فهرست مطالب eisa pourramzan

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of employment and increasing income on the longevity of the population in the rural areas of Rasht County. The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software was also used for data analysis. The statistical population in this research is the residents of the villages of Rasht County, which were determined as the sample population based on random sampling of 378 people. The results showed that the survival rate of the population with the obtained average value (lower than the average value of 3), with a significance level of 0.000, has been assessed as low and unfavorable in the villages of Rasht County, In this regard, the results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between population persistence and employment-increase in income in villages. Also, the regression results showed that 95% of the changes in the dependent variable (permanence of the population) are explained by the variables of employment and income increase, And based on the results of the path analysis, among the employment indicators, (diversity of job opportunities in the village) has the greatest impact on the longevity of the population, and among the indicators of increasing income, the index (increase in monetary income) has the greatest impact on the longevity of the population. In the villages of Rasht County, they have allocated to themselves. Finally, the results of Post Hoc and Tukey HSD tests showed that there is no significant difference between employment-increase in income and permanence of village population in the parts of Rasht County.

In this research, the physical resilience of the rural settlements of Amlash County against landslides was investigated using hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and overlap index. Then, the spatial pattern of the resilience of the villages was determined using spatial statistics indicators. For this purpose, ten criteria of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, the direction of slope, width of passages, and height were used in order of importance. Also, two methods of local Moran's I statistic and hot spot analysis (G* Gettys-Ord) were used to identify patterns. The results showed that the physical resilience of rural settlements against landslides varies from very low to very high. Villages with very high resilience are in the northeastern region, and towns with very low resilience are in the northwestern region and the plains. They are located in the foothills of Amlash County. In the mountainous area of the County, villages with low and medium resilience were also visible in all three investigated models. In this regard, the results of the local population statistics show the presence of high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) clusters in the northeast and northwest of the studied area, and these patterns have also appeared in the villages of the plains and foothills. Also, the existence of hot and cold hot spots in the northeast and northwest of the County has been proven, and with three positive and negative standard deviations at the 99% confidence level, they have been shown in the plains and foothills. Most of the counties' villages have moderate resilience to landslides, and their random behavior was confirmed by local Moran's I statistics and hot spot analysis. In total, the points of villages with high and low resilience with high-high and low-low cluster patterns of local Moran's I and hot and cold spots of G* Gettys-Ord in all three models of hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and matching overlap index were.

The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years. The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years. The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years. The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years.

The basics of quality of life covers all the experience of people's lives, and many studies consider the essence of quality of life to meet and simultaneously satisfy the material and spiritual needs of man. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the quality of life with an emphasis on institutional management dimension in the villages of Lahijan. Therefore, using 11 items derived from the tasks of the villages as intermediate elements between the government and the people, their role in the quality of life of the village has been determined. The present study is based on descriptive-analytic method and based on the purpose of the type of applied studies. The statistical population of the study included 182 villages in Lahijan, which 12 villages were studied at three levels of coastal geographical, plain and mountains. The sample size using the Morgan formula has been selected by 385 households as stratified random sampling. To analyze the information, methods in descriptive and inferential statistics include sperman correlation coefficient test and SPSS software. The research results indicate a relatively good condition of quality of life indicators from institutional management dimension in the villages of Lahijan. With the explanation that the villages have been able to achieve in villages that have no management, they acquire relative satisfaction with development work, such as asphalt and naming of the passages and supply cleanliness of the environment, and this satisfaction rate for an organization that is about two decades. The passage is attention.

Villages that have recreational and leisure functions have many physical effects and cause various effects, including physical changes in these villages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical developments of rural settlements in the last decade with emphasis on the role of tourism. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical that most of the data is based on field studies. The statistical population is 11 villages located in the coastal area of ​​Rasht city. The method of collection was field and library and the method of analysis was descriptive-analytical. The results show that the last decade of tourism in the field of spatial physics has effects and consequences such as the construction of second homes, the consequences of which can be the renovation of rural buildings and improving the body of the village, the use of durable materials in construction, improving facilities and equipment It is the villages that have made their faces different from the past. It has also had other physical effects of changing and destroying agricultural lands, changing land use, and changing the pattern of housing, and so on.

