فهرست مطالب ali zadeh-mohammadi

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of meaning centered therapy and unit-oriented therapy on resilience and quality of life in leukemia patients. The research method was pragmatic in nature with regard to its objective. In terms of data collection, it followed a semi-experimental design comprising a control group and a pre-test-post-test-follow-up phase. The statistical population for this research comprised all leukemia patients referred to Mahyar Charity in Tehran during 2019 and 2020. A random sample of 60 patients was drawn from this population, and they were subsequently assigned into two experimental groups and one control group, with age and gender homogenization. Participants for pre-test, post-test and follow-up responded to the Back Anxiety Inventory (BAI); the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (QLQ-C30) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The participants of the first experimental group underwent 7 sessions of 90 minutes of meaning centered therapy and the participants of the second experimental group underwent 7 sessions of 90 minutes of unit-oriented therapy. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and SPSS-24 software were used to analyze the data. On the component of emotional quality of life, the present study found a statistically significant difference between the efficacy of meaning-centered therapy and unity-oriented therapy (P=0.001). Regarding resilience, there was no statistically significant distinction between meaning-centered therapy and unit-oriented treatment (P=0.635).

Abnormal fear of childbirth (FOC) can leave many complications. Examining the factors that worsen the FOC is helpful in eliminating or modulating the fear. In this regard, we aim to investigate the relationship between psychological factors and the increase of the FOC.

This scoping review study was conducted in 2023 by searching for related studies in databases Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, IranDoc, MagIran, SID, and Google Scholar using related keywords. After screening the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 10 eligible descriptive-analytical studies were selected. Evaluation of their quality was done by the AXIS checklist.

The findings from 10 studies were divided into three groups based on the answer to the main research question. Four studies showed the relationship between FOC and depression. Six studies showed the relationship between FOC and anxiety, and three studies showed the relationship between FOC and self-esteem. In all students, the relationships were statistically significant (P<0.05).

Psychological factors of depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are related to the increased FOC in women. In this regard, by designing intervention programs to eliminate related psychological factors, it is possible to prevent the increase of the FOC in women.

The current study examines the effectiveness of unity-oriented intervention on depression and suicidal tendencies of Shahid Beheshti University students. Research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, and control group and a three month follow up. The statistical population included all male Students between the ages of 19 to 24, attending Shahid Beheshti University in 2018.Statistical population of this research include 895 male Students, Living at university dormitories. Through screening, 20 Students were selected and randomly assigned to experiment and control group. The subjects were evaluated before and after interventions through Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (Beck, Kovacs & Weissman, 1979) and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).The unity-oriented intervention was administered in 10 sessions, each of them took 1.5 hours in the experiment group and there was no intervention in control group. The data were analyzed through Mann-Whitney U test. Findings show that unity-oriented intervention has a significant effect on depression (U= 15, P= 0.02), and suicidal ideation (U= 14.5, P= 0.019) and this effect remained unchanged in the three month follow-up phase. Through integrationof life experiences and acceptance of life's realities, unity-oriented psychology approach promote a sense of belonging and meaningfulness. And decreases depression symptoms and suicidal tendencies. Therefore it can be used as an effective intervention method to alleviate psychological problems, especially suicidality and depression, and also promote student’s well-being.

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the therapeutic use of play on improving the attention span of children with Mild Intellectual Disability (MID) in elementary school.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test with a control group so that 30 girls with MID were selected from an exceptional school in Tehran City, Iran, via convenience sampling method and assigned to the experimental and control groups. The attention span of all subjects was assessed by the Toulouse-Pieron test and the Cognitive Diagnostic Battery (CDB) before and after the therapeutic sessions. The experimental group participated in 16 therapeutic play sessions (35 minutes for each session) for 8 weeks, but the control group did not. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data.

The mean±SD age were 9.80±1.32 and 9.73±1.22 for the experimental and control groups, respectively. In addition, the mean attention span in the experimental group varied from 7.60 to 18.78 after the therapeutic sessions. In addition, after the therapeutic sessions, a significant difference (P<0.001) was observed between the experimental and control groups relating to attention span. According to the Eta quotient, 94% of the variation in the attention span of the experimental group is due to participating in the intervention sessions.

Therapeutic use of play is an effective method to improve the attention span of children with MID. Therefore, the therapeutic use of play can be applied to improve the academic performance of students with MID and reduce negative outcomes due to inattention.

