ehsan aliakbari

One of the important problems of the banking system in Iran is the late payment of customers' debts in long-term transactions. Paying debts at the appointed time is a legal duty, but in an Islamic society, it is also considered a religious and moral duty. The banking system uses several methods to ensure timely collection of claims. One of these methods, the legitimacy of which there are many differences between jurists and Islamic banking experts, is to collect a penalty for late payment in the form of an obligation in the form of a condition included in the contract in banking contracts. According to some Islamic thinkers, this method is against Sharia standards, and according to another group, it is a correct and legitimate way to solve the mentioned problem. This treatise tries to explain the jurisprudential analysis of the late payment penalty in the banking system of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the library and documentary method, emphasizing the jurisprudential opinion of the Supreme Leader, and according to the content, it can be said: the late payment penalty in the banking system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from Examples of unrealized interests are that the Supreme Leader considers late payment fines against banks as permissible. According to the jurists of the Guardian Council, commercial, loan and ignorance usurpation does not include the condition of delay fine. There are two views among Islamic jurists about the Shari'a ruling of receiving late payment fines from delinquent customers. Supreme Leader.

Hajj has many political, economic, social and cultural effects and consequences. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to examine the economic dimensions of Hajj security from the perspective of the Qur'an, hadiths and religious jurisprudence.

In this research, according to the content of the discussion, the descriptive-analytical method and reference to library sources, including jurisprudence books and articles, have been chosen. The opinions and views of Shia and Sunni jurists are the focus of the analysis of the present discussion.

Ethical considerations:

 Accurate reference to sources, use of authentic jurisprudential texts and first hand is the ethical guide of this research.

Establishing security in the spiritual journey of Hajj is an effort for economic unity for Muslim countries, benefiting from its economic benefits, providing an ethical-economic model for Muslim societies and feeding the poor and needy in these days.

Hajj security can be an attempt to organize the religion and world of pilgrims, Islamic societies and all factors of Hajj. The huge human congress can show the Islamic countries as a political-economic bloc of common interests and each of the Hajj rituals is a manifestation of the connection between the spirituality and the economic power of Muslims.

Urban management structure is one of the most important dimensions of urban governance. According to the United Nations Urban Development Plan, there are five axes for the 21st century geographical area of the world: urban land management, urban infrastructure management, municipal finance management, urban environmental management and eradication. In this article, we seek to answer the question of whether Islamic countries have been more successful in urban management by following the Islamic model or Western countries? Can the Islamic model meet the modern needs of Muslims in Islamic countries? In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method We achieved the important point that Islamic countries can also use the successful experiences of developed countries to promote and improve Iran's urban management by observing the culture of the Islamic model. urban management by following the Islamic model or Western countries? Can the Islamic model meet the modern needs of Muslims in Islamic countries? In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method We achieved the important point that Islamic countries can also use the successful experiences of developed countries to pro

Infertility is one of the phenomena that has been raised as a major problem for some families. However, medical science has taken measures to solve this problem, which is necessary for the legitimacy of these practices, considering the public following the Islamic rules. The jurists have expressed various opinions in this regard, but in the meantime, what has not been discussed is the position and influence of the purposes of the Sharichr('39')a and the verses expressing the purposes in the legitimacy of medical fertility. Accordingly, the main question of the research is "What effect do the purposes of Sharia have on the legitimacy of medical fertility?" The purpose of this study is to analyze the position of Sharia intentions in the legitimacy of medical fertility.

This research has been carried out by the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical manner, which has been obtained and analyzed by referring to Quranic, narrative and scientific texts.

The results show that verses such as "I created you to fast Yath I Zvaja Nfskm Ltsknva Lyha Vjl Bynkm love mercy ..." (I: 21) and other evidence suggest great religious purposes, itchr('39')s important to say that Preservation of the family unit and cohesion and love between couples have been the main purposes of marriage legislation in the view of the holy sharichr('39')a, so actions and behaviors such as medical fertility that are in line with this purpose of the law have legitimacy.

Based on what we have brought so far, a child born through artificial insemination is pure in all the above cases, and its owners are the first two, namely the sperm and the first, his parents, and he has all the rights and It is the duties that every other child has, whether one of the two owners of those first components or both are known and definite or unknown and indefinite.

