فهرست مطالب alireza soltani

Industrial towns with the aim of establishing organized small and medium-sized, quick-yielding and even large industries based on the optimal location of industrial activities and the coordination of industries with local and cultural conditions and the optimal use of existing production capacities in each province will increase the efficiency of the economic system; In this regard, Khuzestan province is considered one of the main hubs of industry and services in the country, and the country's officials have always referred to this province as a strategic province in terms of the country's development, if the state of industry and services in the country, especially Khuzestan province, is Let's take a look at one of the main poles of the country's industry. Therefore, in order to investigate how the implementation of the aforementioned plan works, this research has tried to analyze the success and failure of the employment policies of high-yielding enterprises in Khuzestan province; In this regard, the question raised is how the success and failure of the employment policies of the fast-yielding company have been ranked and diagnosed? In fact, the lack of systematic planning and policy-making in accordance with the needs of the province, the weakness and inefficiency of the monitoring system in the executive field has caused that, in a macro view, organizational-executive variable, environmental-executive variable, operational-executive variable and psychological-executive variable affect the success and failure of early-yielding enterprise projects in the executive field. Khuzestan province) to have a significant effect. But this significance should be interpreted as which is the priority; Therefore, for the purpose of social pathology and planning, the purpose and necessity of the research is more justified; Based on this, the research results show that all fouorganizational and operational priorities hKolmogorov-Smirnov test was usade at the end to help future researches.

The Study of Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of Social Capital in International Relation Abstract Social capital is one of the new Found Concepts In Inter discipline studies the it has Consider also international relations studies under of "international social Capital that . Immaturity emerged and of the in the conceptual and resulting from the complexity and neglect in the conceptual and theoretical development has caused its that have a real station yet. for this reason the preliminary and passing Consider of some researcher with international social capital, with respect the background that has been domestic, the mentioned idea to be a strange debates in international relations and a rule that is inconsistent and lacks conceptual and theoretical aford ability it seems. The purpose of this article is promate clear up the conceptual and theoretical dibit of this component in theoretical studies of international relations. This research has been done by using the analytical- describptivea Method and also using library Resources, and this is the question this article: What is the theoretical and conceptual basis of international social capital in discourse of international relations? The results show that, social capital is a metaphorical gem which according to the ratio and scope of new concepts of international relations with consept abstract and metaphorical concepts international social capital is also developed and conceptually and theoretically be descripted explained by relying on the metaphorical structures of the origin field,there is a conceptual and theoretical. 

The increasing complexities and decreasing capacity of planning and policy management are among the most important topics related to the development and management of tourism planning, decentralization, self-management and regional management. As we have seen, in recent years, many researches have been conducted in this field and a mutual relationship has been established between the three variables of political science and management, planning and policy-making in order to plan for development. But there are two methods for developing and managing tourism planning; In the first method of governance, the central government is in charge of all affairs, in fact, the system is centrally managed and planned, in the second method, which is called governance, local management and planning are among the four main pillars of local governance, namely municipalities, local councils. , non-governmental organizations and the private sector are divided, each of these pillars provide resources for development and management. The article tries to answer this question, how can the main pillars of the local government, by providing the necessary resources and their potential, manage and plan tourism and accelerate the process of planning, policymaking and development? It seems that the main pillars with their joint relationship and providing resources accelerate the process of management and development, the municipality provides resources and technical facilities, local councils are the source of civil society (including social and cultural assets), the private sector It provides management resources and effective productivity methods, and non-governmental organizations are institutions created by the people, which are the source of empowering citizens for local responsibility.

Space has increasingly shaped the discourse of international relations in the 21st century. Space has always been an attractive area for cooperation and competition between governments and especially great powers. Space is a relatively new and developing scene in the international system. The launch of Sputnik not only created the space race, but also accelerated the arms race and intensified the Cold War between the two rival superpowers. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union dominated space activities. At the same time as the competition that has formed in space, there are sometimes collaborations, the International Space Station is one of the projects that brings together space countries and is seen as a symbol of cooperation between governments in space. However, there is still a sense of competition for supremacy in space even in the presence of such cooperation among all governments, whether those who are superior in terms of space technology or those who have less technological ability. The main question in this article is what role does space play in cooperation and competition between great powers? The hypothesis is that the great powers were always competing and seeking superiority in space from the beginning, and based on the theory of neo-realism, they cooperate with each other in space only to secure their interests and protect their space assets.

