of West Azerbaijan province with security stability. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the study is inhabitants of border villages and towns of the province and the sampling method is stratified sampling and random sampling. Examination of the F value at 95% confidence level on managerial, infrastructure and superstructure dimensions shows that there is a significant difference within the statistical population in terms of level of development. Also, by checking the Beta coefficient, security cannot be determined solely by relying on managerial, infrastructure and superstructure dimensions. In other words, development measures do not have much impact on achieving lasting and long-term security in the community under study. Opening up more space and conditions for direct participation of border communities and neighboring countries will be more effective alongside government development measures, adding to the interests of the stakeholders concerned and these actors (government, border communities and neighboring countries) will strive to maintain the interests.

Confirming the hypothesis, tourism is a factor in rural development, especially on the outskirts of cities, which is a bit difficult and complex. In this study, it is assumed that tourism in the garden of the villa and the cafe restaurant in the form of discourse has protected the power relations in the city and the village and helped redistribute urban capital. In general, this type of tourism is not a positive function in the development of villages in the study area. In this research, discourse analysis is a suitable methodology for studying the relationship of tourism target villages of Imamzadeh, Band, Gog Tapeh and Burhanloo with Urmia metropolis. The results show that the principles of sustainable development and ideology played a role in formulating the rural tourism discourse of the garden villa and café. The results also suggest that rural tourism discourse has served the interests of the private sector by undermining the interests of the public sector. And this transition has been accomplished through mechanisms such as expropriation and problem-building. Of course, the assumptions of this research can be studied in the different political, social, economic and ideological structure of Iran as well.

Climate change has left its work in many parts of the world in recent decades, and it is expected that the impact of these changes will intensify in the coming decades. Meanwhile, livelihoods in agricultural communities are heavily influenced by weather and experience more vulnerability. For this reason, it is important to identify the response steps and reactions. Given the negative impact of these changes on agricultural production, and on the other hand, because agricultural production is the source of income for many rural communities, adaptation of rural communities (especially farmers) to maintain livelihoods and ensure their food security is an issue Absolutely necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the compatibility of farmers in the villages of Baskeholuchai village of Urmia. The method used was analytical and descriptive and data gathering method was survey and documentary. Data were analyzed using one-sample T-test, Cronbach's test, Bartlett's test, and regression. The results of Cronbach's test were 0.731 which had a high level of stability. The T-test showed The low level of farmers' compatibility is 2.67. Also, the results of regression test showed the great impact of new knowledge and information on the level of farmers' compatibility.

With the rise of natural disasters, different societies have continually sought to discover solutions to control or minimize the damage caused by unexpected events and to actually manage disasters. In the past few decades, the need for social participation to reduce disasters has increased. The community-based disaster  risk management framework is growing. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the necessity and its aspects in order to evaluate the community-based model.

The method, according to the analysis of community-based disaster risk management, is theoretical study based on library documents, and then the collected data were analyzed and described.

The research findings suggest that the community-based approach does not address the top-down approach deficiencies that have failed to address local needs due to neglect of indigenous resources and responsibilities, and seek to reduce people's vulnerability and improve planning and disaster management.

The survey shows that countries' ability to deal with risks depends heavily on disaster management policy. In order to improve social and economic affairs and reduce inequalities in society, developing a spirit of cooperation and motivating people to participate is one of the clear ways.

The border regions of West Azerbaijan have unstable demographic conditions (quantitative and qualitative) due to weak development conditions. Changes in the demographic structure of urban and rural settlements in the border regions of the province follow the development and security conditions of these areas. The purpose of the present study is to assess the level of the superstructure, infrastructure and management of borderline growth and identify the impact of Development Indicators on Demographic Stability. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the study is consists of residents of all villages and border towns of the province. Sample volume was extracted from Cochran formula and classified by random sampling method. The results show that the growth of management, infrastructure and superstructure indicators significantly predict population growth and have a significant relationship with them. In other words, by increasing a standard deviation in the growth indexes, will increase the population growth rate to 118% of the standard deviation. However, there is no solid relationship between the growth of the indicators of management, infrastructure and suppression and security. Because their significance at the 95% confidence level is more than 0.05. Also, the results of spatial analysis in different cities indicate that growth indices differ in all dimensions in different border regions. The F value at 95% confidence level is 27.41 in the management growth dimension and its significant value is zero.

Social participation is a prerequisite for development and without the participation of farmers, development will face problems. The importance and necessity of community participation is to the point that development without participation of stakeholders would not be sustainable. Considering the importance and necessity of participation, and in particular the importance of social participation in development projects, this study tries to evaluate and prioritize the most important factors reducing social participation in rural development activities in North Banajoye Rural district, Bonab. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the data required are collected by the questionnaire and field findings. The results are extracted using group AHP models to assess and prioritize the most important factors reducing social participation in the area. The results showed that among the factors social (0.058), educational (0.028), rural institutions (0.019), government agencies (0.016), economic (0.015) and legal (0.011) factors decrease in social participation, respectively. According to the results and using SWOT model and with more emphasis on social factors, different strategies and solutions are codified to overcome these barriers.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and for weighting the indicators, the hierarchical model of AHP and for evaluating and ranking the resilience of each of the urban areas of Tabriz, decision-making techniques of TOPSIS and VIKOR have been used. In this study, five physical parameters including materials or skeleton of the building, the quality of housing, antiquity of buildings, facades of houses and the number of floors are studied. The analysis of the results shows that Tabriz is in a median desirable status in terms of physical indicators. In terms of the five optional index, the indexes of materials have the lowest desirability, and the quality of buildings, the antiquity, the façade of buildings and the number of the floors respectively are the next indexes. Also the index of the floors of the building is above the median (0.500) and the four other indexes are less than the median. Also, in terms of the indicators of materials, quality, the antiquity of buildings and facades, district 1 is in the most desirable status and in terms of the indicators of materials, district 2 is the most-undesirable status and in terms of the indicators of the quality of houses, the antiquity of buildings and the facades, district 5 is in the most-undesirable status. Also in terms of the material indexes, district 8 is in the most desirable status and district 6 is in the most-undesirable status. Finally, according to the results of VIKOR, district 3 is the most resilient against hazards and district 2 is in the lowest level of resilience.

