arsalan damirchi

Obesity is a widespread public health concern with a growing global prevalence, leading to an increased risk of chronic metabolic conditions. Despite this, research on the impact of exercise and supplementation on inflammatory factors in obese individuals is limited.

This study evaluates the effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and Thylakoid supplementation on interleukins-1beta and interleukin-8 levels in obese individuals.

In this study, 44 obese men were allocated into four groups: control (C), Thylakoid supplement (T), HIFT (H), and a combination of supplements and exercise (HT). Participants followed the HIFT exercise protocol for 12 weeks, while those in the supplement groups received Thylakoid supplement for the same duration. Body mass index, inflammatory biomarkers were assessed through blood samples before and after the 12-week intervention.

In these groups, H, T, and HT, the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 were compared. In the case of interleukin-8 a significant difference was observed in the H and HT groups compared to the T group. Also, significant decrease in interleukin-1beta level was observed in all groups, H, T, and HT, compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the mentioned factors in both H and HT groups also showed a significant difference (P < 0.001).

The findings of the study showed that the HIFT protocol and the use of thylakoid supplements can reduce systemic inflammatory indicators in obese men by showing a synergy effect. Therefore, HIFT exercise with thylakoid supplements can be considered an effective way to reduce inflammation in obese people.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most important cause of death among women. Hormonal changes around and after menopause can affect inflammatory factors such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as vascular function. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of a session of aerobic exercise with moderate intensity on interleukins 6 and 8, TNF-α, as well as vascular function (flow mediated dilation) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 inactive women without any cardiovascular disease participated in the study voluntarily, which were allocated into two equal groups (n=15) of premenopausal women (age, 47.7±1.3 years) and postmenopausal women (age, 56.8±1.5 years). Participants in both groups performed a session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise included 30 min of running on a treadmill at 60-70% of heart rate reserve. Participants' blood samples were collected 30 min before and 30 min after the exercise and were analyzed to measure inflammatory factors (interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and TNF-α). Vascular function was evaluated by measuring flow mediated dilation at 15 min before and 15 min after aerobic exercise. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software and covariance test (P>0.05).

In response to a session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise, no significant difference was seen in interleukin 6 and 8 between two groups of premenopausal and postmenopausal women (P=0.432, P=0.097), but TNF-α decreased significantly in premenopausal whereas it it did not change in postmenopausal women (P=0.003). In addition, vascular dilation after a session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise was significantly (P=0.001) different between premenopausal and postmenopausal women , where, flow mediated dilation increased in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal women.

Based on the increased FMD and decreased TNF-α in premenopausal women, in general our findings show that following acute exercise factors associated with endothelial responsiveness are improved in premenopausal women while responses are decreased in postmenopausal womenHowever, lack of differences in interleukins 6 and 8 between premenopausal and postmenopausal women might indicate increased inflammation in premenopausal women, which is a reason for the onset or increases in disorders of endothelial function during menopause.

 Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to improve cardiovascular function. The present study was performed to evaluate cardiovascular responses following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in inactive obese men.

 In the present semi-experimental study, eight inactive obese men (age: 22.5 2 2.5 years, body mass index: 31.5 ± 1.5 kg / m2) using a randomized crossover design, participated in three HIIE, MICE and control interventions.  Blood samples were taken before, immediately and one hour after exercise to measure nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Also, heart rate and blood pressure were measured before, immediately and every 15 minutes for one hour after exercises.  

  No significant changes in hemodynamic factors and NO were observed in the control group. However, after HIIE and MICE protocols, a significant decrease (p <0.05) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed compared to baseline conditions, which this phenomenon has persisted for a long time following HIIE. Heart rate and NO increased significantly after both protocols (p <0.05), with the increase in NO following HIIE persisting for longer.

It seems that training intensity can be an influential factor in the development of PEH. Also, due to the longer increase in NO caused by HIIE compared to MICE, it can be considered that longer PEH after HIIE is probably related to the mechanism of NO-induced vasodilation.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. This study aimed to compare and investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on oxidative stress as one of the key links in the development of DCM in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Forty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to four groups of equal number (Control, T2DM, T2DM + HIIT, and T2DM + MICT). After the induction of T2DM, HIIT and MICT programs were conducted 5 days a week for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, blood and heart samples were collected for subsequent measurements.