The aim of the present study was to determining the difference in the difficulty of emotion regulation, early maladaptive schemas and body image concerns in girls with and without overweight. The research method was comparative. The statistical population of single girls aged 18 to 25 were members of social networks in Tehran in 2021. The research tool was distributed among 485 people. 202 people were selected by purposeful sampling based on body mass index. The research tools included Gratz and Roemer's Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale, Young's Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, and Littleton's Body Image Concern Inventory. The data was analyzed by covariance analysis. The results showed that the average difficulty in emotion regulation, early maladaptive schemas and concern about body image is different in girls with and without overweight, and the overweight status is the ability to explain the variance of the difference in the difficulty of emotion regulation, early maladaptive schemas and concern about body image between the two groups. It was suggested; counselors and therapists should pay attention to the difficulty of emotional regulation, early maladaptive schemas and concern about people's body image in the treatment of psychological problems of overweight.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of unit-oriented therapy on death anxiety and resiliency in leukemia patients.

The statistical population of this study included all patients with leukemia referred to Mahyar Charity in 2019 and 2020, from which 34 patients by referring to the Cohen sample volume the formula was selected using the available sampling method and by random assignment and age, sex and treatment history homogenization, they were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Participants responded to the Back Anxiety Inventory (1988), the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (1970) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) for pretest, posttest, and follow-up. In order to perform the intervention, the participants in the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of unity-oriented treatment. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and SPSS-24 software was used to analyze the data.

The data showed a decrease in post-test scores (4.88±0.69) and follow-up (4.70±0.58) of death anxiety compared to pre-test (10.29±1.04) and the increase in post-test scores (16.17±1.28) and follow-up (16.35±1.22) of resilience compared to pre-test (8.88±1.33) and the control group. In the present study, the interaction of the time*group reduced death anxiety (P=0.001) and increased resilience (P=0.001) compared to the control group.

Based on the results of the present study, experts are recommended, in order to reduce the complications of leukemia by providing unity-oriented treatment along with medical therapies to increase patients' resilience and reduce their death anxiety.

The aim of this study was to determine Relationship between gender role and marital instability, the role of moderating sexual orientation in women. The method of the present study was correlational. The statistical population of study was women living in Tehran in 2021. The participants were 150 people were selected by accessible sampling method from different parts of Tehran, Iran. Marriage instability, gender roles and sexual orientation questionnaires were used to collect data. The results indicated that sexual orientation, except for communal orientation in the role of femininity in women, has a moderating role in relationship between gender roles and marital instability. In all measured cases of communal orientation in sexual relationship, the increase in communal orientation reduces the instability of marriage in women. In relation to the exchange orientation, its highness increases the instability of marriage in women. Also, in the case of expectation in sexual relationship, except when masculinity is high in women, its increase leads to an increase in marital instability in women. According to the findings, high communal orientation in sexual relationship increases gender roles (masculinity or femininity) and reduces marital instability. Also, when the orientation of expectation and exchange in sex is low, the increase in gender roles (masculinity or femininity) does not change the degree of instability of marriage. In general, the findings of this study can be used to monitor and increase the stability of marriage in Iranian society.

In recent years, various methods have been used to treat anxiety in children, art therapy is accepted today as one of the most effective methods of treatment. One of these art programs is play (Holmwood, 2017). Drama therapy is group therapy and active and experiential therapy (Berger, 2019) that uses a combination of various theatrical techniques such as role-play, pantomime, puppetry, improvisation, and other methods (Leather & Kewley, 2019).

This study was quasi-experimental using a pretest-posttest design with a control group and follow-up stage. The statistical population included all labor children in the age range of 8-12 years living in Ahvaz in 2020-2021 under the supervision of a welfare organization. The Spence Children Anxiety Scale was used to choose the main participants of the study and 30 children with the highest anxiety scores were selected and then divided into two groups of 15 (experimental and control). Children's Anxiety Scale (CAS): The instrument was designed by Spence in Australia in 1997 to assess the anxiety of children aged 8-15 years based on the DSM-IV diagnostic and statistical classification. The Spence questionnaire has two versions of the child (with 45 items) and the parents (with 38 items). In the present study, the reliability of this scale was 0.90 using Cronbach's alpha. Intervention sessions in the welfare organization were held for 13 sessions of 90 minutes and two sessions a week. This intervention is designed based on the five-step integrated method of Emunah (1999).

