alireza darban astane

Network is a concept used to understand organizational relationships between economic actors. Networks are a form of business and innovation system and are powerful mechanisms for communication. The main objective of this research is to analyze the spatial network of poultry farmers in Shazand County in terms of cohesion and intra- and inter-group links through the E-I grouping index, separated by geographical levels of village, district, and section. The higher the inter-group relationships, the higher the social capital will be along with higher social cohesion.

The statistical population of this study consisted of all poultry farmers in the villages of Shazand County in 2023 (68 farms). The required data were collected through interviews and determined using UCINET software.

The results of network analysis showed that the E-I grouping index in social relationships among poultry farmers was 4.97% at the village level, 4.75% at the district level, and 7.41% at the section level, indicating a very high tendency for intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level. According to research findings, the power of intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level is significantly higher than that at the district and section levels. The spatial analysis of E-I index findings in relationships between poultry farmers based on village, district, and section indicates a greater tendency for intra-group communication.

Considering the importance of geographical distance, wind direction, traffic flow, direct communication in pollution and disease transmission between farms, as well as maintaining stability and health of farms and avoiding various types of pollution and diseases and specific environmental conditions... Intra-group communication among farms at the village, district, and section levels has increased while there is a decrease in inter-group communication.

The dominant form of migration in developing countries, including Iran, is from the village to the city. However, during the past two decades, another pattern of migration, reverse migration, has occurred in rural areas in such a way that in the findings of the general population and housing census of 2012, the number of reverse migrants is higher than the rural-urban migration. In the whole city of Natanz, due to its location in the center of Isfahan province, the city of Isfahan has access to the markets of Isfahan, Badroud, Khaled Abad, Natanz, and Targhroud. On the other hand, the physical development of Isfahan and its economic and social relations have various characteristics. During the past years, reverse migration flow to urban and rural settlements has taken place in temporary and permanent forms. The general goal is to investigate and analyze the role of reverse migration in the economic development of villages in Natanz. From a practical point of view, the results of such research provide solutions to the country's managers to implement better planning to prevent migration and encourage migrants to return. Reverse migration is when people return to their first place (origin) after a long residence in another place (destination). In other interpretations and definitions, reverse migration is considered a reaction to creating attractiveness in rural areas, which emerges through the establishment of income in activities such as agriculture or animal husbandry, retirement, and sometimes due to the hardships of urban life; a process in which a person or persons, due to various reasons, return to their first place again from the place they have chosen as their new place.

This research is descriptive-analytical. The samples were based on Cochran's formula, and to complete the discussion, Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination table was also used. Information was collected from 381 individuals across 24 villages through field surveys using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Regarding gender, 84.78% of the sample was male, and 15.22% were female. Also, 94.75% were married, and 5.25% were single. The age group included 3.93% 20-30 years old, 17.85% 31-40 years old, 28.08% 41-50 years old, 27.30% 60-51 years old, 22.83% 61 years old. Out of the total sample, 2.62% are illiterate, 27.82% have a diploma, and 36.49% have a bachelor's degree, master's degree, or higher.One sample t-test was used to study the factors affecting reverse migration. In order to evaluate the dimensions of the factors affecting the migration from the city to the village, the items were first oriented and it was combined as an average; considering the 5-point Likert scale in the research items, the number 3 was chosen as the theoretical median to evaluate the importance of the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration from the society's point of view. This research has been studied at a confidence level of 95%. Given the frequency of variables used for leveling (47 variables in the first step) and the importance of evaluating more important variables and determining the weight and importance of each variable, the factor analysis method was used. In this research, the exploratory factor analysis method was used to summarize data and identify causes. In order to determine the suitability of the collected data for factor analysis, the KMO coefficient and Bartlett's statistic, which were significant at the 1% level, were used, so they were suitable for factor analysis. By benefiting from the factor analysis technique in the principal factor analysis method, 6 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, and the variables for evaluating the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration were grouped in these factors based on the factorloading and after orthogonal factor rotation using the Varimax method. The 6 factors explained a total of 71.682% of the total variance related to the variables of factors affecting reverse migration.In this research, the basic theory is the theory of human capital, which was proposed by Larry Shasta. According to the theory of human capital, the return migration of people is formed in the hope of benefiting from more prosperity in the village. The result of the research shows that the reverse immigrants have been able to be effective in the economic sector in both capital and idea sectors. In fact, the innovation of this research can be that the economy is based on reverse migration, and if there is a correct plan and vision in the programs and among managers, it can cause the growth and development of villages.

