asieh abbassi-daloii

The aim of this study was to evaluate endurance training and nettle consumption on the expression of caspase 8 and p53 genes in mice with melanoma.

The subjects included male Wistar rats that were randomly divided into 4 groups, including control, exercise, extract and exercise + extract, after two weeks of adjustment. Exercise program included 30 minute of running on a treadmill without incline at a speed of 16 meters per minute for the first week, and one meter per minute was added every week until it reached 22 meters per minute in the eighth week. One week after melanoma induction, the experimental group consumed 30 mg / kg / day of nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. RT PCR was used to evaluate gene expression.

The use of nettle extract and endurance training significantly increased the level of caspase 8 and P53 in rats with melanoma in different groups (p=0.047, p=0.03, respectively). Also, there was a significant difference in the gene expression level of caspase 8 and p53 between the control group and train and extract groups (p=0.039, p=0.017, respectively).

The results showed that physical training and consumption of nettle extract could possibly be effective in the expression of p53 as an inhibitor and the expression of caspase-8 as a primer in apoptotic function and the treatment of melanoma cancer.

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, the present research aims to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training combined with garlic supplementation on brain tissue’s total antioxidant capacity and carbonyl protein in elderly rats with Parkinson’s disease.

In this experimental study, 40 male Sprague Dawley breed Parkinsonian rats, treated with 2 mg/kg of reserpine, were divided into five groups of eight rats each. The groups included Reserpine, Aerobic training, Garlic supplement, Aerobic training + Garlic supplement and a healthy control group. Aerobic training was performed for eight weeks, five sessions per week, with a duration of 15 to 48 minutes at a speed of 10 to 24 meters per minute. Additionally, a daily garlic supplement of 500 mg/kg was administered by gavage. All statistical operations were performed using SPSS version 26 software. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

Protein carbonyl values in the Aerobic Training, Garlic, and Aerobic Training + Garlic groups were significantly lower than the reserpine group (P=0.001). In addition, it was significantly lower in the Aerobic Training + Garlic group than in the Garlic group (P=0.02). Also, total antioxidant capacity values in the Garlic, Aerobic, and Aerobic Training + Garlic groups were significantly lower than in the reserpine group (P=0.001).

The results of the present study suggest that exercise combined with garlic supplementation is an effective treatment method for modulating oxidative stress and protein oxidation in rats with Parkinson’s disease.

In this study, the effect of aerobic exercise and crocin on the gene expression of BDNF, TrKB, dopamine, and serotonin in the cerebral cortex of rats induced with methamphetamine was investigated.

In this research, 40 female Wistar rats (age, eight weeks; weight 140-160 grams) were divided into five groups including healthy control, methamphetamine, methamphetamine+aerobic exercise, methamphetamine+crocin, methamphetamine+crocin+aerobic exercise. 15 mg of methamphetamine was given to the subjects every 12 hours for four days. Moreover, the dose of crocin was 80 mg per kilogram of body weight, which was mixed intraperitoneally with distilled water and injected over five days. The aerobic exercise program included running on a treadmill with a 0% incline until the third week and a 5% incline from the fourth to the eighth week, which was performed three days a week for eight weeks. The duration of the aerobic exercise protocol increased from 20 min in the first sessions to 30 min in the final sessions. Furthermore, the speed of running increased from 20 meters per minute in the first weeks to 25 meters per minute in the final weeks. After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed and samples of cerebral cortex tissue were taken. The gene expression of BDNF, TrkB, dopamine and serotonin in the cerebral cortex was measured by the real-time technique with the rotor gene Q device. Y-maze tests were also used to evaluate the behavioral data. The data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc-test at the significance level of P≤0.05.

The results showed that the mean expression of BDNF, TrkB, dopamine and, serotonin genes in the cerebral cortex in rats induced with methamphetamine were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.001). The average expression of BDNF, TrkB, dopamine and, serotonin genes in the methamphetamine+aerobic exercise, methamphetamine+crocin and methamphetamine+crocin+aerobic exercise groups were significantly higher than the methamphetamine group (P=0.001). However, methamphetamine+crocin+aerobic exercise group had a significantly higher average expression of BDNF, TrkB, dopamine and, serotonin genes compared to methamphetamine+aerobic exercise and methamphetamine+crocin groups (P=0.001). The results in the model validation section by examining the behavioral data, showed no significant differences in the average total number of arms entering and the average non-repetitive frequency among the different groups (P<0.05). However, the comparison between before and after methamphetamine induction shows a significant decrease in the average total number of arms entering and the average of non-repetitive frequency (P<0.0001).    