The results show that the difference between the pretest-posttest scores of the experimental and control groups is significant for the anxiety variable (p≤0.05, F=39.9). Therefore, the obtained results indicate the effect of drama therapy on reducing the anxiety of the experimental group. Also, the difference between the pre-test and follow-up scores of the experimental and control groups is significant for the anxiety variable (p≤0.05, F=18.377). Therefore, the results indicate the effect of drama therapy on reducing the anxiety of the experimental group.

One of the most important problems in today's world is the issue of labor children. Psychological problems of these children, especially high anxiety, are among the factors that make these children more vulnerable. Accordingly, the drama therapy method is effective in reducing the anxiety of labor children. Drama therapy seems to be able to reduce the anxiety of labor children by using techniques such as characterization, role play, pantomime, etc. It seems that changes in cognitive insight, establishing a link between consciousness and unconsciousness, direct and indirect training of coping strategies with anxiety, self-awareness, real-world experience in a safe environment, and refining and suppressing repressed and hidden negative emotions are among the reasons for reducing anxiety and stability of treatment. The results of comparing the control and experimental groups in a one-month follow-up show that the difference between the experimental group and the control group has been stable over time. drama therapy can be considered as a sustainable therapy in reducing the anxiety of labor children, and therefore, the condition should be provided for the use of these methods to reduce the anxiety of labor children.

Different studies used the construct of frequency of conflict and the extent of conflict issues interchangeably, and there was no distinction between them. While with the development of theoretical models, these constructs became different from each other. However, unlike the construction of frequency of conflict, which had an instrument to measure it, so far no model of assessment has been proposed to measure the construct of the extent of conflict dominations; Therefore, the present study aimed to measure the construction of the extent of conflict dominations and evaluate its role in parent-adolescent relationships. The present study is descriptive and structural equation modeling, and the research sample consisted of 704 adolescents studying in schools in Tehran. To measure the construction of the extent of conflict issues, the definition of the model "process of adolescent perception of conflict with parents" was used, and based on this model, a new scoring was proposed for the revised checklist of parent-adolescent conflict issues, and then this model was tested. The results of exploratory factor analysis identified two factors, and confirmatory factor analysis also approved one-factor and two-factor models for measuring this construction. The results of structural equation modeling also confirmed the effect of this construction on adolescent dissatisfaction with mother and father in the form of a structural model. As a result, researchers can use the proposed measurement model of the present study to measure the extent of conflict issues as a separate construct from the frequency of conflict.

Adolescence is defined as a period with multiple and intertwined physical, psychological, and social developments during which risky behaviors increases. Various factors affect the tendency and occurrence of risky behaviors. Time perspective (TP) is defined as the role of time and attitude toward time in affairs and behaviors. Executive functioning skills allow an individual to perceive stimuli from his or her environment, respond adaptively, flexibly change direction, anticipate future goals, consider consequences, and respond in an integrated or commonsense way.

This study aimed to predict risky behaviors based on TP in Iranian adolescents by emphasizing the mediating role of decision making and inhibitory response.

Path analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between components of TP and risky behaviors with mediator variables, decision making, and inhibitory response among 804 high school adolescent students (including 470 males and 334 females) in Sanandaj, Iran. All participants were asked to complete the Iranian Adolescent Risk Scale and Time Perspective Scale and perform 2 computer tasks [i.e., Go/No-Go and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART)]. SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 were used to analyze direct and indirect relationships.

There was a significant relationship between the components of TP and the tendency to risky behaviors. Risky decision-making and inhibitory response had a significant effect on 3 aspects of TP in predicting adolescents’ risky behaviors. These effects were both direct and indirect, of which the former effect was created by mediating the decision-making and inhibitory response.

The components of TP, decision-making, and inhibitory response predict risky behaviors in adolescents.

The epidemiology of adolescent self-harming behaviors is important. One of the common concerns today is the prevalence and persistence of self-injurious behaviors among adolescents.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and functions of self-harming behaviors in adolescents.