Population relocation and migration is a sign of the continuity of human life, which has a history as old as humankind. People who consider the continuity of life, social and economic activities, and the field of effort limited and short for themselves in a geographical place start to migrate. Among the spatial-location features related to rural areas, "lack of welfare and civil services" has played a special role in the appearance of the driver of migration to the city. However, with the development of welfare-civil services and the increase in the income of the agricultural sector and belonging to the original birthplace, the return of immigrants to rural areas is provided. The results of this research are related to the research of Shaojun Chen and Wurong Liu (2020); urban repulsion factors and attraction factors play a role in the migration from the city to the countryside. It is associated with Stockdale's (2014) studies concerning urban repulsions, such as the inability to create jobs in cities and rural attractions, such as age and retirement. It is associated with the studies of Edival (2015) about urban repulsions such as lack of job security and rural attractions such as retirement. It is associated with the studies of Langroudi et al. (2012) in the field of rural attractions, such as obtaining more income, increasing relative welfare, and improving human dignity for migrants returning to rural areas. According to the studies of Afrakhteh et al. (2015), in economic and cultural-ethnic causes, the least impact on reverse migration from the city to the village is associated.

A look at the evolution of village management and management approaches shows that rural governance has been considered as an effective and efficient approach to accountability, transparency, legality and accountability of local affairs, which can play an important role in achieving sustainable development. in this study, we tried to examine the role of rural governance in the economic sustainable development in Kahak district in Qom couanty. The research method is descriptive-analytic and for data collection, a documentary and survey method was used. Questionnaire and observation were ccollections tools. The statistical population of the study consists of 17 rural administrations (dehyars) and 34 members of islamic rural councils (IRCs). The validity of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by the opinion of the professors and experts of rural management. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and validated using Cronbach's alpha test at a very high level (0.91). In order to analyze of studied variables the SPSS software and statistical methods were used. The results of the research show that the rated rural-dominated villages in the studied villages is 3.7 and then the accountability with the score of 4.08 is the best. Also, analysis of variance test shows that governance influences on economic development and with increasing level of governance the level of economic development also increases. In this research, responsibility factor in the study area with coefficient of 0.453 is considered as the most important factor affecting economic development.

Climatic diversity, soil and water richness, the land potential for growing horticultural products, and the economic value of horticultural products have turned Kermanshah province into one of the areas prone to producing horticultural products. The cultivation and processing of olives in the hot regions of the province is not an exception. In this regard, the identification and development of agricultural clusters (orchards) are one of the solutions adopted in developed countries for agricultural development. The purpose of this research was to study the feasibility of a cluster of olive processing businesses in Kermanshah province. The research was based on a mixed-methods Design (sequential-explanatory) that used a survey method, a document study, and a few case studies. The research population was composed of gardening and processing experts in the Agriculture Jihad Organization, experts of industrial township companies, processors of garden products, and gardeners who were sampled by the snowball technique. The sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The research investigated the feasibility of creating an olive processing cluster in the study site by considering the characteristics of the cluster feasibility study, including geographic focus, cooperation and competition between businesses, and shared advantages and challenges. The results showed that the geographical concentration of olive processing was in Dallaho County. Also, the results revealed that the olive processing businesses had competition and cooperation with each other and had common challenges and advantages. The results can be used by the Industrial Township Company Office and the Ministry of Agriculture.

 Accordingly, it can be considered an important element with negative and positive effects. One form of tourism currently considered is community-based tourism, which significantly emphasizes the local community for tourism development. Th is study aims to investigate the factors affecting community-based rural tourism in Gilan province.

This is applied research in terms of purpose, it is quantitative in terms of approach, and it has been conducted with a sample including 770 people from rural people in Gilan province. Data collection tools include library studies, and field surveys have been carried out through observation and questionnaires. The statistical population consists of the villagers of Gilan province. Three hundred eighty-four people were selected using the Morgan table to determine the number of samples. Samples were increased in order to improve the level of reliability and reduce errors in the data, and 770 questionnaires were completed. According to the estimation, the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.921.

The path analysis model in SPSS software has also been used to analyze the indicators. The results suggest that economic benefits, organizational mechanism, product diversification, increasing investment, business motivation, environmental protection, reducing waste dissemination, innovative planning, evaluation and monitoring, social participation, social cohesion, social skills and knowledge, the sense of belonging to the place, tourist acceptance culture, poverty reduction, safety, government support, announcements, recreational tours, economic benefits, local market, local investment and profitability affect the development of community-based tourism in the case study area.