T2DM significantly up-regulated the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs, P = 0.001) and the expression of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX, P = 0.001) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, P = 0.001) compared to controlled mice. After 8 weeks of training, HIIT and MICT programs increased the levels of insulin (P < 0.001) while reducing the levels of fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001, P = 0.024, respectively). On the other hand, it was found that HIIT and MICT programs significantly decreased the levels of AGEs (P < 0.001), expression of 15-LOX (P = 0.006, P = 0.019, respectively), and 4-HNE (P = 0.008 and P = 0.035, respectively).

Our findings revealed that exercise training, particularly MICT, will be highly helpful in the prevention of DCM through the improvement of glucose metabolism and reduction of 15-LOX expression.

Hypertension similar to dyslipidemia is most important cardiovascular diseases that exercise training can have a preventive and therapeutic effect on them. The effect of combined exercise training as an effective method is one of the new ways to combat hypertension and cardiovascular health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercises training on cardiovascular inflammatory markers and blood pressure in hypertensive men.In this study that designed with pre-post tests with control group, 9 men (47.33±4.5 years; body mass index 33.18±5.27 kg/m2) as combined training group [COT] and 9 as control group [CON] (48.44±3.20 years; body mass index 30.51±5.35 kg/m2) were randomly selected from volunteers. Combined training (aerobic and resistance) that performed in 16 weeks consisted of 4 sessions per week (2 sessions of aerobic and dynamic resistance training, respectively). Aerobic training with 40-65% maximal oxygen uptake (70-80 minutes) and dynamic resistance training with 55% maximum repetition (70-80 minutes) were performed. Results of ANCOVA test showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure, galactin-3 and endothelin-1 plasma levels were significantly decreased in the post exercise training group as well as in the control group (p<0.05). In lipid profile, we observed significant decrease in total cholesterol (TChol) in combined exercise training group (p<0.05). It can be concluded that, the results showed that the combination of aerobic and resistance training, in addition to lowering blood pressure and improvement of dyslipidemia in men with hypertension, led to a decrease in biomarkers affecting vascular inflammation and heart failure.

Repeated exercise on sand may lead to overreaching due to higher energy costs than on hard surfaces. Therefore, it will be necessary to create variety in training. Tabata training is a type of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which has been reported to improve some physical fitness factors in team sport players. However, no research has been done regarding its effects on the fitness of beach soccer players. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of six weeks of Tabata training on indoor hardcourt vs. sand on some physical fitness factors and the structure and function of the left ventricle in elite beach soccer players.

Sixteen players from one of the Iran Premier Beach Soccer League teams were randomly divided into two equal groups including the sand group and the indoor group. Except for the type of training surface, other training variables were similar between the groups. Each exercise set was performed for 4 min (20 s exercise:10 s rest). The protocol was performed in three sessions a week and the duration of each session was 34 to 39 minutes (7 to 8 sets). Cardiac variables (two-dimensional echocardiography) and physical fitness factors were measured at 72 h and 48 h, respectively, before and after the training period. Moreover, the food consumed by the players on the test days was similar. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used to determine the differences between the groups at P < 0.05.

The increase in stroke volume (SV; P < 0.001) and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (P = 0.003), and the decrease in the relative left ventricular posterior wall thickness (P = 0.042) were significantly higher in the sand group than in the indoor group. Except for peak anaerobic power in the indoor group (P = 0.604), the improvement observed in other physical fitness factors was significant in both groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the groups in in terms of relative VO2max (P = 0.58), peak (P = 0.134), minimum (P = 0.913), and average (P = 0.5) anaerobic power, explosive power (P = 0.702), 30-m sprint (P = 0.23) and agility (P = 0.884).