The present study was a descriptive study. The statistical population of the study was all adolescents aged 15-18 in Sanandaj in the years 2018-2019. Sampling method was Cluster. Using the Klonsky and Glenn Self-Injurious Behaviors and Functions Scale, 1334 subjects (686 girls and 648 boys) were selected. Using Chi-square and Independent T-test statistical method, using SPSS software version 25.

The results showed that the prevalence rate of self-injurious behaviors among girls and boys was 9.6% and 7.1%. Girls self-injurious behaviors were more invisible (Χ2=6.37, P<0.009) and irregular (Χ2=14.36, P<0.001) than boys. The highest frequency of self-injurious behaviors included: self-inflicted cutting, hitting and annoying self-talk. Also, the function of girls and boys self-injurious behaviors was intrapersonal and interpersonal (T=2.18, P<0.05).

The results of this study showed that the adolescent girls had more self-injurious behaviors than boys. And the prevalence of self-injurious behaviors in adolescents is increasing, which should be taken into account.

Increasing the elderly population in the 21st century one of the best ways to improve the life of the elderly and increase their ability and reduce their dependence on drugs and treatments that impose a significant cost on them is music therapy. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of music therapy on self-esteem and meaning of life in 60 elderly people up to 80 years old in Tehran.

A quasi-experimental research method was used with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all elderly people aged 60 to 80 years living in a nursing home. By purposive sampling method, 22 people were selected in two groups (11 in the experimental group and 11 in the control group). The experimental group received ten sessions of 45 minutes of music therapy intervention. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Questionnaire (1965) and the Meaning of Life Questionnaire (Estger, 2010) were used to collect data.

Studies showed that music therapy has a significant effect on the self-esteem of the elderly (p /0 0.05) and on the meaning of life in the elderly (p /0 0.05).

Therefore, based on the results obtained, nursing homes can use music and related interventions to increase self-esteem and the meaning of life of the elderly and thus improve their quality of life.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of the serious public concerns. There are several hypotheses and reasons for NSSI. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between two groups of adolescents with NSSI and normal counterparts in executive functions, behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition system (BAS/BIS) and emotion regulation. In this cross-sectional causal-comparative study, 50 adolescents (girls and boys) having NSSI and 50 normal adolescents were compared. They performed Bart balloon computer tasks (to measure high-risk decision-making), Wisconsin cards (to measure cognitive flexibility), as well as Carver and White Behavioral Activation/Behavior Inhibition scale and filled Gratz and Roomer’s emotion dysregulation scale. Participants who reported NSSI, had higher scores on risky decision making, behavioral inhibition, emotion dysregulation, and lower scores on cognitive flexibility than participants without a history of NSSI. The results support that there is a significant difference between two groups of adolescents with NSSI and normal counterparts in executive functions, emotion regulation and BAS/BIS. The data can also be used to educate, prevent and treat adolescents with NSSI and to promote public health policies

Parental bereavement after loss of a child is often more profound and prolonged than grief experienced in other context of other losses and associated with an increased risk for long-term psychological and physical morbidities.

To explore the effectiveness of “unity-oriented psychology concepts instruction” on reducing depression and increasing spiritual well-being in bereaved mothers.

A single-subject study was conducted on three bereaved mothers who lost their children to cancer in Mahak hospital during last 6 to 12 months ago. Each person participated in six (90-minute) individual session of the unity-oriented psychology concepts instruction. Data were collected the using the questionnaire of Beck depression inventory-II and spiritual well-being scale( Paloutzian & Ellison 1982) for eight times( three times at the baseline phase, three times at the intervention phase, and two times at the follow-up phase). The collected data were analyzed by indicators of process changes and calculate the recovery percentage.

The results showed a significant decrease on depression and increase on spiritual well-being compared to the baseline and the most amount of decrease and increase was observed in final intervention session.

considering the effectiveness of the “unity-oriented psychology concepts instruction” on reducing depression and increasing spiritual well-being in bereaved mothers, this intervention can be used to alleviate the psychological pain in this group.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of parent-child story-telling with and without role-play on the creativity of preschool children. The study population included 4 to 6-year-old children and their mothers. The sample consisted of 42 preschool children (24 girls and 18 boys), who were randomly assigned to three experimental, compare, and control groups. In order to gather data, the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (1998) was used in the three stages of evaluation of creativity. The results of the covariance analysis indicated that story-telling with role-play had efficacy on the creativity of children and according to the following tests had more efficacy than the story-telling without role-play. According to repeated measures analysis of variance, the efficacy of parent-child story-telling with role-play on general creativity and all its components was stable through time and the efficacy of parent-child story-telling without role-play on creativity was stable only in general creativity and the components of originality and elaboration. According to the results, the methods of parent-child story-telling with role-play can be used to increase the creativity of children, whether at home or educational places.