Today, the dependency between energy consumption and water use has become an important issue in pressurized irrigation networks. In addition to the problem of water scarcity, rising energy costs are also a challenge for the agricultural sector. The objective of this study was to investigate different strategies to reduce energy consumption in the pressurized irrigation network of Saleh Abad.

For this purpose, firstly, minor changes affecting energy consumption including change in diameter of lateral pipe were evaluated. In this level, evaluated scenarios were lateral pipe diameters in mm 63 and 75. Hydraulic analysis of irrigation network was calculated using WaterGems software and energy consumption in different pumping stations was calculated using energy audit. In the second level of evaluation, four scenarios were defined to reduce energy consumption in the irrigation networks by structural changes in the irrigation network based on energy audit strategies, critical point control, network sectoring and pumping station management. The scenarios were (i) network sectoring without changing the main canal line, (ii) change of main canal line to pipe line, (iii) implementation a new first pipe line for a part of the network that is irrigated by gravity water, and (iv) elimination of the secondary pumping station by increasing the primary pumping station head. In the scenarios i, ii and iii, the part of the irrigation network lands was determined that could be irrigated without the need for a secondary pumping station. In this scenarios, the energy saving was calculated in a new condition by varying the type or number of pumps in secondary pumping stations to provide upstream discharge and head requirements.

The results showed that according to the topographic conditions of the network, changing the diameter of the laterals had no effect on saving energy. Also, the results showed that by network sectoring and applying scenarios(i), (ii), and (iv), the irrigated area without the need for a secondary pumping station were 610.8, 1591.5 and 1621.8 hectares, the energy saving in secondary pumping station were 14.6, 46.1 and 47.4% and the total energy consumed in network were 3.9, 12.4 and 12.7%, respectively. In the scenario iv, the primary pumping station was optimized. The result indicated that if the pumps type of the primary pumping station were changed and the water reservoir was implemented in higher level, it would be possible to eliminate the secondary pumping stations. In this case, the total area network (2820 ha) was irrigated without the secondary pump station and the energy saving was 8.46%.

The results of this study showed that changing the diameter of the lateral pipe had no significant effect on the energy consumption of the network. Also, the results showed that network sectoring and changes in main pipeline, it is possible to save up to 3121 MWh in the annual energy consumption of the network. Therefore, it is suggested that, network sectoring based on the input pressure of hydrants and the use of gravity, in the design of irrigation and drainage networks, considered as an effective solution to reduce energy consumption.

In the law of the fourth development plan, the government approved the executive regulation for the development of small, quick-yielding economic enterprises and entrepreneurs in order to solve the problem of unemployment and create employment. The mentioned project started its activity in 2014 and now it has been almost a decade since this project has been active. Therefore, in order to examine how the implementation of the mentioned plan works, this research has tried to analyze the key factors in the success and failure of the government's employment creation policies in Khuzestan province (high-yielding enterprises) between 1384-1391; In this regard, the question arises that how are the government's employment policies in Khuzestan province (small enterprises), the key factors of its success and failure, ranked and diagnosed? In fact, the lack of systematic planning and policy-making in accordance with the needs of the province, the weakness and inefficiency of the monitoring system in the executive field has caused that, in a macro view, executive-organizational factors, executive-environmental factors, executive-operational factors and executive-psychological factors affect the success and failure of early-yielding enterprise projects in the executive field. Khuzestan province) to have a significant effect. But this significance should be interpreted as which is the priority; Therefore, for the purpose of social pathology and planning, the purpose and necessity of the research is more justified; Based on this, the research results show that all four factors with environmental, psychological, organizational and operational priorities have a significant effect. Also, the above results have been obtained

Throughout history, justice has had different meanings in the thought of various schools and philosophers. This research, by applying two concepts of justice, i.e. Rawls's social justice and Friedman's and Hayek's neoliberal justice, with the slogans and performance of the Ahmadi government, wants to answer this question with an analytical and descriptive method. The 9th and 10th governments that came to work with the slogan of providing social justice, were they able to finally achieve their goals and establish social justice? The hypothesis of this research is that in the end, despite the slogan of social justice, Ahmadinejad, like his previous governments, continued with neoliberal policies and failed to fulfill the slogan of social justice. What was determined by examining the policies and statistics is that although partial and low-impact policies such as Mehr housing were used in the direction of social justice, in the end these policies failed to achieve their goals due to the weakness of expertise and the lack of efforts to change the economic track. make this government a reality and although in some years they temporarily changed indicators such as the Gini coefficient, in the end the 10th government ended its work with negative indicators in terms of social justice