The results of the present research showed that methamphetamine was associated with a decrease in the expression of the genes of neural factors in the cerebral cortex tissue. In addition, eight weeks of aerobic training, consumption of crocin, and aerobic exercise plus crocin supplementation can have a neuroprotective effect in rats induced with methamphetamine, and lead to increases in the expression of BDNF, TrkB, dopamine and serotonin genes in the cerebral cortex in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with spirulina supplementation on dermatopontine (DPT) and TGF-β in obese men. 44 obese men were divided into four groups of 11 including: control, Training, supplement and supplemental training. Subjects in the 12-week training group perform three HIIT sessions per week. Also, subjects in the supplement group took 6 grams of spirulina per day (three grams in the morning and three grams in the evening) for 12 weeks. 48 hours before the start of the research and 48 hours after the last day of training, blood Blood was drawn and, finally the aforementioned indicators were measured using an ELISA kit and device. The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). The post hoc analysis showed that training and supplementary training decreased DPT and TGF-β compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The present study showed that HIIT alone and with spirulina supplementation decreased DPT and TGF-β levels in obese men. Also, the consumption of spirulina along with HIIT compared to HIIT alone had a greater effect on the levels of the investigated variables.

Methamphetamine addiction is one of the most prevalent substance use disorders. Augmenting traditional drug treatments with non-pharmacological interventions can enhance treatment efficacy and sustainability. This study aims to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise and psilocybin on histopathological changes in the cerebral cortex of methamphetamine-induced rats.

This experimental research involved 30 female rats randomly allocated into five groups: control, methamphetamine, methamphetamine + aerobic exercise, methamphetamine + psilocybin, and methamphetamine + psilocybin + aerobic exercise. Rats received 15 mg of methamphetamine intraperitoneally every 12 hours for four days. Aerobic exercise was conducted on a treadmill with an 8-week program of escalating intensity, reaching a maximum running time of 30 minutes and speed of 25 m/min, with a 5% slope introduced in the fourth week. Psilocybin was administered intraperitoneally at a microdose of 0.025 mg/kg over 24 sessions. Histopathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and descriptive analysis with images was employed to interpret cortical brain tissue samples.

Histological examination revealed tissue and cellular disorganization, altered morphology of pyramidal neurons, and reduced microglial cell counts in methamphetamine-induced rats compared to controls. Endurance training, psilocybin supplementation, and their combination exhibited improvements in tissue and cellular alterations in the cerebral cortex of addicted rats.

 This study demonstrates that exercise training and psilocybin administration in methamphetamine-exposed rats ameliorate cortical histopathology, with the combined intervention yielding the most significant effects. This synergistic effect may reduce the risk of relapse in methamphetamine users by positively modulating brain and central nervous system functions.

Exercise interventions combined with medicinal plants are effective in preventing or reducing cancer symptoms and side effects caused by cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval training and consumption of Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract on selecteted factors of immune and growth in C57BL/6 rats with melanoma cancer.

In this experimental study, 20 C57BL/6 rats were randomly divided into four groups include control (cancer), Urtica dioica (cancer), and Urtica dioica - interval training (cancer). Experimental groups received nettle extract of 30 mg daily per kilogram of body weight. The interval exercise program included running on a treadmill 60 minutes at a speed of 28 meters per minute, five days a week for six weeks. Levels of nucleotide exchange factor (Apg-2), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death protein-1 (PD-1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) of rats was measured by Real Time PCR method. The data were analyzed and analyzed by One -way variance analysis and the Toky's test at the P<0.05.

interval training led to significant increase in gene expression of APG2, CTLA4 and decrease in IGFBP2 (P<0.001). Urtica dioica extract led to significant decrease in IGFBP2 (P<0.010). interval training with Urtica dioica extract led to significant increase in gene expression of APG2 and decrease in IGFBP2 compared to the Urtica dioica group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean of PD-1 gene expression in different groups (P=0.158).

According to the results, interval training with Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic consumption has more advantages in regulating gene expression of some growth and immune factors in melanoma cancer than interval training and Urtica dioica consumption alone.

Aging is a complex physiological process that involves progressive loss of body function and degradation of DNA strands located at the ends of chromosomes-telomeres. The capacity of cells to divide is limited by telomere length, as an excessive shortening of telomeres causes cellular senescence. Exercise training and omega-3 prevent the shortening of telomeres by affecting telomerase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training with omega-3 on some shelterins and telomerase of heart tissue in elderly high-fat diet rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (mean weight 311.32±26.95 g) were obtained from the Pasteur Institute and transferred to the laboratory. After transferring the rats to the laboratory, they were randomly divided into five groups: Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet-Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet-Omega3 (HFDω3), and High-Fat Diet-Training-Omega3 (HFDTω3). HFD induction was performed using a high-fat diet containing 17% protein, 43% carbohydrate, and 40% fat. The supplement groups received 1 g of Omega3 (per kg of body weight) orally during the intervention period. The aerobic exercise program at the beginning consisted of running on a treadmill at a speed of 10 m/min, 0-degree incline, for 15 minutes. The speed and duration gradually increased to 16 meters per minute and 50 minutes in the last session. Running was carried out for 8 weeks and five days a week. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P < 0.05.

Induction of HFD significantly decreased the expression of TRF2 (P = 0.002), TERT (P = 0.024) and increased TRF1 (P = 0.0001) compared to the ND group. Exercise and omega-3 significantly increased the expression of TRF2 and TERT in HFD rats (P < 0.05). Also, TRF2 and TERT expression changes were higher in the HFDTω3 group compared to HFDT (P = 0.023 and P = 0.044, respectively) and HFDω3 groups (P = 0.021 and P = 0.042, respectively).