Compared to indoor hardcourt, it seems that six weeks of Tabata training on sand increases the SV of elite beach soccer players through a greater venous return to the heart. However, no difference was observed between training on sand or indoor hardcourt in terms of aerobic power, anaerobic power parameters, explosive power, speed of movement, and agility performance. Therefore, the use of Tabata training protocol on a standard indoor hardcourt is recommended to create a variety of conditioning programs for beach soccer players or in situations where there is no access to a sand surface.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Rasht municipal employees and compare the level of physical activity (PA), metabolic risk factors and their eating habits with non-MetS employees.

1007 employees participated in this study (age: 43.3±9.2 years, 800 men, 207 women) and their height, weight, body mass index, fat percentage, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure were measured. Beack questionnaire and a national standard questionnaire were used to assess the level of PA and eating habits, respectively. The MetS was diagnosed using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) index. Kruskal-Wallis and Yeoman-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P<0.05.

Based on the results, 18.4% of employees had MetS and 58.3% of them had low levels of PA. Chi-squared test showed a significant relationship between the level of PA and the prevalence of MetS (X2=10.4, P=0.005), so that the percentage of employees with MetS at the high, moderate and low level of PA was 10.4, 15.4 and 21.5, respectively. Also high level of PA, TG and HDL levels in male, WC in female, and FBS in both sexes were not different from non-MetS employees (P<0.05); while these factors at the moderate and low level of PA were significantly different (P<0.05). The MetS was inversely associated with weekly consumption of fruits and fish (P<0.05) and was directly associated with consumption of fried foods in three daily meals (P<0.01).

The risk of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is lower in employees who have a higher level of physical activity, and having a high level of physical activity can be an effective solution in controlling some components of metabolic syndrome, such as TG, FBS, and WC. Also, in addition to improving the level of physical activity, increasing the consumption of fruits and fish can be effective in reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome among employees.

The beneficial effect of physical activity on some risk factors improves and promotes the metabolic and physiological factors in individuals. Women who have gone through menopause are at a greater risk. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on metabolic and anthropometric factors in pre and postmenopausal women.

A total of 77 women participated in this quasi-experimental study. The subjects were non-randomly divided into four groups including premenopausal women [active (n= 18), inactive (n= 17)] and postmenopausal women [active (n = 23), inactive (n = 19)] which had regular activity in the gyms of Rasht, Iran for three 90-minute sessions for at least 6 months. Bouchard Three-Day Physical Activity Record was completed by subjects to assess energy expenditure and to determine levels of physical activity. Then body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percent (BF%) of subjects were measured. Also, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C were measured. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test using SPSS software (version 20).

The results of this study indicated no significant difference in SBP, DBP, BMI, BF%, and WHR between pre and postmenopausal women (active and inactive). However, significant differences (P≤0/01) were observed in TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C between pre and postmenopausal inactive and active women.

The results of this study revealed that although physical activity failed to affect BMI, weight, or BF%, it could desirably and significantly affect lipid profile in pre and postmenopausal women.

Objective:

 The use of amino acid supplements among athletes for reducing muscle injuries has become more popular. This study aims to examine the effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) consumption before exhaustive exercise along with one month vitamin E supplementation on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) levels of active females.  

Methods :

In this study, 32 active female students of Razi University in Kermanshah, Iran aged 18-23 years were selected and, after obtaining the informed consent form them, were randomly divided into four groups of placebo (n=8), Vitamin E (n=8), BCAA (n=8), and Vitamin E+BCAA (n=). Vitamin E was consumed as 400 IU daily for a month and BCAA with lemon juice was consumed 2.5 hours before exercise four times with a 30-min interval. The exercise program included 30 minutes of cycling on an ergometer with 50% of the aerobic capacity, and immediately followed by cycling with 75% of the aerobic capacity until the exhaustion. Sampling was done immediately and 48 hours after the exercise, and data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and Pearson correlation test in SPSS software, version 22.

Results:

 None of the supplements had a significant effect on levels of LDH and CK immediately after the exercise (P>0.05), but 48 hours after the exercise, the mean levels of LDH and CK decreased in BCAA group  (CK: 199.4±11.00, LDH: 213.2±23.44) and Vitamin E+BCAA (CK: 188.3±3.20, LDH: 208.3±40.12) compared to Vitamin E and placebo groups (P = 0.001). Their lowest levels was observed in the Vitamin E+BCAA group which was negatively correlated to plasma leucine and isoleucine levels (P = 0.001). 