The election contests of 1992 started in a situation where the chaos of the economic conditions under the influence of the policies of the tenth government caused the exchange rate to rise, the inequality increased and inflation was rampant. Analytical and descriptive economic and social policies during the eight-year presidency of Hassan Rouhani from the point of view of the realization of social justice, what the research has reached in its investigation shows that this government, although in its first period, relied on the western approach Garianeh has had temporary successes, but in the end, due to inaction and relying too much on the West, he followed the same path as the Ahmadinejad government, and under the influence of the neoliberal approaches governing Iran's economy, he not only failed to end social inequalities, but also increased these inequalities. From the beginning, this research is trying to answer the question that the approaches and economic conditions in Rouhani's government have had an impact on the field of social justice in Iranian society, and it has followed the hypothesis that the predominance of neoliberal approaches over economic policies will lead to the realization of social justice. In the first Rouhani government, he faced the challenge, in addition to the intensification of economic sanctions and the weakness of economic management, in the second term of the government, the conditions of social justice faced a bigger problem.

Despite having common cultural values and ideas with other neighboring countries, Iran faces a serious challenge in using cultural and media diplomacy in economic relations. These weaknesses have caused the merchants to find new export routes; to face challenges. The investigations of this research from official sources based on the statistics of 2019 show that Iran's exports to neighboring countries are unbalanced and less than its capacities. These studies show that Iran provides only1.76percent (one and seventy-two hundred percent) of the import needs of 15 neighboring countries. This trade share shows a great distance from the principles of global trade with neighbors. It seems that by strengthening media and cultural diplomacy along with other economic components, Iran's commercial share in neighboring countries has increased. For the pathology of cultural and media diplomatic capacities in Iran's economic and commercial relations with neighboring countries, in this article, relying on the theoretical foundations of neoliberal institutionalism, the issue has been investigated. It is assumed that the adoption of a model of modern economic diplomacy that simultaneously pays attention to cultural exchange with the components of cultural diplomacy, peace-oriented communication with the components of media diplomacy, and economic-oriented foreign policy with the components of economic diplomacy will lead to the expansion of Iran's economic and commercial relations in neighboring countries.The present research is "applied" in terms of its purpose and "descriptive-correlation" and "causal-communicative" in terms of method.

Character is an important element in the story, and the audience, especially children and young people, learn the most important basics of life through modeling and feeling identification with the people in the story; Therefore, investigating the portrayal of character elements in stories, especially child and youth characters, is particularly important in this context, and the purpose of this research is to investigate these types of characters in popular stories in Bakhtiari culture based on Documentary method with a descriptive-analytical approach. The result of the research shows that in the investigated stories, the number of children and young people is more than adults; Girls have a stronger role than boys. In terms of social class, most of the characters of children and young people belong to the lower class, and despite the presence of more female characters, the main character of most of the stories is chosen from the male characters. Among the physical characteristics, more attention has been paid to the beauty of the girl's face and long hair, and the shooting, hunting, physical strength and good looks of the boy, and among the emotional and moral characteristics, more attention has been paid to their courage, kindness, intelligence, wisdom and loyalty .

In Iran, since the beginning of oil exploration, the governments have not been able to properly exploit oil. If the oil revenues are not used properly, a rentier government will be formed and the Dutch disease will plague the national economy. The peak of the rentier government can be seen between 1353 and 1356. The Pahlavi government was a rentier state because it regularly received huge amounts of foreign rent. Therefore, Iran's oil revenues have little connection with the domestic economy and the domestic labor force. In fact, with the increase in oil revenues, the Pahlavi regime's independence from the domestic society reached such a degree that the government began to change the social structure and created support groups for itself and created supporting groups for himself and weakened opposing social groups such as marketers and clerics, which was one of the reasons for the formation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Therefore, the question of this article is what effect did the structure of the rentier government have on the collapse of the Pahlavi government? And it is also the hypothesis that following the increase of oil revenues of the Pahlavi government by creating an absolute political structure and destroying the capacities and foundations of the production-oriented economy and based on tax revenues, it provided the basis for political, social and economic dissatisfaction and ultimately the collapse of the political system. This article is written in an analytical and descriptive way and its information is collected in a library way. In the end, the conclusion has been reached that the oil-owning countries, especially Iran, have no way to restore their economy except to exit from the single-product economy and increase tax revenues.