Iran is not comparable to some countries in terms of the total number of endemic bird species, but Iran's ecosystem diversity, influenced by the three major biogeographical regions of the world, can attract birdwatchers from different continents and countries in all seasons. Most bird species in Iran are dependent wetlands, and the development of avitourism in line with the goals of sustainable development can also be effective in protecting wetlands and generating income for the local communiies. The existence of 41 of the 42 types of wetlands identified in the Ramsar Convention, the existence of 105 important bird areas (IBAs) from the 391 places existed in the Middle East and also the 555 different species in Iran, indicate the development capacity of avitourism. The purpose of this study is to measure the tourism capacity of avitourism in the geographical spread of Iran by extracting various factors influencing the selection of avitourism destination, scoring, evaluation and production of zonation maps. The weighting of the destination selection criteria has been done by SWARA method and ranking of destinations with TOPSIS technique. In terms of "species importance", Golestan, Gilan and Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, Hormozgan and Khuzestan provinces, in "species diversity" factor, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, Mazandaran, Golestan and Tehran provinces, in "access to wetland habitats", Tehran, Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan and Bushehr provinces, and lastly in "all the factors influencing the choice of destination", West Azerbaijan and Hormozgan provinces are in the top of rankings.

Drought is one of the natural phenomena and is considered as an important part of climatic conditions. Several studies have shown that Iran is one of the countries vulnerable to natural disasters in terms of geographical and climatic conditions. Thirty-one point seven percent of its total area is at risk of natural disasters and 70 percent of its population is in areas at risk of natural disasters and hazards, including drought with an average annual rainfall of 250 mm. The city of Kangavar is no exception and according to the SPI index at different time scales has an average of 44% of the days of the year experiencing drought. Therefore, what's important is how to deal with it. That’s to say, given the fact that it has enormous effects, some measures have been taken so far. This means that drought management practices are an important step in reducing the extent of damage and controlling its effects. The dominant approach to managing it in most parts of the world is still passive, meaning it responds after the drought has appeared. This approach is commonly known as crisis management. In this approach, providing government assistance to the disadvantaged without empowering them leads to reduced self-reliance and increased dependence on the government. Extensive literature review of drought in Iran shows that most studies in the field of drought have focused on assessment, monitoring and forecasting as well as economic, social and environmental impacts and less attention has been paid to drought risk management and disaster management. Considering the consequences and effects of the drought on the physical dimension and limited attention to its social dimensions, it has been mistakenly turned to physical and technological solutions rather than managerial, social and human activities in order to challenge this phenomenon. One approach which has recently been introduced in management literature is the concept of resilience, a concept that has attracted much attention by researchers and policymakers over the last decade, so it seems that the resilience approach has the potential to be combined with the disaster management approach. In disaster management (drought management), the combination of previous approaches with the resilience approach can provide the capacity for optimal management of the disasters. Based on this approach the notion of local rural areas pursuing social-economic development autonomously of outside influences (whether globalisation, external trade or governmental action) may be an ideal but it is not a practical proposition in contemporary Europe. Within this context, resilience thinking offers two key contributions for rural studies (and specifically the rural development literature). Firstly, resilience offers alternative analytical methods and insights for rural studies. For example, drawing on the emerging regional resilience literature, applying an evolutionary analytical perspective sheds new light on exploring the role of path dependencies in place development,and also indentifying ‘locked-in’ development trajectories based on entrenched interests and institutional apathy. Similarly, the evolutionary approach draws our attention not only to sudden shocks and disturbances within localities but also to ‘slow-burn. A second lesson for rural development from applying a resilience framework is to more fully embed environmental and ecological considerations into rural policy, practices and behaviour. This has two dimensions. The first relates to encouraging a shift towards environmentally sensitive rural lifestyles and consumption patterns This approach emphasizes the capacities, participation, empowerment and learning of the rural community to deal with disasters. The present study has been conducted in terms of applied purpose and quantitatively and seeks to investigate the relationship between community capitasl and resilience through the mediation of disaster management variables in the face of drought. The required data in this research have been collected using library and field methods. The statistical population of this study are the villagers of Khazal, Ghazineh, Kermajan, Fash and Goodin. Survey data were also collected using a questionnaire from 494 villagers as well as about 30 in-depth interviews. The first objective of the study was to assess the drought situation and its consequences in the region. The results obtained from SPI index at different time scales showed that on average 44% of the days of the year experienced drought, with consequences such as low environmental impact. Depths of underground waters, soil erosion, soil salinization, pest and disease and social consequences include mistrust of officials, settlers entering the village, migration and aging of the village face, rising marriage age, as well as economic consequences including livestock sales. Unemployment has driven up agricultural and livestock spending, and so on. Another objective of this study was to study the mechanism of drought management in the region using the Lisrel Structural Studies method. The results showed that most of the indices were reported as desirable and the model fitted well with the data indicating that the items were in agreement with the theoretical construct. Therefore, each component of standard factor loadings, t-statistic and coefficients of determination in different tables and then their respective factor analysis diagrams were presented separately. Finally, due to the nature of the data used for regression and path analysis and give the hidden relationships between independent and dependent variables, it was not possible to use focal analysis method. In order to evaluate the status of community capital before and after the measures performed, paired t-test was used, which showed a significant difference. The results showed that human, financial and political capital had the least impact on drought preparedness and cultural capital. In terms of reduction, financial Also, in order to investigate the relationship and effect of variables, structural equations were used, which using t-test, the relationships between variables are known to be significant and community capital, mediating the disaster management cycle, explains 50% of resilience changes. In this way, social capital has the least impact and physical capital has the most impact on resilience.