Conclusion :

Although BCAA consumption alone before exhaustive exercise can reduce muscular damage indicators in active females, it seems that leucine and isoleucine along with Vitamin E supplementation is more effective in reducing muscular damage.

Western diet (WD) activates inflammatory pathways in the myocardium, where jeopardizes contractile function. This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in rats fed a WD.

Wistar rats were assigned to the six groups: normal diet (ND)+HIIT, WD+HIIT, ND+MICT, WD+MICT, sedentary fed a ND or WD (SED+ND and SED+WD, respectively). HIIT and MICT were performed on a motorized treadmill, five consecutive days/week for 12 weeks. In these animals, visceral fat mass and myocardial expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. Western blotting was performed to identify cardiac protein expression.

WD+SED significantly increased visceral fat mass compared with ND+SED. WD+SED significantly resulted in TNF-α over-expression compared with ND+SED. There were no significant differences in MPO expression between WD+SED and ND+SED. In trained groups, visceral fat mass and TNF-α expression were lower in WD+HIIT and WD+MICT compared with WD+SED, with similar effects between HIIT and MICT modes. MPO expression was significantly lower in ND+HIIT and ND+MICT compared with ND+SED, with similar effects between HIIT and MICT modes.

WD co-existing with SED paves the way to a pro-inflammatory milieu in the heart. HIIT and MICT exert similar anti-inflammatory effects on the myocardium; therefore, aerobic training, regardless of modality or intensity, can be a practical solution for those who regularly consume WD.

Mitochondria as dynamic organelle constantly undergo fusion and fission reactions, leading to continuous reconstruction of the mitochondrial network for elongated or fragmentation shapes and ultimately the mitophagy. This mitochondrial network dynamics is sensitive to stress and different physiological conditions and plays an essential role in cell function and survival during pathophysiological conditions. There is a strong interaction between the mitochondrial network morphology and proteins involved in energy metabolism and dynamics. It is suggested that changes in cellular energy status during exercise training are due to mitochondrial network dynamics and mitophagy. Accordingly, growing evidence reveals that exercise training results in alterations in mitochondrial phenotype and dynamics that resist apoptotic stimuli and ischemia-reperfusion-induced mitochondrial damage. However, the signaling pathways of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy regulation during exercise training are still interesting areas of research. In this review, we focus on the recent findings addressing cellular signaling mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and cardiac mitophagy in response to exercise training and the pathological stimulus in heart disorders.

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the most common cardiac disorders leading to irreversible heart damage. Many underlying mechanisms seem to be involved, among which disruption of cellular autophagy balance. Since physical training has a beneficial effect on the improvement of autophagy balance, it may have a cardioprotective effect against IR injury. This study investigates the protective role of aerobic training from cardiac IR injury and the autophagy process as a possible mechanism. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided into control, sham, control plus IR, and training plus IR groups (8 rats each). The training group was exercised aerobically on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 d/wk). After 8 weeks, the anesthetized rats underwent left thoracotomy (sham, control plus IR, and training plus IR groups) to access the left anterior descending coronary artery, which was occluded by a silk suture for 30 min and then released for 90 min of reperfusion (IR groups). Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine the infarct size. The gene expression of Beclin-1 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis with the significance level set at P≤0.05. The cardiac infarct size was smaller in training plus IR (20.24±5.7%) group compared to that in the control plus IR (35.9±2.3%) group (P≤0.05). On the other hand, IR operation significantly increased the gene expression of Beclin-1, while exercise training prevented expression of the mentioned gene in training plus IR group (P≤0.05). Aerobic training can protect the heart against Ischemia-Reperfusion injury. It seems that improvement of autophagy balance during IR injury may be involved in exercise-induced cardioprotection against Ischemia-Reperfusion.