Iran’s uneven experience in its economic development process during the last decades, which seemingly culminated in the JCPOA process and continuous efforts made at the removal of sanctions, has made Iran revise its choice of partners in the international scene in order to attain economic development. In the meantime, world developments and the shift in power paradigm based on economy or in other words, the new international order relying on economic variables provide observes with a new outlook. In the existing order, economic rivalries based on technology, communications and information provide the basis for the formation of power structure in the international system. The major players of the international system, which give rise to such rivalries and form international interactions and transactions, include rising economic powers. To investigate this issue, this article proposed the following question: What are the place and role of the rising economies comparatively in the process of Iran’s economic development? To answer it, a hypothesis is put forward which suggests that considering Iran’s development conditions and structure, rising economies possess a salient place in development relations with Iran because of their flexibility in relations, and cheap, low cost, low risk, non-political and efficient characteristics.

Iran and China as two important and influential countries in the international system, have common interests and goals to expand cooperation in various fields. China's various capabilities, especially in the political and economic fields, have made this country an important activist in the field of international politics.The signing of the 25-year comprehensive cooperation document between Iran and China in April 2021 has been met with a lot of positive and negative opinions. Considering the recent regional developments, the China-US dispute, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the acceptance of Iran's official membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the effects and consequences of the spread of the Corona virus and the changes in global value chains and the direction of investments, the power structure in the system. The international community will most likely change in the next few years, and in this regard, adopting a suitable strategy in relations with China is one of the most important goals and priorities of Iran's foreign policy.In fact, in the era of complex interdependence, China has a high capacity and ability to strengthen the current development process in Iran, and therefore, in the upcoming article, we are seeking to find out the fields and requirements of achieving the goals of the comprehensive document of 25 years of cooperation between Iran and China from a political and economic point of view, executive and development-oriented within the framework of the theory of complex interdependence to investigate and feasibility.

The purpose of life "is one of the most fundamental philosophical issues in the modern age. One of the most important philosophical, psychological and religious issues of man in the new era and the era of industrialization of societies and the all-round progress of science and technology is life, which is what we deal with every day. The purpose of this research is to raise the issue of life purpose, to express different views in general and to express Sartre's view in particular and to critique it. Because this study takes a fresh look at the purpose of life, it can be used by anyone who is concerned with or working in this field. And it has been absurd, and with death it rejoins nothingness. So we humans only exist a short distance away and have no choice but to be active. From the point of view of existentialists, it is human beings who can and should determine their goals and purposes of life and give meaning and meaning to their lives while creating and changing the nature of themselves. If man does not live for a purpose beyond his own, the emptiness and inherent meaninglessness of life will swallow him up and drown him in despair and despair. In his plays, he deals with the meaning of life in various ways.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying factors affecting the success or failure of the development of the structure and organization of the tourism industry in Lorestan province. In terms of methodology, the current research is of a descriptive-survey type and is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research is the statistical population of all the managers of tourism service organizations, local tourism (government, private or related) who are members of the trade association providing services based on tourism, who have a license from the government, and who, according to the statistics of the organization of Lorestan province

Large societies are based on the idea of a common identity for a nation. Therefore, governments are trying different ways to help create such a society by educating, creating and strengthening common values, supporting a national identity, etc. It is through which a society transfers its political culture from one generation to another. Since military service is a place to teach discipline to young people and prepare them to accept other roles, based on this, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the political socialization of conscript students in the process of in-service training. In terms of method, the current research is a descriptive survey type, and data collection was done by questionnaire method, and content validity and construct validity were used to verify the validity. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics have been used. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire of political socialization of duty students was used. This scale has included 18 items, which have been measured in the form of 5 components of the formation of political values and beliefs - service to the elevation of the homeland - political participation - respect for the sovereignty of the political system - adherence to commitments, action and behavior through the statistical community. According to the obtained results, the first, second, and fifth components were evaluated as favorable, and the third and fourth components have met the level of satisfaction to some extent, but still the lack of effective and efficient policies regarding these components is evident and tangible and should be taken into consideration by the policy makers.