The results of the present study showed that elderly and HFD are associated with a decrease in TRF2, TERT and an increase in TRF1 in heart tissue, and aerobic exercise and omega-3 consumption can reverse this trend. Considering the role of shelterins and telomerase in cellular function, it seems that changing the levels of these indicators following physical activity and using omega-3 supplements can partially prevent the occurrence of many heart diseases caused by aging and obesity.

The present research aimed to investigate the protective effects of endurance training and crocin on tissue changes of the cerebral cortex in an animal model of methamphetamine addiction.

In this experimental study, 40 female Wistar rats from Shahrood University of Medical Sciences weighing 140-160 grams were divided into five healthy control, methamphetamine, aerobic exercise methamphetamine, methamphetamine and crocin, methamphetamine, crocin, and aerobic exercise groups. 15 mg of methamphetamine was injected intraperitoneally every 12 hours for 4 days to create an animal model of addiction. Also, the crocin dose for the samples was 40 or 80 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally, which was mixed with distilled water and was performed over 5 days. Aerobic exercise program including running on a treadmill 12-15 meters per minute for five days a week was implemented for eight weeks. After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed and samples of cerebral cortex tissue were taken. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the data and compare the rank values.

The results showed that in the animal model of methamphetamine addiction, tissue and cellular disorganization, changes in the shape and size of pyramidal neurons, and a decrease in the number of microglia cells were observed compared to the control group. Endurance training, consumption of crocin supplementation, and aerobic exercise, along with consumption of crocin supplementation, were associated with improved tissue and cellular changes in the cerebral cortex tissue in the animal model of methamphetamine addiction compared to the methamphetamine group.

It seems that aerobic exercise and crocin supplementation can help reduce tissue damage and improve the neural factors of the cerebral cortex in the animal model of methamphetamine addiction.

MicroRNAs and heat shock proteins are important factors in heart function. However, the response of these factors to exercise in the heart tissue is unclear. Here, we evaluated the impact of endurance training on the expression of MIR-1 and HSP-60 genes in heart tissue of rats. In this study, 10 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups control and endurance training. The aerobic exercise program included running on the treadmill at speed of 25 m min-1, 5 days a week for 12 weeks. After anesthesia, we performed an autopsy to collect the heart. The expression level of MIR-1 and HSP60 were measured by Real-Time PCR. An Independent t-test was used to determine significant changes (P<0.05). After the intervention period, the expression level of the MIR-1 gene showed a significant decrease in the aerobic exercise group thank in the control group (P=0.001). However, aerobic training had no significant effect on the expression level of HSP60 in the heart (P<0.05). It seems that twelve weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can probably improve heart function.

Heart performance declines with age and obesity. Aging and obesity a major risk factor toward the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aging heart undergoes several changes at the molecular, cellular and physiological levels, which diminishes its contractile function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and omega-3 on atrophy indices in the cardiomyocytes of elderly HFD rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (mean weight 148.82±18.24) were divided into 5 groups: Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet-Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet-Omega3 (HFDω3) and High-Fat Diet-Training-Omega3 (HFDTω3). The supplement groups received 1 g of Omega3 (per kg of body weight) orally during the intervention period. Aerobic exercise program including running on treadmill with an intensity of 50-60% oxygen consumption (VO2max), was performed 5 days a week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05.

Significant decrease were seen in FoxO3a, MAFbx, and MuRF1 gene expression levels in HFDT (p=0.039, p=0.016, and p=0.043, respectively), HFDω3 (p=0.035, p=0.044, p=0.030, respectively), and HFDTω3 (p=0.0001, p=0.0001 and p=0.0001 respectively). Also, a significant decrease in FoxO3a expression was observed in the HFDTω3 group compared to HFDT (P=0.040) and HFDω3 (P=0.045).

Aerobic training and omega-3 protected against HFD-induced cardiac atrophy in elderly rats, however, the combined effect of aerobic exercise and omega-3 was better.

Obesity is associated with dysfunction in the metabolic processes of heart tissue, and genetic factors are associated with metabolic homeostasis of heart tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and stevia supplements on the expression of the glucose metabolism signaling pathway markers in the heart tissue of obese rats.

For the implementation of this experimental research, 25 male Wistar rats (five healthy adult rats and 20 adult obese male rats) were divided into five groups: control (healthy), obese, obese-stevia, obese-aerobic training, and obese-stevia- -aerobic training. Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill, five days a week for eight weeks. Supplemental groups received 250 mg of stevia (per kilogram of body weight) by gavage during the intervention period. After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed and heart tissue was removed. gene expression of mTOR, AKT, PI3K ، IRS2، INSR, and PTEN in heart tissue were measured using Real-Time PCR.