Positive Youth Development (PYD) is a strength–based construct of development that can be defined as engaging in pro–social behaviors and avoiding health–compromising behaviors and future jeopardizing behaviors. Contrary to other views, PYD does not consider adolescence as a turbulent and dangerous stage and should be managed; rather, it addresses this period as the source of fundamental changes and catches for the individual. Instead of focusing on adolescence deficits and the potential for risks and crises, such as stress, anger, etc., PYD focuses on adolescents' strengths and abilities; therefore, considering the large population of adolescents in Iran and the critical role of the family and its structure in preventing crises and the emergence of problems for adolescents, comprehensively examining the family structure and its role in adolescent development is essential. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the relationship between Family Structures (FSs) and PYD.

This was a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all students aged 11 to 18 years from sixth to twelfth grades in Tehran City, Iran, in 2016–2017 who were selected using the multistage cluster sampling method (N=300; 137 girls & 163 boys) with a mean±SD age of 15.59±1.67 years. Accordingly, the research objectives and the subjects' expectations were discussed. The questionnaires were administered in a quiet room away from disturbing visual–auditory stimuli in schools and individually by the researcher and a research assistant. The study lasted two months. Research tools included the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV; Olson et al., 2006) and Positive Youth Development Scale (PYDS; Geldhof et al., 2014). Research data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, SD) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient & multivariate linear regression analysis) in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The obtained findings suggested a positive and significant relationship between competence with family cohesion (r=0.32, p=0.04), flexibility (r=0.33, p=0.02), family satisfaction (r=0.21, p=0.04(, and family communication (r=0.33, p=0.03). There was a negative and significant relationship between competence and enmeshed style (r=–0.21, p=0.04) and chaotic style (r=–0.22, p=0.03). There were positive and significant relationships between connection with family cohesion (r=0.35, p=0.03), flexibility (r=0.38, p=0.02), family satisfaction (r=0.35, p=0.03), and family communication (r=0.33, p=0.03). There was a negative and significant relationship between the connection with enmeshed styles (r=–0. 24, p=0.04), chaotic (r=–0.19, p=0.03) and rigid (r=–0.16, p=0.04) aspects. Furthermore, there was a positive and significant relationship between a character with family cohesion (r=0.30, p=0.04) and flexibility (r=0.31, p=0.04). There were negative and significant relationships between the dimension of character with enmeshed styles (r=–0. 23, p=0.04), chaotic (r=–0.23, p=0.03), Rigid (r=–0. 19, p=0.04) and communication (r=–0.14, p=0.04). Moreover, there was a positive and significant relationship between care and family cohesion (r=0.14, p=0.04), flexibility (r=0.27, p=0.03), and family satisfaction (r=0.26, p=0.03). There was a negative and significant relationship between care with enmeshed (r=–0.26, p=0.03), chaotic (r=–0.14, p=0.04), and relationship (r=–0. 22, p=0.04). There was no significant relationship between the confidence dimension in the positive youth development and any family styles. According to the stepwise regression analysis data, among the family styles, two balanced cohesion and chaotic styles, altogether, accounted for 16% of the change in the competence dimension. In sum, balanced flexibility and family satisfaction styles predicted and explained 19% of the variance connection dimension. Family satisfaction and chaos altogether accounted for 13% of the changes in the character dimension, and the family relationship accounted for 7% of the changes in the caring dimension.

The present study findings suggested a significant relationship between FS and PYD. Thus, these findings can effectively design and facilitate studying educational protocols to reduce problems and prevent crises in Iranian adolescents and families.