If we consider foreign policy as a "system", decision-making and policy-making is the brain of the thinker, and the processes and factors that affect them are the "main subsystems" in this framework. It has been the subject of extensive research to examine the circumstances under which indicators and based on what purpose and motivation could play a more important role in a policy.Foreign policy policy-making is the decision-making to ensure the national interest in bargaining between policymakers and public variables emanating from the heart of society, namely think tanks, think tanks, media, non-governmental organizations, unions and guilds, parties and think tanks. Their role in EU foreign policy on JCPOA is the subject of this article.The European Union, one of the most important players in the international system since its inception and one of the most influential in ensuring international peace and security, has also made resolving the Iranian nuclear issue, which has been one of the main challenges in this field for the past 20 years, a priority. This article examines the structure and process of foreign policy of the Union and their relationship with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Program to recognize the role and impact of public variables in the BRICS and the result on the importance and influence of these variables in concluding the agreement. Its implementation and maintenance are emphasized by mentioning the details.

Political socialization is the basic for social security, which is one of the essential needs of society and the transfer of the strengths, stability and continuity of any political system. No doubt that ignoring it will increase the indifference of the people of society towards the fate of the country and their vulnerability to the false propaganda of the enemies. The present paper, which is the result of research in this context, examines the role of service training in the maintenance and development of social security with the political socialization approach. This research has dealt with the qualitative method, descriptive method with content analysis tools and the comments of five elites and high ranking military leaders and decision makers in the area of service. To achieve the goal by using the interview method, gathering information and analyzing the data, we examine the issue significantly and ultimately to the results of current policies regarding the current policies for political socialization. In order to collect data, the interview method was used. As evident in the final assessment of the interview conducted with the officials and policy makers, there is a great deal of respect for the components of our formation, values and political beliefs, service to the top of the homeland, and adherence to commitments, action and behavior that we have desired, and there is less attention in training the component of the political participation and the component of respect for the sovereignty of the political system.

A B S T R A C TQuality of urban life is one of the rationales that has been considered in various sciences. In the meantime, knowledge of urban geography studies the quality of life in the environment and its impact on the performance of citizens. Today, quality of life is the highest level in socio-economic planning goals and has two mental and objective dimensions. The mental dimension pays attention to a person's perception of the quality of life of himself and those around him and is a qualitative and relative concept that can affect the social participation of people in cities. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life from a mental perspective and its effects on social participation and information collection in the form of documents and surveys (questionnaires). The calculated KMO test value is 0/7 and the result of the Bartlett test is less than 0/01 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0/941, which indicates sufficient and acceptable validity and reliability of the questionnaire tool. the findings show that independent variables generally explain 0/99 per cent of the changes in social participation in Tabriz city. so the quality of the urban environment has a direct effect on the participation of citizens in urban affairs by 0/412 per cent, social health by 0/301 per cent and physical health of 0/296 per cent. there is a significant relationship between the quality of the subjective dimensions and the social participation of citizens in the cityExtended abstractIntroductionConsidering that sustainable development and quality of life emphasize human needs on this basis and considering that the quality of human life is a function of the level of human needs and the level of satisfaction of individuals or groups from this level or in other words a function of human needs interaction and mental perception from their realization. In the meantime, citizen participation as a human sovereignty in decision-making has always been one of the important values ​​of public administration. So that the participation of citizens in public affairs is one of the key measures for social justice. According to studies, the city of Tabriz is divided into ten regions, among which inequalities are felt in terms of the level of urban facilities and living standards, which is examined by examining the relationship between quality of life from the mental dimension and citizen participation in city administration. Using its results, it attracted the attention of decision-makers, decision-makers, executors and even citizens to recognize the problems of quality of life, economic, social, cultural and physical of the city in order to provide solutions for scientific and practical programs. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of life in the mental dimension and its effects on social participation in Tabriz city, and seeks to answer the following question: - what are the effects of quality of life in the mental dimension on social participation in Tabriz city? MethodologyThe present study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical researches in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Data collection in the form of documents and survey (questionnaire) that social participation with 10 questions and mental well-being with 60 questions has been done. Calculated KMO test value 0.7. The result of Bartlett test is less than 0.01 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient is greater than 0.7, which indicates sufficient and acceptable validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Chi-square, Pearson test and Somers’d in order to investigate the relationship between research variables to examine the linear relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable and to compare the mean of research variables, analysis of variance and SPSS26 software program based on a significance level of 0.05 has been exerted. The statistical population of the study includes the residents of Tabriz, which according to Cochran's formula, the sample size is 400 people. The sampling method was probabilistic and simple random sampling. For data analysis, one-sample T test and path analysis test in the form of DPSIR model were exerted. Results and discussionBased on the studies and theoretical findings and field studies conducted in the study area, the results are as following:According to the results, for the variables of "social participation" and "quality of life in the mental dimension", a significant value of analysis of variance test (less than 0.05 (0.042)) has been obtained. Therefore, the mean of this variable is significantly different between participants in different regions. The average score of mental well-being among the participants in the region is 9 times 198.1 and is significantly higher than the others. Therefore, "the situation of mental indicators of urban quality of life in different areas of Tabriz, has a significant difference" and "the situation of social participation of citizens in the regions of Tabriz, has a significant difference." Also in the field of social participation, the research results indicate that out of the total number of respondents (400 people), 10 people equal to 2.5% that is "low", 263 people equal to 65.8% that is "average" and 127 people equal to 31.7% that is "high". The results of the satisfaction of quality of life in the mental dimension show that the level of mental well-being in 109 people is equal to 27.3% ("high"), 247 people equal to 61.8% ("average") and 44 people equal to 0.11% ("low ") which there is a difference between the dimensions of quality of life in the mental dimension from the perspective of citizens in different parts of Tabriz. Considering that the significance value of Somers’d is less than 0.05, so there is a significant relationship between social participation and quality of life in the mental dimension. Therefore, there is no significant relationship between citizens' participation in urban affairs and the level of mental well-being in the city of Tabriz. ConclusionConsidering that the results of the research have shown that there is a two-way relationship between quality of life and citizen participation in urban affairs in the city of Tabriz between mental quality of life and social participation in the development of the country. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Statement Problem: 