After the intervention, a decrease of mTOR and PTEN gene expression and an increase of IRS2 and PI3K gene expression in heart tissue were observed in all intervention groups compared to the obese group (P=0.001). Also, the increase of AKT gene expression and the decrease of INSR gene expression in heart tissue were prominent in the obese + exercise + stevia group compared to the obese group (P=0.001).

It seems that aerobic training and stevia supplementation can help to improve the factors involved in heart energy metabolism during obesity.

Understanding how aerobic exercise with herbal supplements can cause structural changes in the heart could lead to the development of new treatments to improve heart health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with stevia herbal supplement on heart tissue structure in obese rats.

To implementation of this experimental research, 25 male wistar rats (5 healthy adult rats and 20 adults’ obese male rats) were divided into five groups: control (healthy), obese, obese-garlic, obese-aerobic training and obese-garlic. Aerobic training was performed. Aerobic exercise was performed on treadmill, 5 days week for eight weeks. The dose of stevia was 250 mg per kilogram of body weight in gavage. After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed and heart tissue was removed. Cardiac tissue sections were studied by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The changes of heart tissue, Muscle cells, necrosis, inflammation and hyperemia were assessed, the severity and degree of these changes were performed based on microscopic and photomicrographs observations.

The results showed that in obese rat’s pathological changes of heart muscle and heart cells were observed in comparison with the control group. Aerobic training, consumption of stevia herbal supplement and aerobic training with consumption of stevia herbal supplement were associated with improvement of tissue and cellular changes in heart tissue.

the present intervention can probably have benefits for the structure of heart tissue during obesity.

There is now mounting evidence that pro-inflammatory pathways, which are mediated by T cells (that secrete IL-17 and IL-22), play a critical role in metabolic control. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training along with aqueous extract of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) on relative expression of IL-17, IL-22 and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (age five weeks and weight 162.12 ± 15.24 g) were obtained from the Pasteur Institute and transferred to the laboratory. After transferring the rats to the laboratory, inducing diabetes and familiarizing them with exercise on a rodent treadmill, they were randomly divided into five groups: Control-Normal (CN), Diabetes (DM), Diabetes-Training (TDM), Diabetes-Garlic (GDM) and Diabetes-Training-Garlic (TGDM). Diabetes was induced in the rats by the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Blood glucose of 250 mg/dL was the criterion for diabetic rats. Training groups have performed an aerobic running program (at 10-18 m/min, 10-40 min/day, and five days/week) on a motor-driven treadmill for eight weeks. A dose of one ml of garlic extract /100 g body weight (about 0.4 grams per 100 grams of body weight) was orally administered daily to rats. The expression of IL-17 and IL-22 was measured by RT-PCR method. After estimating fasting glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR index was used to evaluate insulin resistance. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient at P < 0.05. 

The expression of IL-17 (P = 0.0001), IL-22 (P = 0.0001) and HOMA-IR level (P = 0.0001) increased in DM groups compared to CN group. IL-17, IL-22 and HOMA-IR was significantly lower in TDM (respectively, P = 0.008, P = 0.040, P = 0.0001), GDM (respectively, P = 0.017, P = 0.044, P = 0.0001) and TGDM (respectively, P= 0.0001, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0001) groups than in DM group. Also, IL-17 and IL-22 in the TGDM group lower than TDM (respectively, P = 0.045, P= 0.041) and GDM (respectively, P = 0.023, P = 0.038) groups. A positive correlation was observed between HOMA-IR and IL-17 (P = 0.0001) and IL-22 (P = 0.001).

The findings of the present study show that probably the increase in the relative expression of IL-17 and IL-22 with the induction of diabetes is associated with an increase in insulin resistance. Decreased IL-17 and IL-22 expression adipose tissue followed by aerobic training and aqueous garlic extract were associated with decreased HOMA-IR in diabetic rats. In addition, the combination of aerobic exercise with garlic extract had synergistic effects and reduced inflammation and HOMA-IR compared to each alone. Since diabetics are constantly exposed to inflammation and according to the reduction of IL-17 and IL-22 following aerobic exercise and consumption of garlic extract, the use of these two could possibly be of therapeutic importance for T2DM patients.

Inflammation plays a critical role in the promotion of hepatocyte damage and liver fibrosis. In recent years the protective role of exercise and royal jelly (RJ), has been suggested for metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of aerobic training (AT) and RJ on pro-inflammatory markers in a rat's model of a high-fat diet (HFD).

In this experimental study, 45 male rats were randomly divided into five groups (Each group: n=9): Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet +Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet + Royal Jelly (HFDRJ), and High-Fat Diet +Training + Royal Jelly (HFDTRJ). The supplement groups received 100 mg of royal jelly (kg/body weight) diluted in distilled water orally during the intervention period. The aerobic exercise program included treadmill running with an intensity of 50-60% oxygen consumption (VO2max), 5 days/week for 8 weeks.

HFD increased hepatic NF-κB (p=0.006), TNF-α (p=0.0001) and IL-1β (p=0.0001). AT, RJ as well as the combination of AT with RJ decreased NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β (p≤0.05). Decrease in NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β were significant in HFDTRJ group compared to HFDT and HFDRJ groups (p≤0.05).