According to the famous Imams' jurists, after the separation of the husband and wife, the custody of the boy for up to two years and the custody of the daughter up to seven years are subject to the lack of marriage, and this is the right of the mother upon the marriage, and then, if she becomes divorced, the custody of He goes back. Most Islamic scholars such as Hanafi, Shafa'i and Hanbali are similar to the famous Imams' jurists, but in the meantime, Ibn Eridis, a scholar of the Imamiyah, declined to divorce by accepting the principle of the custody of the marriage, and the Imam al-Malik The Sunni Imams also have a theoretical similarity. Only Hassan Basri and his followers have a special theory. According to some reasons, unlike all jurisprudents of the Islamic faiths (Imamiyeh, Malekiyah, Shafieh, Hanafiyah, Hanbali and Zahirieh), the custody of marriage fell Therefore, regardless of the discussion of its return after divorce, this is also the case in Iran Judo, and despite the adherence of the legislator to the famous jurists, it seems that according to an argument such as verse 233 of Surah al-Baqarah, the rule of law, consideration of the legislator on custody and the principle of respecting the material of the child should criticize the famous ruling and promise She believed that her mother's rejection of her custody was unconditional.

An open contract, the provisions of which are set out in the Uniform Commercial Code, entitled "Completed Terms", is a contractual framework whereby some issues are redone at the time of concluding, and based on the practices in Legal systems are completed and certain contracts can be made. Thus, in terms of the legal nature of the contract, its analysis based on the legal relationship between the pre-contractual agreement or the preliminary agreement appears to be incorrect. These contracts are binding on the parties and can be invoked against third persons. This essay argues that open contracts are governed by a number of consensual-based rules and therefore, are acceptable in the Iranian legal system.

the position civil lawanswering the questions whether the divorce the couple's special rights is a completely personal matter, in which the stewardship of the couple is in that condition. And it is not possible to do it by another. Is the delegation and sovereignty of divorce permitted from the point of view of jurisprudence and the Iranian legal system, and what is the approval of the divorce's marriage license? In response to these well-known questions, Imamiyya jurisprudents have acknowledged that although a divorce has been paid by a divorced person to a couple, however, this can be justified and the couple can assign it to a third party or a wife; if the civil law The same comment has been accepted. In contrast to the famous belief in Imamiyya jurisprudents and, consequently, Iranian civil law does not allow the divorce to be given to a wife and the divorce is not in the form of divorce, while in accepting the principle of the giving and divorce, there is no difference between the public jurists. Therefore, after reviewing the meaning and concept of delegation and soakil, the authors have reviewed their permission in jurisprudence and legal system of Iran.

The famous hypothesis of the Shia jurisprudents in the subject of the endowment based on the narrations of the prophet of Islam, is just the things and essence. Now the question is brought to the mind of the researcher is that: is it possible to develop the belonging of the endowment to intellectual property and spiritual affairs either or not? In this article, the author according to the descriptive method, contrary to the famous assumption, trying to developing the subject of endowment while proving the intellectual property of intellectual property and the legitimacy of intellectual property. Finally the author in this article believe that the endowment of spiritual affairs is also in the correct position

The rule against discretion is a key issue in monetary policy research. There are many studies that each recommends the use of one or a combination of both Islamic Central Banking has not been the exception, now the question is about the Islamic central banking, which one under the ideal assumption and realistic condition is comply with the Islamic teaches, it needs research.
By a definition, the discretion has three completely arbitrary, optimistic, and re-optimal types between the time when the former and the second are not desirable, but the third one has advantages that it can verified against the rule.
This paper by descriptive-analytic method shows that within the framework of an Islamic state with an ideal assumption although re-optimization has the positive points of the rule and it has no weaknesses of that, it is preferable to prefer the rule, but given the institutional characteristics of the central bank, The money authority is not directly chosen by the Vali-e- Faghih and is not monitored by him. According to the existing empirical evidence, the existence of time incompatibility, political business cycles and financial domination in the Iranian economy, from the point of view of the Maslaha of the system, obliges the monetary authority to use an appropriate monetary rule is better in the context of a secondary verdict.

The progress of human societies and development of software and not regarding laws and incorrect use of the equipment is causing traffic accidents now a day.Due to increased accidents causing damage to life and property, in this research, citing legal position of the Quran, Sunnah, the intellect and the legal rules of the accidents caused by non-compliance with driving rules. Finally in this paper the view point of the law and jurisprudence surrounding the accident is well represented.

Some properties of compounds in degrading bacteria are required for biodegradation of contaminants to higher performance. Those strains which have a high percentage of these features are more effective at biodegradation. The present experiments were designed to measure these parameters. In this study, measurement of cell surface hydrophobic-degrading bacteria was designed which oil was separated from contaminated soils. Hydrophobic cell surface helps to binding bacteria to hydrocarbons which most of them are hydrophobic. In this experiment, the optical density was measured before and after addition of hexadecane at 600 nm. The highest percentage of Cell surface hydrophobicity (BATH%) of strains were 27,32,24 and 29 by Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Tsukamurella, respectively and the growths of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in hexadecane (1%) contain 1.9, 1.85, 1.4 and 1.12, respectively. It shows that whit increasing the amount of hydrophobic cell levels; consequently, the amount of hexadecane degradation will increase.