geotourism plays an important role in sustainable development through the preservation of native culture and the participation of local communities. Since most geoparks are located in rural areas, it can be said that geotourism is a new move towards rural development. In this paper, the role of geotourism and geopark in the sustainable development of villages of Qeshm Island is studied. Therefore, the present research in terms of purpose is applied, and in terms of method and nature, is descriptive-analytic. The data collection method is based on documentary and survey methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS, Lisrel and GIS software. The statistical population of the study is the households of 20 villages of the island that are located in the area of 23 geosystems Geopark Qeshm. The results of the existing documentary reading show that the growth rate of job opportunities in rural areas of the island have been 2/53 and 4/64 percent in during the years 2006- 2011 and 2011- 2016 , and 28/98 percent of the migration to the villages of Qeshm Island have been with the aim job looking and better job looking. The results of the field study also show that among the three main objectives of the Geopark Global Network, the expansion of geotourism and the establishment of Qeshm geopark has been effective in the conservation of natural and historical heritage, respectively, 98%, in the education and preservation of indigenous culture 84%, and finally in Improving the local community economyhas had an impressive 83%.

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for tourism supply chain management in the mountainous forest villages of central Mazandaran. In this research, rural tourism supply chain management processes were detected through a systematic review and the Delphi method. To analyze the data and to build a model, ISM and Micmac methods were employed. The final model shows that knowledge management is the most basic process in the tourism supply chain in the region. This is owing to the great influence of this process and the lack of its strong dependence on other processes. Information management processes, risk, market, service performance, demand, capacity, and customer relationship have a linking role in this model. These parameters have a great influence and a strong dependence on the other parameters of the chain. Financial management is the most dependent process in the tourism chain of the region with a low influence but a high dependence on the other processes. Order management is an autonomous process in the tourism chain of the studied region. Indeed, it has both a low influence and a low dependence on the other processes of the chain.

This research is applied according to its purpose and based on its nature and method, it is of survey type and descriptive and non-experimental research and the method of collecting field and library information. The statistical population of the research based on the bachelor's standard is equal to 40 experts and the level of village analysis is equal to 40 villages in 9 villages. all questionnaires with a high rate of 0.7 have high reliability. In this study, variables fall into two categories of Independent and dependent variables are divided into 4 criteria. In this research, two-sample test and one-sample t-test, correlation test to measure the correlation between variables, to measure the effects of tourism factors on businesses from univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis. And Chi-square test, Spearman test was used. According to the research results, tourism criteria with an average of 4.71 and Other non-tourism dimensions have relative and moderate upward effects. In fact, according to the classification that was done at the beginning of the study, tourism criteria have much more important effects than non-tourism factors. In conclusion, it should be noted that apparently the effects of different factors on businesses are not very high and are at a medium to high level. Among these, only tourism factors have high impacts, which is closely related to tourism factors and rural businesses. In fact, the set of tourism elements has a more semantic connection with businesse.

Elimination of poverty and social justice in Iran is more important than other countries in terms of explicit religious and legal orders. Since 1979, many civil welfare institutions have been established to the community to work towards welfare and distribution of public services. One of the most important of these institutions is the Imam Khomeini relief committee. The present study aims to investigate the distribution and dispersion of households covered by the Relief Committee at 421 cities of the country and their correlation with economic factors (unemployment and household size) and social factors (rural and literacy rates). The research data were extracted from the statistical journal of 2016 and the public census of 2017. To analyze the data, the Hot Spots method and the local and global statistics Moran’s I and LISA are used as ESDA approaches. Findings of the research indicate that most households that were covered by the Relief Committee were dispersed in the east, south, and southwest of the country. Also, the findings of the Moran’s Index showed that households covered by the Relief Committee across the country was distributed in cluster bundles. The spatial distribution of households covered by the Relief Committee and their spatial correlation with economic factors (unemployment and household size) and social factors (rural and literacy rate) in the counties do not follow a specific pattern, but each region according to local-regional requirements, accepts a particular pattern of correlation.