Empty nest stage in family life cycle, which takes place with children leaving home, may cause an increase in the feelings of depression, loneliness and anxiety of parents. Women are more likely to be affected than men. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of unity-oriented psychology based training on loneliness and death anxiety in women at empty nest stage. A quasi-experimental research method with pretest-posttest, control group and 2-month follow-up was used in this study. The statistical population consisted of women experiencing empty nest stage in Tehran. The sampling method was purposive and 24 individuals were selected and randomly assigned into two groups (n=12). The experimental group participated in 6 sessions of Unity-Oriented Psychology based training, once a week, for 120 minutes, and 6 home exercise sessions, and the control group was on the waiting list. Research instruments included Revised Loneliness Scale (UCLA) and the Templer Death Anxiety Questionnaire (DAS). Descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of covariance were used for data analysis. The results showed that the unity-oriented psychology based training had a significant effect on reducing feelings of loneliness and death anxiety among women experiencing empty nest stage. These results were also consistent after a 2-month follow-up. According to the findings of this study, unity-oriented psychology based training can be considered as an effective intervention to reduce the feelings loneliness and death anxiety of women at empty nest stage.

  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic and progressive central nervous system ailments that is considered as a disabling and traumatizing disease. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of psychodrama based on unity-oriented approach on the sense of coherence of MS patients. This was a quasi-experimental research, which included pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. Using a convenience sampling method, 20 individuals were selected from among females with MS who had visited the Iranian MS Society. The subjects were randomly placed into two experiment and control groups. The experiment group participated in a 12 session unity-focused psychodrama therapy plan for six weeks, whereas the control group received no intervention. For data collection, the Flensborg-Madsen’s Sense of Coherence Questionnaire was used. The data was analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between two groups’ sense of coherence scores in post-test and follow-up stages (P < 0.05). As seen in the findings, the unity-oriented psychodrama can be used as an effective treatment to enhance the sense of coherence among MS patients. Unity-oriented approach helps the patients integrate with the universe and define their bitter experiences. It also facilitates better patient acceptance through understanding a sense of connectivity to the coherent world and offers a sense of immorality to the MS patients.

The aim of this study was study the relationship between life satisfaction, positive youth development and parent- adolescent conflict with Behavioral problems in adolescents. This research method is correlation and stepwise regression type. The target population included all high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1395. 700 patients were selected with cluster sampling. The instruments used in this study are multidimensional students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS), Youth Self-report Scale (YSR), Positive Youth Development (PYD), and Parent-Youth conflict Scale. The results showed between life satisfaction and positive development of youth with behavioral problems, there is a negative relationship. While between parent-adolescent conflicts and adolescent behavioral problems, there is a positive relationship. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the predictor variables together explained 29% of variance adjusted for behavioral problems. So to the extent that Adolescent level of life satisfaction, positive youth development program to be implemented and parent-adolescent conflict is reduced, also reduced behavioral problems in adolescents.

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. This disease is the most common cause of disability in young age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of psychodrama based on unity-oriented therapeutic approach on resilience of patients with multiple sclerosis.
This study was a quasi-experimental research investigation, using pre- post and follow-up testing plan with a control group. Through a convenience sampling technique, a total of 20 individuals were selected among female patients with multiple sclerosis referring to Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Society. Then, the subjects were randomly placed into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in a twelve-session unity-focused psychodrama therapy plan for 6 weeks, while the control group received no intervention. In order to collect data, the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC; 2003) was used.
The results revealed a significant difference between two groups for the post test and follow-up test scores. The psychodrama intervention based on unity-oriented therapeutic approach can be used as an effective modality to enhance a sense of resilience among patients with multiple sclerosis.
Our findings suggest using psychodrama based on unity-oriented for improving mental condition of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. The psychodrama based on unity-oriented therapeutic approach provides the integrity and acquisition of semantic knowledge about patient's negative experiences. Furthermore, this approach can foster the acceptance of illness, as of being connected with the world and a sense of immortality, among these patients.