Cognitive impairment profoundly influences on older adults’ activities and quality of life. Therefore, optimizing and remediating age-associated cognitive decline have great importance.
To evaluate the effect of 8 weeks (3 day /week) computer based brain training on cognitive performance in old women with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
This randomized controlled study was performed in old women with MCI that was measured using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Twenty women diagnosed with MCI were divided into two groups of: exercised (trained with computerized brain program for 8 weeks (3 day /week, 30-60 min/day) and control group. Before and after training, reaction time, error number and data processing speed were measured using computer stroop task and digit symbol coding test, respectively. After checking the normal distribution of collected data by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the pre and post means difference and differences between groups were analyzed using paired T- test and independent t-test respectively.
Brain training lead to a significant reduction in reaction time (p=0.001), error number (p=0.002) and increase in data processing speed (p=0.011) compared with pre-test values. Also, there were significant differences between experimental and control groups in reaction time (p=0.001), error number (p=0.007) and processing speed (p=0.013).
The findings indicate the efficacy of computer based brain training program on improving the reaction time, error number and processing speed in elderly women diagnosed with MCI and also reflects the plasticity of old brain for challenging to learn new tasks.

In the present study, the effect of acute aerobic exercise on enzymatic and non-enzymatic salivary antioxidants variations in non-athlete men, was investigated.
In this experimental study, 25 male non-athlete collegiates (age, 21.2±1.6 years; weight, 68.62±10.1kg; body fat, 16.75±2.9%; and Vo2 max, 37.54±2.4ml/kg/min) participated voluntarily in this study. Saliva samples were collected in three phases (before, immediately, and 1 hour after running) on treadmill according to Astrand test. The activity of peroxidase and catalase, and concentration of uric acid were measured by laboratory methods. Then, to assess the obtained changes, repeated measures statistical test, and in case of significance, post-hoc Bonferroni test were used for pairwise comparing of the measuring phases at the significance level of p≤0.05 used.
The activity of peroxidase significantly increased immediately and 1 hour after exercise compared to the baseline; Also, the concentration of uric acid significantly increased after aerobic exercise, but catalase enzyme activity significantly decreased after aerobic exercise (p According to the findings of this study, aerobic exercise causes the production of free radicals, and salivary antioxidant system increases as the body biological response to neutralize and counteract the damaging effects of free radicals.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vitamin D deficiency are both too common during menopause. Since the effect of different doses of vitamin D supplements on blood sugar, insulin concentration and insulin resistance are unknown, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of the vitamin D supplements on visceral fat, blood sugar, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats.
In this randomized experimental study, 32 female Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups as follows: three groups . that received vitamin D supplements (high, moderate, and low dose) and one control group. After 8 weeks of different doses of vitamin D supplementation plasma concentration of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were measured in the three groups. The obtained data was statistically analyzed by means of dependent t-test and ANOVA . at the significance level of P After a period of eight-week intervention, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, visceral fat, insulin, blood glucose and HOMA-IR at high, moderate, and low doses of vitamin D supplementation were significantly lower than those in the control group (P The findings of the current study showed that a high dose of vitamin D causes significant improvements in FPG, insulin, and insulin resistance evaluated by HOMA-IR. It was also found that adding vitamin D supplements can improve glucose control in menopause model of rats.

Methamphetamine as a highly addictive stimulant affects the nervous neurotransmitters and physical status. This study aimed to investigate the effects of seven weeks of combined (aerobic-resistance) training on blood levels of serotonin and dopamine and physical fitness factors of addicted men to methamphetamine during rehabilitation.
In this research study, 17 men addicted to methamphetamine were selected to participate as a purposeful and available sample and were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n = 8) and control (n = 9) groups. The experimental group had combined training for 7 weeks, 3 days a week (each session, aerobic running training for 20 minutes, with an intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate, followed by resistance training with 60-75 percent of one repetition maximum (1RM), while the control group was only followed up without any effective physical activity. The variables measured before and after training programs included blood levels of serotonin and dopamine, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and aerobic power.
Seven weeks of combined (aerobic–resistance) training significantly increased blood levels of serotonin and dopamine, muscular strength and endurance and flexibility in the experimental group as compared to the control (P0.05).
Combined training can affect blood levels of serotonin and dopamine and the health-related fitness factors of men addicted to methamphetamine, and a non-drug treatment is helpful during rehabilitation.