The problem of crime and insecurity is one of the most important problems in rural and urban areas. Most crimes occur in regions with prone environmental conditions. Inappropriate ambient design provides a suitable environment for criminal actions. The purpose of this study is evaluating the components of environmental quality in order to provide the basis for implementing crime prevention policies in rural areas. Present study is practical in objective and descriptive-analytical in mothed. Data collection is performed by library method, official statistics and field studies (questionnaire). SPSS and Arc GIS softwares are utilized in order to analyze collected data. Statistical society are 35 rural settlements with at least 20 households in Shahriar county, which from these 18 settlements selected randomly. 378 random households selected by Cochran sampling technique in order to extend findings to the statistical society. The findings revealed that three indexes are in a poor conditions including supervision, control and availability, supporting Social activity. Overall average of indexes is 2.90 which implies environment poor conditions in the regions under study. Also, the results of spatial analysis show that according to the environmental design components, 4 villages are in desirable condition, 10 villages are in moderate condition and 4 other villages are in Undesirable condition.

One of the strategies for sustainable development the agricultural sector is business to business collaboration in the form of a cluster that has attracted the attention of the world's scientific communities in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting development of cluster orchard crops business in Kermanshah province. Research paradigm, is mix-method qualitative – quantitative. The research method used in the qualitative section is the Grounded theory and in quantitative section is AHP. The population of the study included experts Industrial Township, Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization the Kermanshah province. The data collection process continued as the theoretical saturation was reached. The results indicated that 65 concepts were extracted from open coding; concepts were classified in 18 subcategories and 4 classes of cluster conditions, cluster development fields, intervening factors and effective strategies for the development of clusters. To prioritize these components, of AHP was used. The results of this section showed that in the created classes, the components of trust, access to manpower, cluster development and government support and support institutions are in the top priority. The results of this research can be used by rural development planners, experts Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and Small Industries Organization and Industrial Township.

economic sustainability aims to create a fair and balanced growth of human societies, Guaranteeing the enjoyment of individual human beings over time without compromising on biological, natural and cultural resources. The purpose of this study was to measure the sustainability of rural economic indicators in Rudbar county. This research is an applied and descriptive-analytic research method, the statistical society is comprised of all households living in rural areas of Rudbar county, which according to the census of 2011 has 37,910 populations and 11929 rural households. Since the number of households in the villages of Rudbar did not have the necessary coherence and consistency, the stratified random sampling method was used, which was classified into 4 categories and Finally, the sample size was determined using the Cochran formula of 327 household heads. To analyze the indicators used by the MORRIS model to evaluate the economic sustainability of sample villages, we use the VIKOR model as well as SPSS and Excel software. The results of the research show that none of the 30 indicators used was stable, 6 indicators have a relatively stable status and 24 other indicators are in an unstable state. It also shows the results of economic sustainability measures among 20 sample villages Chichal village with coefficient of 0.18 at the highest level of sustainability and Joben village with coefficient of 0.88 was the most unsustainable village according to economic indicators.

This study tries to evaluate rural governance and identify its effective factors in a rural area, around Karaj Metropolis, for the achievement of local governance in central Iran. In terms of goal and nature, it is practical, while with regards to its methodology, it serves as a survey. The statistical populations of this research include 53 rural managers of rural settlements as rural governors (Dehyar), 105 rural councils, and 366 heads of village households, selected based on classification sampling within a multi-stage process. Both techniques of PROMETHEE and Analytic Network Process (ANP) have been employed for analysis, level evaluation, and classification of governance in the studied rural area. Based on the parametric method, results show that out of 53 studied local government, 53% had good governance; 25%, average governance; and 22%, weak governance. Furthermore, based on ANP Technique, the rural district (Dehestan) of Adran had the highest governance rank, while the rural district of Kamal Abad had the lowest. In general, the findings show that governance level in the studied local governments were quite desirable. Governance is a multidimensional issue with various definitions and theories thereof the villagers’ attitude towards rural governance and its indicators is restricted.
Practical implications-In the study area, rural governance is in a good position, but some of the rural governance components and indicators are in an unsatisfactory and critical situation and require serious attention for improvement. So far, there has been little attention paid to rural governance in the cities, especially in the peripheral regions of metropolitan areas. Accordingly, the present study is of considerable importance.