The combination of AT and RJ may decrease inflammatory markers and improve HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by reducing the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β.

 

Recent evidence suggests that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are involved in regulating of adipose tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three resistance training methods on bone morphogenetic protein 2 and lipid profile in obese men.

In a semi-experimental trial, 44 obese men (23-32 years) were selected and randomly divided into four groups, including control, interval resistance training, traditional resistance training and circuit resistance training. Interval, traditional and circuit resistance training performed with an intensity of 50% of maximum repetition and active rest, 3-time sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum BMP-2 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the p<0.05.

The results showed that interval, traditional and circuit resistance training were associated with a significant decrease in bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), LDL, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in interval, traditional and circuit resistance training groups, and also a significant increase in HDL concentration in interval and circuit resistance training groups in comparison with the pretest (p<0.001). BMP-2 levels were significantly lower in the interval resistance training group than in the traditional resistance training group (p<0.001). The HDL and LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in obese men in the interval and circuit resistance training groups were significantly higher and lower than in the interval resistance training group, respectively (p<0.001).

12 weeks of the interval, circuit and traditional resistance training were associated with decreased BMP-2 and improved lipid profile in obese men, and interval resistance training may be more effective on BMP-2 and lipid profile in obese men.

Melanoma, caused by gene mutations of melanocytes, is the most aggressive skin cancer (1). The pathogenesis of melanoma is complex and involves genetic and environmental factors. The increased incidence of melanoma in developed countries is mostly due to excessive exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet light), which is the main risk factor for cutaneous melanoma (2). The interaction of melanoma cells with other cells residing in the tumor microenvironment significantly affects tumor biology such as proliferation, differentiation, and growth (3). Collective action of molecular chaperones is also necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis leading to survival (4). In human cells, stress-induced Hsp70 is expressed in the cytosol of many tumors, where it performs a wide variety of chaperone functions such as folding-unfolding and translocation of polypeptides across cell membranes, cloning and dissociation of protein complexes, and regulation of protein activity (5). High expression of Hsp70 is associated with tumor initiation, progression and survival in various types of cancer (7,8). Molecular studies show that subunits of the HSP70 protein family reduce the stability of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-inducible protein (CD147) by increasing ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, thereby inhibiting lactate and glycolysis, and ultimately metastasis and cell migration (9). On the other hand, the tendency of melanoma cells to invade distant tissues depends on their interaction with tumor microenvironment cells and the efficiency of the immune response (10). CD147, also known as Basigin, is a highly glycosylated type I membrane protein of the large family of immunoglobulins (11). A previous study has shown that CD147 plays a key role in cell apoptosis (12).In recent years, due to fewer side effects of herbal medicines, the use of plant-derived compounds as anti-cancer drugs has increased significantly. Clinical studies show that nettle species contain compounds that show activity against cancer cells (16,17). Exercise can also reduce the risk of cancer by changing the response of immune factors (18). Wennerberg et al. (2020) found in a breast cancer model that incorporating 30 minutes of treadmill running five days per week during the anti-PD-1/radiotherapy course reduced tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and increased the infiltration of tumor cells. becomes CD8+ T, which is more useful for the function of immune cells (19). However, in Crosby et al.'s (2021) research, there was no statistically significant change in quality of life, fatigue, physical performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, psychological distress, cognitive performance, or treatment-related side effects compared to physical activity or exercise (20). Previous reports have shown the antitumor activity of nettle in various human malignancies, such as breast, lung, and prostate cancers (17,22). However, despite the therapeutic benefits of nettle plant, the effects of nettle extract on changes in immune and growth factors in melanoma cancer are not clear. Considering the therapeutic benefits of nettle plant as well as the positive effect of exercise in reducing the effect of interval training and consumption of Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract on Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147) in C57 rats with melanoma cancer.

In this experimental study, 20 C57 rats were randomly divided into four groups include control (cancer), Urtica dioica (cancer), and Urtica dioica - interval training (cancer). One week after the induction of melanoma cancer, the experimental group consumed 30 mg/kg/day nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. The interval exercise program included running on a treadmill 60 minutes at a speed of 28 meters per minute, five days a week for six weeks. The HSP70 and CD147 ranks were measured by Real time PCR. The data were analyzed and analyzed by One -way variance analysis and the Toky's test at the p<0.05.

The results showed that interval training, Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract and interval training with Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract consumption led to significant increase in the amount of HSP70 and significant decrease in the amount of CD147 in C57 rats with melanoma cancer (P<0.001).