Obesity and visceral fat accumulation after menopause are associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the interactive effect of aerobic-resistance training and estrogen replacement therapy on visceral fat, omentin-1 and HOMA-IR in ovariectomized rats. Fifty female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and divided into 5 groups (n=10 rats per group): Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary), aerobic-resistance training (Ovx+Exe), aerobic-resistance training+estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Exe+Est), estrogen replacement therapy (Ovx+Est) and sesame oil (Ovx+Oil). The exercise consisted of 8-week aerobic-resistance training (20 m/min, 3 days/week, 60 min/day, 10% slope, Load; 3% body weight).17b-estradiol valerate (30 μg/kg bw; in 0.2 ml sesame oil) were injected subcutaneously, three days a week during 8 weeks; and the Ovx+Est+Est received both exercise protocol and estradiol as previous groups. Obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Omentin-1showed significant increase in Ovx+Exe compared to Ovx+Exe+Est and Ovx+Est (P<0.05). HOMA-IR and visceral fat was decreased in Ovx+Exe, Ovx+Exe+Est compared to Sedentary (P<0.05). Eight-week aerobic-resistance training, 17-b estradiol replacement and co-treatment of exercise+estrogen successfully decreased visceral fat and insulin resistance probably via elevation in omentin-1 in ovaryectomized rats. Regarding the risk of hormone replacement therapy this study suggests that 2- month aerobic-resistance training is more effective in treating metabolic syndrome, rather than estrogen replacement therapy.

The balance between production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and antioxidant defense in the body has important health implications. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in salivary antioxidants: catalase, vitamin C and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in sedentary men at rest and after acute exhaustive exercise.
This randomized controlled clinical trial (The registry code IRCT2011053212431N1) recruited twenty-five sedentary men (age=21±3yrs; height=172±8cm; weight=66±9kg; VO2 max=37.6±7.4mL•kg-1•min-1) participated in a double-blind randomized experiment. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected before, immediately and 1 hour after exhaustive treadmill running. Catalase, vitamin C (Vit C) concentration, and BDNF concentrations were determined using biochemical assays and ELISA respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni posthoc test were used to analyze data.
The results of the present study showed that an acute intensive exercise causes a reduction in salivary catalase, Vit C and also BDNF concentration (p Reduction in antioxidants capacity of saliva might reflects disturbance in natural antioxidant defense mechanisms of the body after an acute intensive physical stress and possible further health threatening consequences.

The effect of exercise training on body weight and visceral fat have been examined in several studies, whereas those of aerobic training along with the different dosages of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake are unknown. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of aerobic training and different doses of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake in female Wistar rats. In this experimental study, seventy-two female Wistar rats were divided into 9 with 8 rats in each group, one group: aerobic training (3 days/week for 8 weeks), three groups: aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses), three groups: vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses) and two control groups. One-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that body weight and visceral fat in aerobic training with high dose vitamin D supplementation group was significantly lower than other groups. Also, the mean food intake in three groups of (aerobic training with low dose vitamin D supplementation, low dose vitamin D supplementation and control) w as significantly higher than other groups. It seems that aerobic training with high dose vitamin D compared to using each of the strategies is more effective in decreasing body weight, visceral fat in female Wistar rats.