This study aimed at measuring the livelihoods of rural farmers based on the field method in Shazand County of Markazi province  of Iran. It was conducted in a documentary, analytical and field method. The statistical population included households in villages of the County. The sample size was calculated 370 rural households by using Cochran formula and was distributed in a cluster classification method among the villages. Field data was collected through questionnaires. The study results showed that the livelihood assets were not equal in terms of sustainability; financial and natural assets with the averages of 2.59 and 2.84 were the most unsustainable and physical asset with an average of 3.52 was the most sustainable dimensions of the framers' livelihoods in the County. Also, the produced interpolation maps showed that the spatial distribution of sustainable livelihood assets followed the eastern-western pattern, so that the eastern villages had more sustainable livelihoods than the western ones.

In rural regions, due to women's significant role, paying to the status of their employment and guidance them to market can provide the situation of better usage of rural society from this potential force. In fact, to identify the current status, factors influencing participation according to local-regional needs and ultimately, to increasingly involve them can provide local economic development and consequently, the national economy. Accordingly, in this study using the exploratory analysis approaches of spatial data, we tried to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of basic economy (LQ) of Iran's rural women in the services sector. The data is extracted from the 1390 population and housing census. For data analysis, local and global statistics Moran's I and LISA as approaches from the ESDA are used. The results indicate that the northern and northwest of the country, including parts of the provinces of Tehran, Qom, Semnan, Markazi, Hamedan, and Mazandaran are from basic areas, and mainly in the northwest of the country, including the provinces of Eastern and western Azarbaijan, Ardabil, and Kurdistan are from non-basic parts, in the field of rural women's employment in the service sector. Also, the results from global Moran's index showed that the spatial distribution of basic economy (LQ) of rural women in the services sector has been distributed as cluster. Spatial distribution of basic economy coefficient and its spatial association with literacy value and pastoralism value using global self-correlation shows that spatial association of literacy value and pastoralism value with basic economy coefficient in Iran's rural regions does not function from a certain pattern, but each region accepts a certain pattern of associations due to local-regional needs.

The purpose of this study was to design a model to develop a series of businesses for the cluster processing of garden products in Kermanshah province and its relationship with rural development. This study is based on a qualitative research design and the grounded theory method. The study population included the experts of the industrial town and the horticulture industry affiliated to the Agriculture Organization of Kermanshah province as well as cluster developers in the province. They were selected through purposeful sampling. A total of 83 concepts related to the research topic were extracted through open coding. These concepts were formulated in 23 subcategories that formed the conceptual basis for the cluster development of businesses in garden products. Geographic focus, trust, cooperation and competition, opportunities and challenges facing businesses as causal conditions, entrepreneurship and collective identity, access to appropriate infrastructures and markets, regional economic prosperity and access to appropriate technology, cluster development agents, startups, existence of boycott and climate change are the tenets, concepts, and phenomena that need the attention or support of the government and the institutions involved. Also, business synchronization, training of the workforce and effective provision of business services are considered as the interaction strategies for the cluster development of horticultural products in Kermanshah province. The outcome of such a state of affairs would be agricultural development, economic development, market development, human development and socio-cultural development. Designing this native model can set an example to follow by rural development planners, industrial towns, the Agricultural Organization, the practitioners of the related businesses, and gardeners

A key strategic factor for improving the effectiveness of tourism services and achieving better goals, such as increased competition, better service to customer and increased profitability, is the evaluation of the performance of rural tourism supply chain management. The review of previous studies shows, There is weakness in the Available frameworks for explaining the performance model of tourism supply chain. The purpose of this research is to develop a comprehensive framework of manufacturing processes for supply chain management services in the tourism sector with a systematic review. The present research is fundamental. Dimensions and components of tourism supply chain management between 2000 and 2017 were identified and analyzed by using systematic review. Information required has been gathered, firstly, by searching the 6 keywords " in 15 scientific journals. After searching, screening and qualitative evaluation of the studies, 42 papers were selected for final analysis. By analyzing the articles, 11 processes and 136 components were identified and proposed. This study shows that performance evaluation in the tourism supply chain is less than other service supply chains. Most studies in the field of tourism supply chain performance evaluation are single-dimensional, dispersed, and without systematic and process look. The proposed framework would help service-based companies in managing the effectiveness and the efficiency of rural tourism supply chain and to trace areas that need improvement through evaluating, monitoring and controlling rural tourism supply chain processes’ performance.

