amir hossein mozayani

Acknowledging the lack of financial resources in the field of mining, researchers have found a solution in the use of new tools. Despite the existence of tools, the mining sector still lacks financial resources. Therefore, this research aims to provide a comprehensive solution, taking into account domestic and foreign theoretical and experimental background, to solve the problem of lack of financial resources in iron ore mines. For this purpose, this research firstly studies the available sources through theme analysis, the main themes including 48 basic themes, 10 organizing themes, and 3 comprehensive themes. It then extracts the conceptual model of the mining financing pattern in three levels of dimensions, components, and indicators. Then, this conceptual model, along with the solutions to improve the identified indicators, have been submitted to the expert survey using a questionnaire. The experts were selected by purposive sampling and their answers were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, the conceptual model and solutions obtained from the studies of this research were confirmed. The most important solutions have been presented to solve the budget deficit, adjust the policies of the central bank, manage risk, increase the efficiency of the industry, improve the rules and regulations, and make the institutions more efficient.

The corona pandemic is a phenomenon that has caused a crisis in the world due to its rapid spread and unstoppable nature. This crisis, however, seems to have a purely medical and health-related nature. But it is a multidimensional phenomenon which effects and consequences can be studied and evaluated in various fields.The purpose of this study is to propose an appropriate approach in implementing the choice experiment method from the perspective of heterogeneity expressed in individuals’ preferences. In the present study, using the choice experiment method, the factors influencing the selection of individuals from the options of the selection sets (including mental illness, unemployment, change in social activities, family problems, concerns about social discriminations) have been identified. Because in choice experiment some respondents may not consider all the features or levels provided; This causes heterogeneity in the behavior of respondents. To investigate the effect of this heterogeneity on the selection process of different individuals in the sample population (Tehran), in this study, a new approach of endogenous attribute attendance in the logit model was used. The information required for the research was obtained by completing 384 questionnaires completely randomly by different people in 2021. The results of estimating the two logit models in terms of endogenous attribute attendance (EAA) and conditional logit indicate that the average tendency to Payment for features defined in the model (EAA) is higher than the conditional logit model.Because the EAA model considers the probabilities of the absence of certain features in individuals' preferences, it will have reliable results for estimating the willingness to pay.

More than four decades have passed since the implementation of Islamic economy in the country. During this period, the operationalization process of Islamic economy has seen many changes. From the formation of very idealistic expectations in the early years about the capabilities of the Islamic economy in terms of responding to all human needs in material life, to the implementation challenges and the gap between the initial expectations and the existing performance in the country's economy. In order to diagnose the current performance of the Islamic economy in the country, the study of the issue from the perspective of the supply side and the demand side was put on the agenda. The results indicate that there is a big gap between what is currently available as the experience of operationalization of Islamic economy and what was expected from the category of Islamic economy at the beginning of the revolution. In addition, it seems that in the supply side of Islamic economy, both in terms of scientific and intellectual foundations and in terms of providing software platforms, in comparison with the demand side of Islamic economy, a relatively more appropriate performance is observed. In the end, it is recommended to pay attention to some facts in order to redefine the operationalization process of Islamic economy in the country. The components of the Islamic economy are not the same in operational terms, the society is an entity that changes over time, the Islamic government should also be committed to policy-making in accordance with the operationalization of the Islamic economy, etc.

Today, information and communication technology has influenced all areas of human life, including economics and politics. In research on the effects of information and communication technology, its effects on economic risk and political risk have not been considered so far. Therefore, this study has examined the effect of ICT development on economic and political risk for three selected groups of developed, developing, and OPEC countries in the period 2007- 2019. The panel data method was used to estimate the model. Based on the model estimation results for all sample countries, the deployment of information and communication technology reduces economic and political risk; But the results are different for each group. As the development of information and communication technology in selected OPEC members and developing countries increases economic risk; But in developed countries, it reduces economic risk. Also, in OPEC member countries, no significant relationship was found between ICT and political risk, and in selected developed and developing countries, ICT increases political risk.