The main responsibility of those in charge of rural development is adoption of proper strategies for effective sustainable management of the various aspects of production, distribution and consumption. The aim of this study is to study resilience and flexibility of villages in terms of production, distribution and consumption in different economic sectors and also explain the role of spatial organization of elements in resilience in the Cheshmeh-Sara district. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The method of collecting information is library search in documents and field study. Random sampling method was applied and the sample size was chosen to be 320 people according to Cochran’s statistical method. The data was analyzed using GIS and the SPSS software package. Spatial regression results indicate the relationship between resilience and elements of the spatial organization. The villages have more suitable lands that experienced a higher resilience, but only a few villages did not have such a situation. The least associated was the resilience of the spatial organization of the population. There has been a lot of volatility in the networks. Although Alikandi and Al-Balagh villages have the highest weight in communication networks but they have a low resilience. To this cause, its local coefficient ranged from 0.3 to 0.7. In general, the results indicate that the elements of spatial organization are resilient. The estimated local coefficient for them is 0.85, which indicates the high correlation of the entire village. Improving the quality of communication networks, creating small rural and domestic businesses, including the production of sweat, nuts, vegetable drying, dairy production that maintain the rural population, can increase rural resilience.

During the last two decades, macro climatic changes in Simineh region, reductions in celestial precipitation, abundance of evapotranspiration and transpiration caused by an increase in the average temperature, and the interference of human constructive factors such as damming, agricultural activities, and unplanned and unprocessed harvesting of surface water have resulted in an environmental hazard. Therefore, numerous and acute environmental and environmental hazards are among the urgent necessities of production in Simineh region. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide solutions and appropriate strategies to prevent the decline of underground aquifers in the region, reform the model, and provide proper water management. Thus, the present study aims to identify the causes of water crisis, the threats and challenges of water scarcity, water management strategies, and the strengths and weaknesses of agricultural water management in Simineh section. We also intend to examine the strategies for improving agricultural water management in Simineh.In this research, first, the factors of water crisis are investigated. To our knowledge, there is no solution in water management for natural factors, and if there is, it cannot be solved at a regional level within a short time. Therefore, strategies are mainly provided in case of human factors. Then, the threats and opportunities of the water crisis in the region are evaluated. Finally, a water management system is developed and water strategies are presented.

The concept of water resources management has long been discussed in the world but integrated studies of surface and groundwater resources usually began in the 1960s. Numerous studies have been conducted in the field of water management. Cherini (2007) believes that the problem of integrated water management is lack of coordination related to water bodies in Zimbabwe. Ortega et al. (2016) in their study "use of a smart irrigation system to study the effects of irrigation management on the agronomic and physiological responses of tomato plants grown under different temperatures regimes" propound the use of the smart irrigation system as one of the most important scientific achievements for water management.

The sample in this study includes the villages of Simineh region, agricultural experts of Jihad’s Agriculture Organization, Simineh Agricultural Jihad Department, and Agricultural Jihad Service Centers. This section has 80 villages, 77of which are inhabited.The variables were extracted from the research and theoretical foundations of the study. These variables include water crisis, water resource management, water scarcity threats, water shortage opportunities, and water resource management strategies.The data collection was carried out in two sections. In the first stage, we collected information on the theoretical foundations of the subject and research records using the documentation methodology, library studies, Internet databases, and interview methods. Next, the required data were gathered and the statistics from the members of technical and engineering companies and consulted services and experts in the relevant organizations of the study area were analyzed. The questionnaire was administered in the form of field studies

According to the results, among water crisis factors, inappropriate utilization of resources with an average of 4.33 was the most important factor. Among the threats, the desertification with an average of 4.4 was found to be the most important threat. Among the water crisis opportunities, it was found that the motivation to change the pattern of agricultural crops with an average of 4.35, and a coefficient of variation of 17.47 was the most important opportunity. In case of the components, the pattern of cultivating management with a mean of 4.53 was identified as the most important component. Finally, in the strategy section, the development of pressurized irrigation methods with an average impact of 4.46 was the most important strategy.

The results show that the cropping pattern with a mean of 5.53 and a coefficient of variation of 17.95 acts as an important factor in creating water crisis. Consequently, it is possible to emphasize the change in water management as a part of the misuse caused by the non-conformance of the product type to the capacity and the potential of the region, which is exacerbated through loss of water in the transmission path. Pressure irrigation is another important component of water management. The results show that this criterion with an average of 4.35 and a coefficient of variation of 16.34 is of great importance in solving the crisis and proper use of water. The above-mentioned factors indicate that water management in the region involves technical weaknesses in water utilization system. Producers' training (with a mean of 4.17 and with a coefficient of variation of 16.45), the assessment of agricultural consumption (with a mean of 4.17 and a coefficient of variation of 17.5), and the conservation and maintenance of water resources such as Qantas and springs (with a mean of 4.0 and a coefficient of variation of 19.37) are considered significant factors in water management. These issues in water management revealed that in addition to the weaknesses in the technical dimension in the area, there is a social weakness that needs to be solved. The socio-economic partnership along with capacity building can provide useful specific strategies in this respect.