Undoubtedly, manufacturing and exploiting civil projects such as dams and irrigation and drainage networks have inevitable and unexpected negative effects on the environment and economic and social grounds of a region. Accordingly, in this study, the researcher explores the social effects of irrigation and drainage networks of Kavoshan dam followed by the analysis of users` satisfaction level from these networks.
Firstly,it was necessary to compare development level of social indicators in the villages under the coverage of drainage and irrigation network of Gavoshan dam and the results showed that village Cheshmeh Kaboud has the highest rate of exploitation from social indicators to use irrigation and drainage networks among 6 villages followed byGoharChegha,Gandab, Siahchegha,Jelogireh and Khoshinanolia.Based on the evidence collected,88% of beneficiaries stated that they benefited from irrigation and drainage networks and 12% did not benefit from these networks.
The results of investigating the villagers` exploitation from the benefits of using irrigation and drainage networks show that in the importance of priority, increasing revenue through agriculture is one the benefits from the irrigation and drainage networks for 81.3% of the villagers.
On the other hand, the results of villagers` experiencing the harms of using irrigation and drainage networks show that in the importance of priority , increase of conflict and dispute overed 28% of beneficiaries while others were spared of this harm.

Rural good governance is a comparative approach that can be realized through behavior, regulation, the institutionalization of accountability, popular participation, transparency, legality, accountability, consensus, etc. In this regard, this study aimed to explain the spatial pattern of rural good governance in the villages of Karaj Township in Iran with a practical nature using a survey and documentary approach. Required data are 35Rural Governor, 503Islamic rural councils and 533rural householders who have been selected based on classification sampling during a multi-stage process.
In this research, spatial distribution and rural governance rank of local governments have been used PROMETHEE and ANP techniques. In order to investigate the relationship between the factors affecting rural governance and the spatial pattern of rural good governance in the studied area and the effect of these two on each other, the linear regression model and coefficient of determination (R2) technique have been used. Also, for assessing the model conditions, the suitability of the fitted model was examined by using variance analysis and coefficient of determination of the model.
The results of the research show that %53, %25 and %22 of the studied villages enjoy good, medium and weak levels of rural governance respectively.
Also, the results of rural good governance indexes in local governments indicate that participation, transparency, accountability, and consensus have been the most important affecting indices on local governments and Equity, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability and legitimacy have been the weakest ones.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of border markets in rural areas to promote socio-economic indicators frontier in 3 KhawMirabad district, zarivar and Sarkol is in the township of Marivan. The research purpose is cross-functional and in terms of data collection. For collecting information and documents in the field of survey based on a questionnaire and interviews were used. The study population consisted of 3094 people, of whom 360 subjects were selected. The validity of the questionnaire, alpha coefficient, was 0.74 percent, also with 30 subjects to complete the findings, in-depth individual interviews took place. The surveyed villages in three categories based on the distance from the border (distance, intermediate and near) classification and 18 villages (in each 6 villages) were selected as examples. In order to analyze the data from one sample t test, chi-square test and ANOVA test was used on spss software, as well as for spatial analysis and map generation based on statistical data, clustering methods with low / lot, spatial autocorrelation analysis of hot spots and IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) in the GIS software is used. The results show that border markets have Could not frontier in terms of economic indicators on rural areas have good performance. As is expressed in the research, border markets on the border villages in the medium distance (15-5Kylvmtry) more effective than the remote villages of the border and near the border have had. But the markets have in the promotion of social indicators, including social participation, the spirit of teamwork and social interaction with neighboring villages and Iraq also have a positive impact. Also, the presence of non-native people in villages near the border have increased significantly.

Nowadays, uncontrolled land use changing is one of the major challenge of the agricultural section of Iran, Hence, a big part of agricultural lands and also forest lands turned out of production cycle and natural resource. The research method applied in this study was descriptive-analytical and which analyzed Physical and political variables as effecting factors on land use changing. The results obtained from the satellite pictures during from nineteen seventy-seven to Two thousand and fifteen indicated that, forest lands decreased from thirty eight percent to three percent. While the surface area of construction increased from six percent to eighteen percent. As well, political factors was more efficient from social factors. . Poor encounter with law breakers, Administrative weakness in informing the owners of agricultural land, Lack of government monitoring, Corruption and bands playing between some staff were the mail factor that influenced land use change. in the end we assume some proposition for land use extreme change problems.