The “redox” state represents the oxidation/reduction potential within the cell; in a way that more “redox” is the marker of health, while the more oxidized reflects predisposition to diseases. Different types of exercise training may change the thiol/disulfide ratio of redox couples such as glutathione and represent a shift in redox balance. This study was assessed the influence of high-intensity aerobic exercise on glutathione redox state in red blood cells in professional, recreational athletes and nonathletes. Ten voluntary well trained (WT), moderately trained (MT) and untrained men subjectswere randomly selected for this semi-experimental study (mean ages of 21.10±1.72; 21.70±1.88 and 20.10±1.44, respectively). Blood samples were collected before, immediately, 10 min and 30 min after acute aerobic exercise with 75%VO2max. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and (GSH/GSSG) in red blood cells (RBCs) as well as serum levels of cortisol and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. The results showed reduction, elevation and no changes in RBCs GSH/GSSG ratio in UT, MT and WT groups, respectively. The lowest levels of GSH/GSSG ratio in RBCs and the highest one were detected in the WT and MT groups, respectively. The serum levels of cortisol and creatine kinase were increased following the exercise in three groups. It is concluded that acute aerobic exercise with high intensity does not change redox balance in well trained subjects, however it is capable to shift redox balance towards more reducing environment in moderately trained subjects and also to more oxidizing one in untrained subjects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic-resistance training on visceral adipose tissue, serum omentin-1 and insulin resistance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Fifty Female Wistar rats (weight, 180±5g) were divided accidental and according body weight into five groups: SHAM (n=20) and OVX (n=30) groups. OVX rats were subdivided into 2 Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary; n=20) groups and one aerobic-resistance training (Ovx+Exe; n=10) group. Two weeks after surgery, one group of OVX rats and one group of SHAM rats were sacrificed and omentin-1, insulin resistance and visceral fat were measured. The other OVX rats were randomly divided into the following subgroups: 1) OVX and sedentary (Sedentary); 2) OVX and Exercise (Ovx+Exe). The exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic-resistance exercise (3 days/week, 20 m/min, 60 min/day, 10% slope, Load; 3% body weight, attached to tail), three days a week. After complete anesthesia, the abdominal cavity was rapidly opened and blood samples were collected. All intraabdominal fat were dissected out and weighed immediately. Omentin-1 was measured by rat omentin ELISA kit. HOMA-IR was used to estimate the insulin resistance. There was no significant differences between weights means all groups. After two weeks of surgery, there was no significant difference between visceral fat, omentin-1 and HOMA-IR in SHAM2 compared to OVX2. After eight weeks, combined aerobic-resistance training in Ovx+Exe significantly decreased visceral fat gain induced via ovariectomy by 21/4% compared to the level observed in Sedentary; whereas, visceral fat significantly increased by 92.5% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0.05). Omentin-1 increased in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary and SHAM, by56/5% and51/6%, respectively; whereas it was significantly decreased by3/1% in Sedentary compared to SHAM (p<0.05). HOMA-IR induced via ovariectomy significantly decreased by74.7% in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary; whereas, it significantly increased by 193.7% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0/05). Also, HOMA-IR decreased in Ovx+Exe compared to SHAM2, but it was n ́t significant. 8 week aerobic-resistance training successfully decreased visceral fat and insulin resistance via increasing omentin-1. So, it seems that 8-week aerobic-resistance training with 70-85% Vo2max is suitable for controlling body weight gain, decreasing visceral fat and insulin resistance and increasing omentin-1 in menopause period.

The present study was investigated the effects of two aerobic exercise intensity on lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in 27 sedentary obese men (aged: 43.9 ± 5 yrs, BMI: 31.8±1.5; mean±SD and VO2max: 31.8±1.8) that have been selected randomly among volunteers. The participants divided into three equal groups: moderate intensity (45-55% Vo2max); high intensity (65-75% Vo2max); and untrained control group. Participants in both exercise training groups were completed a 12 weeks treadmill running (45 min/session; 3 d/week). The ANOVA test showed a significant decrease of serum Lcn2 (53.1±11.2 to 43.5±8.1 µg/L) in moderate intensity (52.2±10.3 to 47.5±8.5 µg/L) and detrained groups (54.1±9.7 to 53.2±11.9 µg/L) than baseline. This decrease was significantly different with other groups (p<0.05). Also, there was not any change in high intensity group after exercise than baseline. Indeed, a significant decrease was observed in IL-1β serum concentration in moderate intensity (1721.51±315 to 1429.85±218 pg/mL) and high intensity groups (1684.26±289 to 1344.12±302 pg/mL) after exercise training (p<0.05). This decreases in both exercise training groups were significantly different with detrained (1711.82±272 to 1701.65±254 pg/mL) (p<0.05). In HOMA-IR values, a decrease was observed in moderate (3.01±0.8 to 2.61±0.8) and high intensity groups (2.87±0.9 to 1.84±0.6) after exercise training to compare with baseline (p<0.05). This decreases in both exercise groups were significantly different with detrained (2.95±0.7 to 3.11±0.9), too (p<0.05). In conclusion, the findings suggest that for decrease of Lcn2, in comparison with IL-1β and HOMA-IR, perhaps its need to weight loss and participation in exercise training intensity with more than 45-55% VO2max.