Behavioral economics is a method of economic analysis that uses psychological insights to explain and analyze economic decisions. In the researches done so far, more attention has been paid to the economic aspects of the current crisis and less attention has been paid to the social dimensions and the issue of behavioral economics has been neglected. In the present study, we examine the most important behavioral biases of individuals during the corona pandemic. In order to investigate the social consequences of the corona pandemic and to estimate the relationship between economic and demographic variables with behavioral economics theories, the choice experiment was selected and the mixed logit model was used and by estimating the mixed logit model with interactions a wide range of multiplicative states between personality traits and traits specific to the alternatives were tested. Finally, the variables of age, number of children, income level and awareness of the consequences of corona disease were multiplied by the price with a significant effect and explanatory power. For example, it was observed that older people are less willing to pay more to reduce the consequences of corona disease or having more children has a negative and significant relationship with the selection and additional payment of people to reduce the consequences of this disease. From the perspective of behavioral economics. the result of the estimates confirms a kind of “(effect) of collective behavior and social impact” and “exploratory effect” in people’s behavior, which indicates the preference of economic dimensions over the social dimensions of the disease and the great importance of people to family problems caused by the disease, respectively.

Due to the variety of stress Occurance in financial markets and its impact on various sectors of the economy, efficient models and indicators to deal with crisis events and reduce their effects, are needed. In the present study, the effect of financial stress on the growth of economic sectors (including agriculture, industry and services) in Iran is on the agenda. For this purpose, we used the quarterly data (1370:1-1396:4) and applied the method of principal component analysis, credit weighting and EGARCH to estimate multidimensional price & quantitative indicators of financial stress "inter" and "intra" different parts of the financial system (including the banking system, stock markets and foreign exchange). Then, we investigated the effect of financial stress on sectoral growth using the Markov-switching model. The results indicate that despite the periods of severe financial stress in Iran, its impact on the growth of agriculture, industry and services sectors are negligible or in most cases insignificant. It seems that this issue is mainly rooted in the inappropriate performance of the nominal sector and its insignificant effect on the real sector of the economy during the period under study.

The issue of decision-making and selection among different options has been continuously considering as one of the human concerns. Obviously, this issue has taken on a more complex nature with the development and evolution of societies. In this regard, having the methods and knowledge that can facilitate decision-making is very important. The above topic in the field of economics knowledge is expressed as “Economic Evaluation of Projects” which has a long history in economic literature and multiple texts in this field, have been published. In the present article, the evaluation and critique of the book "Economic Evaluation of Project" is on the agenda. In this regard, during the content of the article, while referring to the general features of the book, an attempt has been made to briefly mention the content of each chapter. In addition, according to the literature review, the strengths and weaknesses of the book were described separately and attempts were made to provide suggestions for improving the text in future editions. It seems that delivering a sufficient combination of evaluation criteria, an applied approach of the contents and delivering a manual for applying related soft wares, are among distinguished aspects of the book.

Nowadays, investing in information and communication technology (ICT) is inevitable, because it affects various aspects of human life, including the economy. Due to the rapid growth of population, increasing energy demand, and limited energy resources, one of the basic measures to achieve sustainable development in countries, is optimization and reform of energy consumption structures. Given that the home sector is one of the main sectors of energy consumption, one of the effective approaches in reducing and managing household energy expenditures is to use ICT capabilities. In this regard, in this study, the effect of ICT expansion on energy consumption of urban households in Iran using the Panel Data method and GLS model during the period 2008-2015 and in the form of provincial data has been analyzed. The results indicate that in some models, a significant reducing effect of ICT on energy expenditure was observed. However, in most of the estimated models, there is no significant reducing effect of ICT on household energy expenditure. It seems that the main reasons for this are the subsidy structure governing energy prices, the low share of energy in total household consumption expenditures, the lack of proper consumption culture.

Achieving continuous economic growth has been and is one of the focal points in policy-making. This issue is mostly studied using economic growth models and approaches. One of the newest approaches to economic growth is pro-poor growth and subsequently the inclusive growth. These two approaches were offered when it was observed that poor people do not enjoy the benefits of economic growth comparing to other sections of society. One of the books published in this field is the book "Inclusive Growth in the Provinces of Iran: Policies and Indicators", the review and critique of which is on the agenda of this article and meanwhile attempts are made to provide suggestions for improving the content of the book in future editions. The findings of the book indicate that economic growth in Iran has been low in recent years and at the same time labor force participation has played an effective and significant role in the overall growth in the provinces. However, government policies that could have played an effective role in reducing poverty and inequality in the provinces have not been very successful in practice. In conclusion, it seems that moving toward inclusive growth requires the design and implementation of a coherent policy package from different dimensions.