The findings of the present research show that interval training led to a significant increase in the level of heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. The findings of the present research are consistent with some results of previous studies (19,25). HSP70 induction depends on exercise intensity. High-intensity exercise has a greater effect on stimulating heat shock reactions (26). It seems that one of the effective mechanisms of exercise training on the levels of heat shock proteins is the increase in body temperature and the occurrence of oxidative stress during physical activity, which can be the reason for the increase of these markers after exercise. One of the important mechanisms of CD147 effect in promoting cancer metastasis is the metabolic regulation of the tumor microenvironment through interaction with specific MCTs, such as MCT4, which helps to facilitate lactate transport and tumor glycolysis (29,30). Little is known about the regulation of heat shock proteins in CD147 expression. In one study, it was shown that the reduction of the HSP70 protein family was associated with the increase of CD147 protein expression in human cancer cell tumors, suggesting that the negative regulation of the HSP70 protein family maybe It can increase the migration of cancer cells by upregulating CD147. This hypothesis is supported by findings that the HSP70 protein family negatively regulates the abundance and membrane expression of CD147 protein in cancer cells (9). Also, the results of our study show that nettle hydroalcoholic consumption led to a significant increase in the level of heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Stinging nettle extract may exert biological anticancer activities through various mechanisms, including antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, induction or inhibition of key processes in cellular metabolism, and the ability to activate apoptotic pathways (17). The most likely explanation for the significant anticancer effect of nettle is its content of flavonoids and other known molecules and/or as yet unknown substances. In addition, the findings of our study show that interval training with the consumption of nettle hydroalcoholic significantly led to a further decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Therefore, it is possible that intermittent exercises in combination with nettle hydroalcoholic consumption may lead to a more effective regulation of immune factors in melanoma cancer, but a definitive statement requires more research in this field. The main strength of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of several interventions to identify the best intervention. The current approach results in more informed decisions. There were also limitations in the present research, among which we can point out the small number of samples in the present research, therefore, a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. It is also suggested that similar research be done by measuring immune growth factors following other exercise protocols. The results of the present study showed that interval training, nettle hydroalcoholic consumption and interval training combined with nettle hydroalcoholic consumption were associated with a significant increase in heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Therefore, it seems that intermittent exercises and nettle hydroalcoholic consumption can help regulate growth and immune factors in melanoma cancer.

Recent findings suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormal production of adipokines (2). Impaired circulating levels of adipokines are associated with multiple cardiovascular complications in diabetes (3). Lipocalin-2 is one of the adipokines that increases in diabetic patients and its secretion is associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in these patients (4). also, Omentin-1 concentrations have been reported to decrease in patients with type 2 diabetes (11).Many efforts are being made to develop a drug that improves metabolism and prevents the complications of diabetes. Canagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor drug that acts by inhibiting glucose reabsorption by the body, lowers plasma glucose levels, and improves insulin resistance (13). Prescribing this drug to type 2 diabetes can help improve blood glucose control and reduce body weight in these patients (14, 15).On the other hand, exercise has been used as an adjunct in drug therapy in the management of diabetes complications. Resistance training has been reported to be associated with significant increase in lipocalin-2 concentration in men with type 2 diabetes (16). However, the results of Hosseini et al showed that eight weeks of combined training did not have significant effect on lipocalin 2 in diabetic women (18). Also, significant increase (19) and no change (20, 21) of omentin-1 has been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes after exercise.Since no research has been done on the effect of combined exercise with medication on adipokines in type 2 diabetics, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training with Canagliflozin on lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men.

This is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in the Tehran city in 2019. 44 men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25-40 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, drug, exercise and exercise-drug groups. Subjects were given 200 mg of canagliflozin for 12 weeks (25). Combined exercises were performed 3 sessions per week, 45 minutes for 12 weeks (26). Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and 24 hours after the intervention at 12-hour fasting. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Tukey post hoc test at P<0.05.
 

The results showed that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, after the combined training intervention, canagliflozin and combined training with canagliflozin, the levels of lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 were lower and higher than the pretest, respectively (P=0.001).

The findings of the present study show that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (19, 26-28, 33). Various studies have examined the mechanisms of change in lipocalin-2 induced by exercise. Perhaps one of the reasons for the decrease in lipocalin-2 levels in the present study is the intensity of exercise. also, exercise has been reported to reduce the activity of the NF-κB and inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin-1 beta, which activate lipokalin-2 expression (31), therefore It is possible that combined training in this study reduced lipocalin-2 by reducing the above factors. Some studies have reported that the reduction of lipocalin-2 is highly correlated with the reduction of adipose tissue, so that with the reduction of adipose tissue after exercise, the amount of lipocalin-2 decreases (28). also, Omentin-1 changes are largely a function of changes in body composition, including weight loss, fat mass, and body mass index and adipocyte size (35). In addition, in a study, changes in inflammatory levels have been reported to be an influential factor in regulating the expression of omentin-1 (36). Therefore, it is possible that in the present study, combined training increased the amount of omentin-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes by improving the composition of the body and inflammatory agents. The pharmacological effects of canagliflozin in the produced doses cause a significant increase in urinary glucose excretion and a decrease in hyperglycemia. Therefore, in explanation the results obtained in the present study, it can be said that canagliflozin with exercise, by lowering fasting blood glucose and also increasing insulin, may significantly improve the levels of adipokines in type 2 diabetic men. combined training was the strengths of the present study; because this type of exercise can have different responses and adaptations than other exercise programs. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other adipokines. According to the results, it seems that diabetics can benefit from combined exercise with canagliflozin to improve adipokines levels.