Identification and understanding of meaningfulness of life events is one of the most fundamental issues in the quality of human life and its positive changes which also has always had an important role in his mental health and life satisfaction. This study by surveying meaningfulness of life events in Quran and unity-oriented psychology, aims to achieve a conceptual structure, so that effective artistic practices and programs could be designed on its basis to be used in the psychological interventions.
Some psychologists such as Alport, Frankl and Maslow consider meaningfulness of life as the most important factor affecting positive psychosocial actions. So it can be said that giving attention to the meaning of life has been very much considered in the field of psychology. The answer given to the question of “meaning of life” affects our life experiences and everyday practices. It is creation of meanings that makes sense of the world to us and specifies the path of our life in the world; thus true achieving of it decreases the level of negative emotions (such as depression and anxiety) and also reduces the risk of mental illnesses, so that the “Meaning Therapy” (MT) is considered as one of the main interventions in psychology. Although meaningfulness of life is a subjective perception and mental cognition; but it depends entirely on the attitude of man to life, and religion is the factor that gives direction to the attitude and worldview of an individual. As a result, the necessity of examining religious psychology is also felt.
In Islam, the Holy Quran has repeatedly expressed the divine goal in meaningfulness of life and giving meaning to the living of human beings. It has stated - in the verses of belief through the explanation of this principle and in the verses of the commandments and ethics by mentioning the way of meaningful life- that it is the wonder and psychological miracle of Quran. One of the psychological characteristics of Quran is its consideration of its goal-oriented and immortal human conduct which is reminiscent of human attachment to the One Being and his origin “God Almighty” which he ultimately will return to (Al-Baqarah, v. 46). The forgetfulness of this connection leads to separation from the true self, forgetting oneself and fear of loss and insecurity which are the main root of concerns and fundamental anxieties (al-Hashr: 19 and al-Yunus: 62).
Unity-oriented psychology as a new meaning-oriented approach in psychology based on religious knowledge with the centrality and theoretical framework of the concepts of the unity of being and the Quranic teachings, and relying on the unity-oriented transcendent wisdom and by its use, has tried to make a unitary connection between the self of person, his environment and the changes. So that; one can get a positive perception of his life events_ which are the natural causes of his developmental stages_ leading to the constructive change of himself/herself. This monotheistic and religious attitude to the nature of man and the universe describes all the changes and subtleties of individuals in how to respond to the need for one's own monotheistic connection in growth stages of life and considers the separation, lack of interconnectedness and weakening of its attachment in the stages of development as the main causes of anxiety and fundamental fear and the origin of many mental disorders.
Hence, by examining the issue of meaningfulness of life events based on Quran and unity-oriented psychology and the concept of monotheistic outlook toward life experiences and events, it was concluded that in order to objectify, materialize and better adapt to the life events, respectively, three indicators are derived from it: 1. “unity-oriented recognition and acceptance of life events”, referring to verse 23 of Surah al-Hadid, and related concepts in unity-oriented psychology to create a balanced and meaningful life with reminiscent of the lack of ecstasy in joys and lack of disappointment and frustration in plights; 2. “the conjunction of opposite pluralities” on the basis of the verses 5 of surah al-Yunus, verse 3 of surah al-Molk and other verses referring to the conjunction of divine guidance such as the chain loops, and interpretation of the same concept in unity-oriented psychology with an emphasis on the continuity of any incident with the past, future, nature and environment, and the adventures before and after it; 3. “giving meaning to multiplicities of life” referring to verse 216 of Surah al-Baqara, and the concept of the existence of the purpose and wisdom of good and the constructive cultivation of all that occurs, with the intention of opening up and guiding man to purity and consciousness and discovering himself towards progress, prosperity and enlightenment of the path in the unity-oriented attitude.
On the other hand, since the main attribute of religious and Islamic art in Iran has monotheistic foundation, and art is also considered in the unity-oriented approach as a facilitating tool for opening the way for the influence of positive imagination and receiving inspiration and intuition on the mind and makes the clients see their status in an integrated mode and get consistent with the events of life; as a result, artistic design, media and artistic techniques (design, painting, collage, photography, sandbox, etc.) could be used in this regard. Hence, each of the three indicators deduced from unity-oriented psychology and the teachings of Holy Quran in the context of the concept of a unitary attitude in experiences and events of life can be the basis for designing artistic exercises, so that by the use of unity-oriented art, one could give meaning to his/her life events and by removing negative effect of some events, their positive role in the growth and life balance could be found. In this approach; by unitary narrative of his/her life and doing artistic and unity-oriented practices in accordance with the extracted concepts and along with their interpretation by the viewpoint of Quran and unity-oriented psychology approach, one could be able to explain what she/he has perceived from life events and adapt them with examples of his/her own life.