Estimating and improving the resilience of rural areas is also very important in reducing the effects of natural hazards and achieving sustainable development. Landslides are among the natural hazards that threaten rural settlements and local communities. Therefore, determining the level of resilience of rural settlements in lands prone to landslides can be a suitable way to reduce the effects of this risk in rural areas.

The aim of the current research is to determine the physical resilience of rural settlements in Amlesh city against landslides.

In this research, the level of physical resilience of 145 villages of Amlesh city against landslides was determined and classified by the analysis hierarchy method (AHP). For this purpose, 10 criteria were used in the order of importance of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, direction of slope, width of passages and height.Studied Areas: The geographical territory of this research is the rural areas of Amlesh County.

The findings showed that the villages of Amlesh city have very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience, so that out of 145 villages in this district, 2, 23, 66, 52 and 1 villages are between very low and very high resilience spectrum were placed. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides.

Examining the level of resilience of villages in the three plains, foothills and mountainous regions proves that medium to low resilience in the villages of the foothills is more than the other two regions and the share of villages with medium resilience in all three regions is higher than the others. Classes are higher resilience. In addition, the villages with very little resilience were located in the foothills and mountainous areas, and the role of altitude in reducing the resilience of villages was revealed.

changes in the texture and physical system, changes in the functional system and changes in the communication system). Similarly, in the architectural developments of rural houses, and among the coastal villages of Bagh Amirbekandeh with a value of 3.78, Talesh Mahalle with a value of 3.22, Ali Ziba Kanaar with a value of 3.25, in the third floor (high impact), the highest impact rate is from are allocated to tourism, and other villages were included in the second class group (moderate impact) with emphasis on tourism In the changes in the texture and physical system, among the villages of Ali Ziba Kanaar, with a value of 3.11, they have the highest level of impact from tourism, and other villages in the second class group (moderate impact) with an emphasis on tourism. Were included in the transformations of changing the functional and communication system, all villages were included in the second class group (medium impact) with emphasis on tourism. The results of the spatial analysis of developments in rural settlements showed that there is a correlation between the mentioned developments, in this regard, the correlation test was used for more assurance, which the results of the test showed, the correlation between the developments showed that tourism as an industry and the basic activity is in the rural settlements, whose impact in each of the mentioned physical-spatial developments depends on other developments.

The current research aimed at identifying the obstacles affecting the underdevelopment of the rural economy of Rasht in the north of Iran.

The research is a qualitative-quantitative applied study. The statistical population in this research is the villages of Rasht County. A group of researchers, specialists, and executive managers related to economic development were selected. These individuals are chosen using the qualitative research method and a snowball sampling method. Therefore, 20 researchers, experts, and managers were designated. The data analysis methods were qualitative (grounded theory) and FARAS.  

From the experts’ point of view, the underdevelopment of villages in Rasht county is due to the weakness of databases for rural industries, lack of amenities and facilities, limited agriculture and livestock processing technology, the excessive number of organizations for rural affairs, and the lack of coordination between them, lack of legal and financial support, limited markets for agricultural and livestock products, and weakness of educational programs. Also, the results from ARAS fuzzy showed that the excessive number of organizations for rural affairs, with a weight of 0.441, is the most influential factor.

Examining the issues raised in the current research shows that the economic development of the villages of Rasht city is a complex phenomenon with many obstacles to sustainability. Therefore, knowing the different aspects of living in the village and their barriers is necessary to maintain the future of the villages of Rasht.