Type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with changes in the body's metabolism, which is a determining factor in the development of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks high-intensity interval training on Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) levels of adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic obese rats.

To implementation of this experimental research, 32 obese male wistar rats (weight 320±20 gr) randomly were divided into 4 groups including obese control, shem (obese), obese diabetic, obese diabetic - high-intensity interval training. Intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide amide-streptozotocin was used to induction type 2 diabetes. high-intensity interval training program was performed 4 days a week for six weeks. VEGF-A and A-FABP levels in rat adipose tissue were measured using by ELISA kit.

the VEGF-A level in adipose tissue in the obese diabetic group was significantly lower than the obese control group (P=0.001). Also, A-FABP (P=0.001) and insulin resistance (P=0.004) was significantly higher in the obese diabetic group than the obese control groups. High-intensity interval training was associated with significant increase of VEGF-A and decrease A-FABP levels in adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese diabetic rats (P=0.001).

It seems that high-intensity interval training can help improve adipose tissue metabolic parameters and insulin resistance in obese diabetic rats.

A great importance has been given to the role of adipose tissue due to their ability to secrete hormones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training (RT) on hormones secreted from adipose tissue (WISP-1 and WISP-2) in obese men.

In the semi-experimental study, 44 obese men (32-33 years old) were selected and randomly divided into four groups of control, interval RT, traditional RT, and circuit RT. interval, traditional, and circuit RT were performed with intensity of 50% of maximum repetition and active rest, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum WISP-1 and WISP-2 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by the correlated t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey‘s post-hoc test at the p<0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference among the effect of three training methods on WISP-1 in obese men (p<0.001), while there was no significant difference among the effect of three training methods on WISP-2. The level of WISP-1 in the interval RT group  was significantly lower than that in  the control and traditional RT groups. Also, WISP-1 in interval RT and circuit RT groups and WISP-2 in interval RT group decreased significantly compared to the pre-test (p<0.001).

It seems that interval RT has more effects on reducing of WISP-1 and WISP-2 in obese men.

A large amount of evidence shows that oxidative stress plays a central role in hypertension pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to examine effect of aerobic training along with Garlic on oxidative stress index in obese women with high blood pressure.

In this clinical trial study, 36 postmenopausal obese women with hypertension were purposefully and accessibly selected from Sari and were simple randomly divided into four groups Control (C), Aerobic Training (AT), Garlic (G) and Aerobic Training +Garlic (ATG). The training groups participated in a progressive aerobic training for eight weeks, three sessions a week (55% to 65% of the reserved heart rate and for 30 to 55 min). The groups of G and ATG were provided 1000 mg of garlic supplement for eight weeks (After breakfast and dinner). Two days before and after the protocol, blood samples were taken in fasting state. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA at p<0.05.

The results showed that the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P=0.0001) decrease significantly in the experimental groups. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P=0.001), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (P=0.000) and catalase (CAT) (P=0.001) in the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the C group. The amount of SOD, GPx and CAT in the ATG group was significantly higher than the AT and G group (p≤0/05).

It seems that AT and G has interactive effects on reducing Oxidative Stress in obese women with high blood pressure.

The prevalence of obesity in the elderly has increased dramatically in recent years. Therapeutic strategies that can help maintain energy homeostasis in old age are of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of aerobic training and spirulina on ghrelin and obestatin in overweight elderly men.

In this experimental study, 36 obese adult men from Anzali were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control, spirulina, exercise and exercise-spirulina. The supplement groups received 2 tablets (500 mg) daily in the morning and evening during the intervention period. Exercise groups performed 3 sessions of aerobic exercise on a treadmill each week with an intensity 70-85% of maximum heart rate for eight weeks. Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels were measured by ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The results showed that exercise, spirulina and exercise- spirulina caused a significant increase in ghrelin and obestatin compared to the pretest and control group. The ghrelin level of the exercise- spirulina group was significantly higher than the spirulina group. Also, the level of obestatin in the exercise- spirulina group was significantly higher than the exercise and spirulina groups.

It seems that aerobic exercise in combination with spirulina can help regulate hormones responsible for appetite in overweight elderly people.

Aging and overweight are associated with an increase in oxidative stress indices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Spirulina supplementation (SP) with aerobic exercise (AT) on oxidative stress in overweight elderly men.

In this clinical trial study, 40 overweight adult men (age 57.41±4.82 years, Body mass index: BMI 27.88±2.21 kg/m2) were selected from Bandar-e-Anzali and randomly allocated into four groups; including Overweight (OW), Overweight-Aerobic Training (OWAT), Overweight-Spirulina (OWSP) and Overweight-Aerobic Training -Spirulina (OWATSP). The OWSP and OWATSP groups were provided with two 500 mg SP tablets daily in the morning and evening. Training groups participated in an aerobic exercise program for eight weeks, five sessions per week (with an intensity of 65 to 85% of peak heart rate, 40 minutes). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA at a significance level of P<0.05.