IntroductionToday the identification, control and prevention of loss of life and property damage in relation with hazards is one of the most important issues. This issues requires special attention and planning in this area. Earthquake, is considered as one of the hazards and natural disasters that Creates serious damage to land and structures. This damages are caused the much loss of life. The earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occasionally vibrates the earth and causes damages. The earthquake could be a disaster due to unfamiliarity and inability of human when confronting it. It will be more intensive when unreasonable action of human occurs. The social factors have determined effects on household vulnerability as compared to other elements which must be investigated. The 6 region of Tehran is more vulnerable to possible events of earthquake because of centrality in Tehran, existence of ministries, embassies, higher education institutes, health centers, hospitals and big economic companies. Therefore, with regard to the importance of this issue, the recent research will evaluate and analyses the social vulnerability among households in neighbors of 6 region of Tehran.
Methodology The recent study is on the basis of a descriptive-analytical method. Statistical population of the research consists of total households of 6 region of Tehran including 29051 families. The number of data for sampling were estimated 331 households according to Cochran formulae from which on the basis of classified sampling method and optimum allocation and ratio of number of blocks in each neighbor were determined. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed using experts and faculty members. The reliability of awareness scales and reaction readiness against earthquake hazards using Cronbach's alpha were 0.751 and 0.79, respectively, which were acceptable. A numeric code was allocated to each question to quantitative it and hot spot technique was used to determine the upper and lower points and Kriging interpolation was employed to generalize the results of the point value to the area and fuzzy technique was used for indexation. Also, for combining layers, weight of each layer is required. There are different techniques for determining weight. In this study Delphi technique was used. Finally, to measure, saw techniques have been used
Results and discussionTehran's sixth region is one of the 22 districts of Tehran. This region, because of the centrality and the existence of important land use, have a great importance in Tehran city. Kriging interpolation was used to regionalize the physiological factors of social vulnerability for different indices viz. sex, and age, physical and mental disability. Sex vulnerability was high in Shariati, Vlie-Asr, Ghaem magham- Sanaee and Abbasabad neighbours. Age index vulnerability was less in the region and it was lesser in the neighbours such as Vlie-Asr and Laleh Park as compared to others. The physical and mental disability was low in the region and it was higher in the neighbours like Vlie-Asr, Iranshahr and Laleh Park but lesser in Amirabad, Gandi and Argentine-Saee as compared to others. The results show that a heterogeneity was found among households and it was more in south and north of the region. Ownership vulnerability in Iranshahr, Abbasabad, Behjatabad and Ghaem magham- Sanaee was higher as compared to other neighbours. The results revealed that the awareness of head of households was more in accordance with earthquake and a negative relationship among awareness, sex, ownership, ethnicity and vulnerability were found using Pearson correlation coefficient. Although, a positive relationship among education, income and vulnerability were found.
The results revealed that preparedness of the head of household was less in relation to earthquake and an indirect relationship was found between preparedness and sex, age and ethnicity. Although, a direct and positive relation was discovered between preparedness and education, income and ownership. Kriging interpolation method was used to regionalize the cognitive factors of social vulnerability in preparedness and awareness indices against earthquake. Accordingly, the vulnerability in terms of preparedness and awareness indices in the area was moderate and the household’s awareness was more as compared to preparedness for response in 6 regions.
Kriging interpolation method was also used to regionalize the demographics factors of social vulnerability in education level and population density indices against earthquake. The results showed that regionalization of the demographics factors the education level was high, the population density was moderate, and it was high in southern neighbors. The vulnerability in different dimension was as follows: It was high in Shariati, Vlie-Asr, and Abbasabad neighbors but it was low in Amirabad, Ghezel Ghaleh and Jahad square at physiologic dimension; It was high in Gandi, Iranshahr, University of Tehran and Behjat Abad but was low in Amirabad and Nosrat neighbors at demographics dimension; It was high in University of Tehran, Amirabad, Gandi, Behjat Abad and Abbasabad but it was low in Vlie-Asr, Laleh park, Fatemi and Ghaem magham- Sanaee at cognitive dimension. The total Vulnerability: the total Vulnerability (Social one) was high in Shariati, University of Tehran, Behjatabad, Ghaem magham-Sanaee, Gandi, and Abbasabad (0.6 to 0.8) but it was low in Amirabad and Ghezel Ghaleh (0.2 to 0.4) and it was moderate in other neighbours (0.4 to 0.6).
ConclusionAccording to the results of the study, it could be concluded that the neighbors of 6 region of Tehran did not have the same vulnerability against earthquake due to various socio-economic conformations. For example, Amirabad, Ghezel Ghaleh and Shiraz had less vulnerability but Shariati, University of Tehran, Behjatabad, Ghaem magham-Sanaee, Gandi and Abbasabad had high vulnerability as compared to other neighbors. In overall, it should be noted that the management activities need to reduce the vulnerability on the basis of characteristics of neighbors. Another important point in the results of the investigation is the situation and spatial distribution of each of the dimensions of social vulnerability. Based on the maps produced The highest balance and the lowest vulnerability is related to the economic dimension.