To achieve sustainable development of urban areas, one of the key aspects is the possibility of monitoring the quality of life in all its dimensions, namely social, economic and environmental dimensions, which requires the implementation of tools that can identify the main dimensions of human satisfaction.             

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the well-being and quality of life of people in the city of Tabriz based on the basic components with reference to the theory of "age" capabilities.

Descriptive analysis was performed using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the population of Tabriz, whose sample size was 382 based on the Cochran's formula. For data analysis, structural equations were used by exploratory method and second-order factor analysis using Amos and Spss software.                                                                                

The results showed that the main determinants of mental well-being in the field of personal perceptions, economic conditions, security, environmental quality and educational opportunities. Welfare conditions in regions 7, 9 and 6 are very low, while in contrast, 2, 1 and 5 showed the highest levels of welfare among the regions of Tabriz. By focusing on area 7, it can be seen. This area shows the lowest values ​​for the three main dimensions of the four main dimensions of welfare, which seems to be significant.     

As a result, in order for the city residents to reach the desired level of welfare and quality of life, double attention should be paid.

Foreign policies are the extension of domestic policies to the international arena and constitute a major part of the public policymaking process. To better understand the factors affecting the international decision-making process, it is essential to identify the role of domestic policies and the extent to which they affect foreign policies. Inspired by institutionalism, most European countries have entrusted a great number of their governance affairs to the European Union (EU). Foreign policies make a major part of these governance affairs. Different public factors and variables affect the foreign policymaking process in EU. These factors influence the policymaking authority in the ratification and enforcement of decisions and policies. This paper introduces and identifies major public non-governmental variables that affect the decision-making process in EU, and answers the question, how important are public variables in the foreign policymaking process and what role do they play? Adopting a desk research methodology, this analytical study investigates the cycle of foreign policymaking with an emphasis on the role NGOs, multinational corporations, media, unions and guilds, think tanks, polling agencies, councils, and parties play in passing and enforcing foreign policies. As powerful democracies, all EU member states possess various active groups of stakeholders/beneficiaries that try different avenues to affect governmental decisions in a multitude of issues. When policies used to be adopted locally or nationally, these groups paid greater attention to the local and national decision-making process; however, they have been focused on international and European scales, especially since the time the decisions and policies started to be adopted across Europe. These groups, which are made up of members from European communities, endeavor to enter major institutions such as the European Commission and the European Parliament, and affect the decisions made by them. In other words, these groups grow and adapt themselves to the new/present state of affairs in keeping with the Europeanization process in the political sphere, which was once reserved for national governments. In conclusion, the paper delves into the current foreign policy issues and problems/crises in EU and shows that public variables number among the most important factors affecting the foreign policymaking process in EU and continue to gain momentum.