Petroleum hydrocarbons are important energy resources used by industry and in our daily life, whose production contributes highly to environmental pollution. To control such risk, bioremediation constitutes an environmentally friendly alternative technology that has been established and applied. It constitutes the primary mechanism for the elimination of hydrocarbons from contaminated sites by natural existing populations of microorganisms. Petroleum (or crude oil) is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Annually, millions of tons of crude petroleum oil enter the marine environment from either natural or anthropogenic sources. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (HDB) are able to assimilate and metabolize hydrocarbons present in petroleum. Crude oil pollution constitutes a temporary condition of carbon excess coupled to a limited availability of nitrogen that prompts marine oil-degrading bacteria to accumulate storage compounds. This review focuses on the role and distribution in the environment of degradation bacteria and their (potential) applications in bioremediation and biocatalysis. Bacteria play an important role in the microbial degradation of oil, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel additives, and many other compounds. Environmental studies demonstrate the abundance of alkane degraders and have lead to the identification of many new species, including some that are (near) obligate alkanotrophs. Bioremediation is being increasingly seen as an affective, environmentally friendly treatment for contaminated shorelines from marine oil spills. Oil bioremediation is limited by the availability of nitrogen and phosphorous which are needed by the bacteria and are not present in sufficient amounts for the biodegradation of the spilled hydrocarbons.

The legislator, in all legal systems, considers some special conditions for the validity of lawful acts. In case of non – compliance of such conditions, we will meet various sanctions in terms of intensity and weakness, including: nullity (absolute or relative), lake of force, etc. In this dissertation, the concept of nullity of contracts and unilateral legal acts, and the consequences of their nullity will be studied. Furthermore, the dissertation conducts a comparative study in order to have more consideration on subject matter and also to make use of other legal systems, laws and regulations and their legal doctrines. Then we will carry out a comparative study of the laws of Egypt and France. The reason of choosing Egypt law for a comparative study, is its similarity with Iranian legal system from the viewpoint of following codified legal system and the effects of French legal system on civil and commercial regulations, as well as the attempts of both countries in utilizing jurisprudential doctrines in their legislating process.

This study aimed at studying the relationship between three distinct variables including dutifulness, self-esteem, discipline and dimensions of military education (i.e. religiousness, organizational integrity and trust). As an applied research in purpose and field study in design and methodology, the study involved participation of 269 cadets selected based on stratified random sampling who attempted a questionnaire. The data were analyzed through pearson-product correlation and multi-variable linear regression techniques. The results revealed statistically significant correlation among discipline, self-esteem and dutifulness on one hand and religiousness, organizational integrity and trust on the other

Shiite jurisprudence does not prohibited the punishment of child in general. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted. However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity, only has some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exception of child punishment is under two general terms including discretionary correction and correction. Although most of the Islamic scholars did not separate this two general terms in the corporal punishment of children, it seems necessary in some cases to separate these two groups, because the cases, the conditions and many accessories of this two general terms are different and the separation of these two terms hasn’t any significant practical results. Moreover, since Islamic scholars haven’t argued within the issue, many of the terms and conditions including corporal punishment of children, the quality, level and the persons who have the right of punishment have not been investigated in the texts of jurisprudence.

The present article analyzes the issue of removing organs from brain dead patients as a matter of fact and as a matter of law. Giving definitions of life and death, it clarifies the position of brain-dead patients. Referring to the above-mentioned definitions, traditions of the Infallibles, and jurisprudent's views, this article concludes that such a patient is a living human being whose removal of organs are not allowed. The criticism of the arguments of those allowing organ transplant in brain-dead patients is another part of the article supporting the hypothesis of the article.

Invalidity is the state of a juridical act not valid in terms of law، and lacking the expected effects in terms of its validity. In fact، an invalid juridical act is one lacking an essential foundation and not restoring validity through subsequent authorization. Shiite jurisprudents consider the word «invalidity” in its general sense including the state of being inoperative. The present article seeks to clarify the meaning of annulment of contract، and its differences with institutions such as invalidity، being inoperative، withdrawal of contract، and suspension in the Shiite jurisprudence، the four Sunni schools of law and the law of Iran. Since the concept of annulment in the law of Egypt (as a Muslim country with its legal system based on Sunni jurisprudence) is different from that in the law of Iran، it will also deal with and analyze those differences.