With regard to use and several benefits of resistance training in general population especially among young and middle-aged men، the purpose of this investigation was to compare the responses of several hormones such as testosterone (T)، growth hormone (GH)، cortisol (C)، adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and blood lactate (BL) to an acute bout of Moderate Intensity Resistance Exercise (MIRE) in young and middle-aged men. This study was a semi-experimental research. Ten younger (Y: age; 21. 2 ± 2. 23 years) and 8 middle-aged healthy men (M: age; 49. 7 ± 2. 10 years) volunteered to participate in this study and one week after determining 1 repetition maximum، performed MIRE including 4 sets of 12 repetitions (~ 70% 1 repetition maximum) bench press exercise with 2-min rest between sets. Blood samples were measured pre-exercise، immediately (I) and 30-min (30-m) post-exercise. Levels of T، GH، C، ACTH and BL significantly increased I and 30-m after MIRE for both groups. The Y group showed significantly greater secretion of GH than M group at 30-m (P < 0. 05). Significant differences were seen between Y and M groups for ACTH at I and 30-m after MIRE. With regard to findings، MIRE can induce greater stimulus for hormonal responses during recovery. Therefore، this increase is remarkable for middle-aged men in decreasing the effects of aging on physical and physiological profile.

L-glutamine is the most abundant amino acid found in human muscle and plays an important role in protein synthesis and can reduce the levels of inflammation biomarkers and creatine kinase (CK) after training sessions. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) develops after intense exercise and is associated with an inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on surface electromyography activity of the vastus medialis muscle (VMM) and rectus femoris muscle (RFM) and levels of creatine kinase after an eccentric contraction. Seventeen healthy men (age: 22.35±2.27yr; body mass: 69.91± 9.78kg; height: 177.08±4.32cm) were randomly assigned to experimental (n=9) and control groups (n=8) in a double-blind manner. In both groups, subjects were given L-glutamine supplementation (0.1g.kg-1) or placebo three times a week for 4 weeks. Median frequency (MDF) and mean power frequency (MPF) for VMM and RFM muscles and also CK measurements were performed before, 24h and 48 h after a resistance training session. The resistance training included 6 sets of eccentric leg extensions to exhaustion with 75% of 1RM. There was no significant difference between groups for MDF or MPF in VMM and RFM. The difference of CK level between the groups was also not significant. The results of this study indicate that glutamine supple­mentation has no positive effect on muscle injury markers after a resistance training session.

The purpose of this study was investigation effects of low and high intensity aerobic exercise on energy intake، appetite and energy-regulating hormones. Sixteen sedentary (age 22. 09±1. 44 yr، height 172. 55±6. 33 cm، weight 70. 55±8. 90 kg، fat percent 17. 95±4. 30) men were randomly divided in low (55% MHRR for 45 min/day n=8) and high (75% MHRR for 30 min/day n=8) intensity exercise groups. All subjects participated in two experimental conditions with two days apart include five days control with no exercise، and five days exercise. Subjects recorded dietary intake using a food diary and self-weighed intake during each five days. Visual analogue scale (VAS) completed at each morning in fasted state. The level of acylated ghrelin، insulin، leptin، and glucose were measured in the morning at 6th day in fasting status after control and exercise conditions. No significant changes were found in absolute energy intake، appetite rate and level of acylated ghrelin and leptin between conditions (p>0. 05). Interestingly، relative energy intake was significantly lower after exercise in the low-intensity exercise group (p=0. 018). However، insulin (p=0. 041) and glucose (p=0. 022) concentration reduced significantly after exercise condition in the high-intensity exercise group. Finally، it can be concluded that low-intensity exercise is more effective in negative energy balance and high-intensity exercise is more impressive for reducing insulin and glucose concentration.