Moving toward space was largely the result of the competition of terrestrial superpowers for planetary hegemony. Moving toward space has created a new criterion for recognizing the promotion of power and allocation of credit in the global community. The exploration and space technologies of the two superpowers, made the competition between them more intense. The launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union marked the beginning of the space race. Finally, the United States declared itself the winner of the space race by landing on the moon. But then not only did the rivalry between the two countries not end, but it also called on other countries, such as China, India, Japan and some European countries. From the beginning of the space age until now, military activities have been an important part of the goals of the powers. The main question is how space has played a role in intensifying competition between powers. The hypothesis of this article also believes that space has intensified competition between countries, especially space powers, by creating modern weapons and new conditions. From the point of view of neorealism, Space has become a new arena for intensifying competition between countries in the military field and gaining prestige.

The continent of Europe was the starting point of two World Wars. But after World War II, the two main former enemies, France and Germany decided to move away from the state of hostility and move toward cooperation. Although joint cooperation in the field of coal and steel began and gradually expanded to other areas, what was important were the areas and elements that encouraged cooperation and convergence and strengthened it over time. Cultural and value commonalities, the cost of war and hostility, the fear of a common threat, Soviet-centered communism, mutual needs for joint cooperation, the importance of the economic component, and etc. were among the factors that encouraged cooperation. The impetus for cooperation and expansion of cooperation and convergence to other Western European countries led to the continuous strengthening of unity and convergence. In fact, the success of cooperation in a sector caused that sector to become a unifying element and strengthen cooperation. Achieving monetary unity and having a single currency was one of those unifying elements. In fact, the economy played an important role in the emerging political community in Europe, and monetary unity was one of the dreams of European politicians before the formation of the European Union, an ideal that was recognized at the beginning of the 21st century in the European Union. The recognition of the euro as a common currency was realized.Achieving a single currency played an important role in strengthening the European Union and the common sense of unity. Although countries such as Britain and Denmark tried from the beginning to avoid accepting the single currency, there was no escaping this fact. With the Brexit, Britain has officially separated from the euro and the common currency. Given the importance of the British economy in Europe on the one hand, and the importance of the Euro alongside the dollar, as one of the most important world currencies on the other hand, it is important to consider how the British withdrawal will affect European monetary unity. Where the future of the Euro will go with the UK withdrawing from the EU monetary union; an important issue that this article seeks to answer. This study, by extracting scenarios from the future of European monetary union, finds it more likely that the British withdrawal will lead to greater cohesion of the European Union and, consequently, to strengthen monetary unity.

The research is qualitative and its approach is descriptive-analytic. Also, due to the nature of this research, the future research method and in particular making scenario is used. By considering independent and dependent variables, related topics are extracted and while coding, we record them in research sheets. In this regard, by referring to written sources and works of recent years, as well as interviews with elites, the method of information analysis is used.

In this section, in the first step, the geopolitical foundations of the European Union are examined. In fact, this section examines the starting point of convergence and the importance of monetary unity. The second step examines the 2008 financial crisis, which sparked pessimism about monetary unity and highlighted the challenges as well as the weaknesses of the union's financial institutions. It also provided space for the formation of opposing currents of convergence. Then, in the third step, the impact of Britain's withdrawal from the EU on monetary unity will be discussed.

The UK's withdrawal from the EU which has always been opposed to monetary union has made it possible for the EU to move towards more cohesion and convergence with the focus on other top economies such as France, Germany and Switzerland. This paper considers this scenario to be the most probable scenario. Britain's special position in the European Union as a non-aligned member has led to more order and cohesion for the EU to leave. This cohesion seems more likely due to Germany's common desire as a European economic power on the one hand and France's desire as a political and military power on the Green Continent on the other hand. According to this scenario, the demographic potential of the euro area, which is 330 million, is itself a factor influencing the convergence and continuity of European monetary unity. Even with The UK's withdrawal from the EU, countries like Germany, Switzerland and France which have strong economies can have better markets in trade.