It was shown that AT and SP increased SOD (P=0.001 and P=0.011), GPX (P=0.0001 and P=0.0001) and CAT (P=0.005 and P=0.018). Simultaneous intervention of AT and SP also had a positive and strengthening effect on increasing SOD (P=0.00001), GPX (P=0.00001) and CAT (P=0.0001). MDA also had a significant decrease in OWAT (P = 0.001), OWSP (P = 0.001) and OWATSP (P = 0.0001) groups.

AT and SP could improve the oxidative stress in overweight adult men, by altering the levels of SOD, GPX, CAT and MDA. Nevertheless, the effect of the combination of exercise and supplementation was greater.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of three therapeutic methods, including regular aerobic training, hyaluronic acid (HA), and mesenchymal stem cells, on Wnt/β-catenin signaling of cardiac tissue in rats with the experimental model of knee osteoarthritis.

Sixty-three male rats were divided into nine groups (seven in each group): (1) Healthy control, (2) patient control, (3) sham, (4) saline, (5) exercise (EXT), (6) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), (7) hyaluronic acid, (8) EXT + MSCs, and (9) EXT + HA. After inducing the osteoarthritis (OA) model, we conducted 5 days of running on the treadmill for five weeks for the EXT group. Also, HA was injected intra-articularly. After 12 to 14 hours of fasting and 72 hours following the last training session, we conducted cardiac tissue sampling for β-catenin, GSK-3β, Wnt, Fz, TCF, and DKK1 analysis. We used RT-PCR to analyze the expression of the β-catenin, GSK-3β, Wnt, Fz, TCF, and DKK1 genes in cardiac tissue. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (P < 0.05).

Osteoarthritis induction significantly decreased the expression of the GSK-3β and DKK1 genes but significantly increased the expression of the β-catenin, Wnt, Fz, and TCF genes of cardiac tissue compared to the control group. However, the EXT, HA, MSC, and combination methods increased the expression of the GSK-3β and DKK1 genes but decreased the expression of the β-catenin, Wnt, Fz, and TCF genes of cardiac tissue, which were significant in the combination group.

Regular exercise, along with HA and MSCs, may have protective effects for the following reasons: (1) reducing the expression of the β-catenin, Wnt, Fz, and TCF genes; (2) increasing the expression of the GSK-3β and DKK1 genes in cardiac tissue; and (3) inhibiting Wnt signaling in the heart.

More Adipose tissue is associated with the increase of inflammatory markers in obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different intensity circuit resistance training on gremlin-1, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and some cardiovascular risk factors in obese men.

In a semi-experimental trial, 44 obese men were selected and randomly divided into four groups including control (n=11), low intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), moderate intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) and high-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) groups. Resistance training was performed in different intensities included 1) High-intensity circuit resistance training (80% 1RM) 2) Moderate intensity circuit resistance (60% 1RM) and 3) Low intensity circuit resistance training (40% 1RM), three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum levels of gremlin-1, MIFand Lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL) were measured using kit and ELISA method. Data were analyzed with Analysis of variance with repeated measures, dependent t-test and Bonferroni post hoc test at the P < 0.05.

12 weeks of circular resistance training with low, moderate and high intensity caused a significant decrease in gremlin-1 and MIF levels, significant decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c levels and significant increase in HDL-c levels (P = 0.001).

It seems that circular resistance training with different intensities and especially high intensity can be an effective factor in counteracting the increase in observation of cardiovascular risk factors in obese people.

Chronic inflammation as an integral part of cardiovascular disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-intensive aerobic workout caffeine-beetroot supplementation on indicators related to vascular function including endothelial selectin (E-SELECTIN), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in elite  endurance runners.

In this experimental study, 10 elite male runners (age: 27.5±3.8 y, height: 176.7±7.8 cm, BMI: 22.3±1.5 kg/m2 and VO2max 52.2±4.6 ml/kg/min, were selected and with a double-blind, counterbalance, crossover and randomized design, were participated into three short-term conditions with 2 week washout. 1: high dose (9.6 mmol nitrate and 400 mg caffeine), 2: low dose (4.8 and 200) and 3: placebo. Subjects consumed 250cc of the supplement twice daily. Aerobic exercise included 5-km high intensity indoor running.

intervention, conditions and time effects with MANOVA repeated measures and bonferroni statistical analysis tests showed that the short term beetroot-caffeine supplementation (intervention effect) had no significant effect on E-SELECTIN and GDF-15, but decreased TNF-α (p=0.038). Also, that increased the GDF-15 (p=0.024), TNF-α (p=0.0001) and E-SELECTIN (p=0.047) and the supplementation after seven days (time effect) decreased the levels of TNF-α (p=0.033), GDF-15 (p=0.021) and E-SELECTIN (p=0.004) following exercise. 

an increase in the variables after exercise and decrease after seven days of the supplementation, indicates that may improves cardiac dysfunction caused by intensive aerobic exercise.