In todaychr('39')s world, given limited fossil fuel resources and growing population, it is imperative to consider energy efficiency. In this regard, due to the spread of information and communication technology, using its capabilities to reduce energy consumption & intensity is worth consideration.  In this study we assess the effect of Information and communications technology on energy intensity in Iranian provinces during the period 2008-2017, using panel data techniques and generalized method of moments (GMM). The results show that ICT deployment has a negative and significant impact on energy intensity in Iran’s provinces. However, this effect is different among developed and less- developed provinces. The results imply that information and communication technology does not have significant effect on energy intensity in less- developed provinces. Besides,  relative energy prices and real per capita income have a negative and significant effect and number of vehicles, employment rate, and air temperature have a positive and significant effect on energy intensity.‎: Information and Communication Technology) ICT), energy intensity Index,‎) ICT) ‎Development Index.‎

Global warming and climate change have been one of the most important environmental problem in recent decades. This has been generated by greenhouse gases emission resulting from fossil fuel combustion. The formation of various environmental conventions, including Kyoto Protocol, as a reaction implies the importance of these environmental issues. The said protocol is one of the most important agreements regarding climate change in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are the main reason of global warming in recent decades. This protocol obliged the developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while exempting developing countries. In this study, we analyze some stylized facts about greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane/nitrogen) emission member state countries including Iran. By dividing countries to three main categories, i.e. all the countries, developed and developing countries, we then try to assess the Kyoto protocol effectiveness on eliminating greenhouse gases emission through the period of 1990-2012, pending on the availability of data. We have estimated our basic model by Panel data (GMM) technique. The results imply that although developed countries have tried to comply with their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide, we are still facing the global trend of increasing production and emission. However, according to methane dioxide and nitrogen oxide, the results of our study indicate a reduction in the emissions of both gases in the three groups of protocol countries.

In recent decades, increasing role of productivity contribution in economic growth has been highly emphasized, especially in developing countries such as Iran which are facing low rate of productivity and resource scarcity. In this context one of the main influencing factors on productivity and efficiency is information and communication technology (ICT) known virtual space. Global experiences imply that virtual space could be able to stimulate job creation and value added creation. This is the main theme of this paper.

We apply parametric (Panel Data) & non-parametric (DEA) approach through provincial data. We manage it to understand not only the average effect of virtual space on national product (known as productivity) but the relative position of each province in terms of virtual space contribution in national product, in favor of efficiency.

The findings imply that virtual space, as a production input, could stimulate national product positively, although its impact has been much smaller that other production input (Capital & Labor force). Meanwhile it had significant impact on relative production efficiency in provincial level as well. However by ignoring virtual space in our basic model, the provinces efficiencies decrease by 8.6%. These results shed light on stimulating effect of virtual space on national product.

Increasing cyber space penetration rate, reducing the ICT gap between the provinces, coincided by decreasing access cost of economic agents can be considered as proper policy recommendations.

Health expenditures in the world undergo increasing growth. According to the WHO Report (2000), health financing is one of the main functions of the health system that has a significant impact on its other functions.

The aim of this study is the systematic review of the changes and shifting of health care financing models and cost burden risk-sharing mechanisms in health systems over the past three decades.
Data Sources: In this systematic review, data sources of studies on health financing realm in different countries were investigated using a series of keywords, including “health financing”, “health expenditure “, “model”, “financing mechanism/arrangement”, and “cost risk-sharing” from the most important databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and the Iranian databases, such as Magiran, IranMedx, SID, in 1990 - 2019.
Study Selection: According to PRISMA Flow Diagram, with application of inclusion and exclusion criteria (time limitations, language restrictions, lack of related title abstract, full text), among 86,611 documents, 150 studies were selected. Two pairs of review author’s independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias.

The systematic review of different evidence suggests that with economic growth, since 2001 to 2014, global health expenditure trend was increased from $ 3.8 trillion (in 2001) to $ 9.2 trillion (in 2014) and is estimated to reach $ 24.2 trillion (in 2040). Also, all the evidence indicates a tangible change, a 10% increase in public and pre-payments health expenditures and a 16% reduction in private expenditures, in the global health financing model in the current period up to 2040.

The review of regional and global studies, across countries and during the time, shows that in the last three decades, health financing systems are in a transition towards pervasive (with high financial risk-sharing) public health policies in the world.

Improving the community health as one of the preconditions of achieving sustainable development goals, through promoting labor force performance, has provided the basis for economic growth and achieving to the goals such as public welfare, economic growth, and justice. This study analyzes Iran health performance through few health indicators (such as life expectancy at birth, Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), Out-of-pocket Payment, Insurance Coverage Rate, insurance Penetration Rate, and Mental Health Condition), in order to investigate its compatibility with Islamic justice principles. In spite of some improving trends in Iran health sector during recent decades, the results imply that the health conditions are not satisfiable and compatible with Islamic healthy society terms.