Oil is now the most important and at the same time the most political economic commodity in the world today. In Iran is also considered as the most important source of political and economic power. It should also be noted that having non-renewable capitals such as oil does not necessarily mean a country's welfare. The national dependence of the oil-rich countries on oil has had a variety of consequences, including rent-seeking activities for these countries. The rentier governments' reliance on high oil revenues will ignore the different classes of people and thus have negative consequences for their economies. On the other hand, many economists believe that reforming the tax system can play a significant role in improving this situation and the transition from rentier government. One of the most important modern indicators for reforming the tax system is VAT policy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to first examine and evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the impact of tax policy in Iran in the transition from rentier government with emphasis on VAT policy and then Choose the right strategy. Statistical methods and analysis such as Friedman rank analysis and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunitiesand Threats (SWOT) analysis were used for this purpose. The present study is of applied purpose and of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population consists of 100 experts in the field of value added tax and the government of Rentier. Also, the sampling method is full-count. The results of the analyses show that among the environmental analysis strategies, the appropriate strategy is to transition from the rentier state to a conservative strategy (consistency of VAT policies). Therefore, this strategy involves using opportunities points to reduce the impact of weaknesses, such as: establishing procedural unity and transparency, and eliminating ambiguity in the implementation of value added tax policies, enhancing tax administration credits in line with the goals and strategies presented. And establish coordination between the tax office and the oil companies.

Identity Issue was a crucial issue in Post-Soviet Russia between the scholars. Some scholars see Russia as an existing entity tasked with testing different socio-political contexts because identity-building is complex to face serious and new challenges. Contrary to view as mentioned above and other scholars who believe that identity has changed in the post-Soviet era, we say that identity as a dynamic concept is the basis of socio-political actions. While the identity is based on the indicators of "authoritarianism and great power" in Russia in the three historical periods of the Tsars, the Soviet Union, the post-Soviet unions (modern Russia), it has continued and will continue in the future.Research question: How has the collapse of the USSR affected the Russian leaders and nation's perception of National Identity? Research hypothesis: This hypothesis suggests the collapse of the Soviet Union, and although it has changed borders and geopolitics, the perceptions of Russian leaders and nations based on authoritarianism and the concepts of great power have continued.The

Data collection method in this study is based on the library documentary. Analysis of the data will be performed in the format of the interpretative approach of the historic-comparative method, which Theda Skocpol emphasizes. As in this method, historical comparisons are made on the validity of keywords, throughout the article, keywords such as "authoritarianism", "nationalism", "great power", and "national identity" are analyzed in three historical periods. The hypothesis test is applied based on the concept of identity in constructive theory. The theory is based on an interpretive approach and finally the hypothesis is confirmed based on the method and theory.

Russian identity on the basis of authoritarianism factor on the national level rooted in the religious thinking in the Tsar era, which developed under the Byzantine. This thought made to parallel the "God & TSARS" idea. Although dissatisfaction was the main factor among people in the Soviet era, making the industrial economy & overcoming Nazi Germany-made to become Stalin popular more and more even today. Putin created public satisfaction in modern Russia by overcoming internal challenges such as corruption, making rules sovereignty, making security. In addition, Putin called himself a "patriot" increased his popularity among Russians till 2021. Great Power on the international level has been described based on Tsar's dominance over north to south and their expansionism idea as a whole. In Soviet era, the characteristics of power policy changed basically and the leaders introduced themselves as Communist revolution leading and leader of Communism World. Putin understood the “Great Power” concept as a historical & holy pillar of Russian identity. He believed that other powers, especially the West, had to accept Russia and respect him (as a great power) regardless of its economic and technological conditions Studying these facts about Russia on the national and international level from Tsar to the modern era showed that Russian Identity based on "authoritarianism" and "Great Power" has continuously affected the minds of Russian foreign policymakers and nations. So, we can get the result that the collapse of the Soviet Union did not follow independent national Identity.

Studying Russian Identity based on "authoritarianism" and "Great Power" has continuously affected the minds of Russian foreign policymakers and nations. So, the collapse of the Soviet Union did not make following independent national identity. Although borders have changed in the post-Soviet era and new republics have been created, Putin exercised authoritarianism within the (self) state and was accepted by the people within the (other) nation. Russia's position as a great power is a part of Russian Identity, which mainly lies in the Russian identity understanding in the Tsar and Soviet-Union eras and plays a crucial role in the post-Soviet period. In Tsarist Russia, the perception of great power belonged to the leader of the Orthodox world and sometimes its expansion to other regions. The role of Moscow in the Soviet Union is emphasized in the leader of the communist world and finally, Putin understood the "great power" concept as a historic pillar of Russian identity which other powers especially the west has to accept and respect regardless of his economic and technological position. Finally, we must return to the basic hypothesis of constructivists such as Alexander Went, who states: "Identity is a mental personality rooted in the actor's understanding of himself and others. It can be added that border and geopolitical changes have not affected this perception.