The main concern of conducting this study is basic needs for awareness of relationships between some fundamental variables within Art education like personality traits, creativity, and self-actualization with regarding gender differences to enhance quality of educational efficiency through the process of relevant policy making and applying efficient methods. After searching many databases around the world, it was not found parallel researches to cover our concerns; as a result, this study is literally a brand new of its kind which has focused on correlations between fundamental variables to enhance our educational understanding. Total Industrial design students of all four academic years from Art University were selected on the basis of nonprobability sampling which include of 49 female students and 43 male students and in total 92 students. Questionnaires which were used in this study included: The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) selected as instrument for the measurement of Creativity: Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, and Elaboration; (NEO-FFI) selected as instrument for the measurement of five factors on personality traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness; the measure of actualization of potentials (MAP) was selected to measure Self-actualization: Openness, openness to self, openness to others, openness to others, Self-reference, Compatibility, Autonomy. These three measurements distributed at the end of second semester within classes among all students of four academic years in the field of Industrial design and dedicated 45 minutes to fulfill all questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for the purpose of statistical analysis. The current study is seeking to find answer for this question what kind of relationships could be between personality traits with creativity; personality traits with self-actualization; creativity with self-actualization among students of Industrial design and the other also what kind of differences could be between male and female students. Findings show that there are few differences among male and female students therefore the only difference was found within Neuroticism scale in correlation of personality traits with creativity this while Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness could not make relationship with creativity but Openness could make relationship with creativity positively with intensity of strong correlation among both male and female students; the other findings show that Conscientiousness scale in the relationship between personality traits with Self-actualization is the only significant correlation with intensity of moderate among female students. Also, there was not found any differences among male and female students in correlation of Creativity with Self-actualization because both male and female students acquired the same scores very similar to each other but very little difference due to intensity of correlation which it is moderate among male students and strong among female students. After finding correlations between variables and detecting possible differences among male and female students, something that seems to be very important and vital for next studies attributed to adaptation of statistical outcomes with their visual architectural equivalents, probable stage model creativity, and ontological approaches for the better perception of relationship between quantitative and qualitative data.

Spirituality as a cultural fact is one of the principles that will affect many aspects of life. This research aims to build a scale to assess and evaluate the reliability and validity of spiritual experiences and its exploratory factor structure.
The research was a correlational study. The study population included all employees of the Shahid Beheshti University, including 220 participants (105 females and 115 males) with the stratified sampling and proportional allocation method and Cohen's d formula, were selected. The instrument was spiritual experience scale (SES). For assessing the internal validity of instrument correlation coefficient was used for each question and the total score categories. The exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 25 items of the scale. internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha and retest was used for concurrent validity.
In the initial factor analysis, three factors were obtained with the particular value of greater than 1 and second factor analysis was limited to these three factors. Based on the content of the material three factors were named "personal relationship with God," "communication and perception beyond" and "the presence of God and receive spiritual support." The internal consistency of this scale was good (Cronbach's alpha, 93.0 and repeatability within ten days, 78.0).
The study showed that the spiritual experience scale in Iranian society was valid and reliable. So self-report scale is a useful tool for research purposes.

The aim of this study was to test the confirmatory factor structure and validation of the Parent-Adolescent Conflict Questionnaire in a nonclinical sample of 13 to17 year old adolescents. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional. Seven hundred and forty eight students were selected from the high schools of Qods (a district of Tehran province) by multistage random sampling. The participants completed the Parent-Adolescent Conflict Questionnaire (Adolescent Form; Asadi Younesi, 2011), the Children's Perceptions of Inter parental Conflict Scale (Grych, Seid, & Fincham, 1992), the Youth Self-report (Achenbach, 1991)), the Family Communication Scale (Olson, 1995), and the Family Satisfaction scale (Barnes & Olson, 1985). The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the fourteen-factor of the Parent-Adolescent Conflict Questionnaire. To investigate divergent and criterion validity, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results indicated that the correlation of the Parent-Adolescent Conflict Questionnaire with the other instruments of the study were between 0.21 and 0.57.These results were more satisfactory for the intensity of the conflict part of the parent-adolescent conflict questionnaire than for the frequency part of the questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.97 for the frequency of the parent-adolescent conflict and was 0.96 for the intensity of parent- adolescent conflict. The test-retest coefficients were 0.76 and 0.75 for the frequency of parent- adolescent conflict and the intensity of the parent-adolescent conflict, respectively. The findings suggest that the Parent-Adolescent Conflict Questionnaire have good psychometric properties and can be used in research settings and family counseling in Iran.