The purpose of this research is to determine the social challenges of the local managers of the villages of Shaft city in the process of sustainable rural development. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of descriptive method. The required information has been obtained through documentary sources and field studies. The statistical population included local managers of 94 inhabited villages (389 people) in Shaft city, who completed the questionnaire using the full number method. Data analysis was done through factor analysis technique and with 31 variables.The results of the research show that low participation of villagers with local managers in rural development programs, lack of trust or low confidence of villagers in local managers, high expectations of villagers from local managers and limited power of Islamic councils and villagers are the most important social challenges and disregard for opinions and The customs of the people in rural management, the low cooperation of the members of the Islamic Council with the villagers, the failure to encourage the people to cooperate in the maintenance and operation of facilities are the least important social challenges in the path of sustainable development in Shaft. The results of the factor analysis show that the most important social challenges of local managers in the villages of Shaft county include security, education, participation, migration, trust, social deficiencies and investment, and the investment challenge with a factor load of 0.848 has the greatest impact on the sustainable development process.The participation and cooperation of villagers in the maintenance and operation of village facilities, taking advantage of the experiences of knowledgeable and literate people, and holding regular training courses for local managers are among the most important practical solutions to reduce the social challenges of local managers in the villages of Shaft county.

Diversification of rural economic activities as a basic and parallel approach to rural development goals can help to develop and advance employment in rural areas. Objective In this study, this issue and an analysis of the factors promoting the diversification of economic activities in the villages of Masal city have been studied. This research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is 68 villagers and experts of economic institutions of Masal city and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire whose items were prepared and arranged with the expert opinions of university professors. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and showed that 23 promoting factors are involved in diversifying economic activities in rural areas of Masal city. The results of the Friedman test showed that the index (existence of several fields for attracting tourism) with an average rank of 20.09, has the most importance and the index (literacy level of rural youth, especially girls) with an average rank of 5.53, has the least importance among the factors. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the development of a comprehensive plan to diversify the rural economy of Masal city by identifying and including all the capacities of the region is one of the items that should be a priority in the work of the city officials.

Migration from the village to the city is considered a common phenomenon. Although many studies have investigated the consequences of migration phenomenon in villages (origin) and cities (destination), there are not many studies about maintaining the population in rural areas. This study aimed to explain the process of population changes in rural areas to provide sustainable population strategies for Rasht County in Iran.

This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study in terms of its purpose and method. Document reviews, interviews, and questionnaires were used to collect data. SWOT and AHP models were used to analyze the data.

The most appropriate strategy for maintaining the population in the rural settlements of Rasht County is to provide infrastructure for economic development and job creation in the villages, and designing and implementing projects with these goals can be significant.

Unsustainability of the rural areas in Rasht County have undermined the current capabilities of this region.  Therefore, it can be concluded that the decrease in population is consistent with weak infrastructure and lower production potential.

The present research has been carried out to explain economic development strategies in the villages of Rasht County. The research is an applied, descriptive-analytical one. To analyze the data, SWOT, AHP, and SPSS software were used. After identifying and ranking the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the villages of Rasht County, with an emphasis on economic development, solutions were offered. The results showed that among the strategies introduced, the following ones played a more important role in predicting positive changes in the dependent variable, i.e. economic development: (1) emphasizing local capabilities and creating jobs for the people living in the surrounding villages to reduce social inequalities (abbreviated to SO2), as a competitive strategy, (2) creating incentives to increase agricultural products and activities instead of establishing city-related industries (abbreviated to ST5), as a diversification strategy, (3) developing small businesses among rural women (abbreviated to WO6), as a revisiting strategy, and (4) supporting villagers by low-interest loans in order to create and develop small rural businesses (abbreviated to WT2), as a defensive strategy. The results of the path analysis showed that the following strategies have the greatest direct impact on the economic development of Rasht villages: (1) establishing agricultural transformation industries in the area under study, considering the non-creation of environmental pollution and the agreement made by experts and local-governmental managers (abbreviated to SO1), as a competitive strategy, (2) creating incentives to increase agricultural products and activities instead of establishing city-related industries (abbreviated to ST5), as a diversification strategy, (3) developing new production skills (abbreviated to WO2), as a revisiting strategy, and (4) supporting villagers by low-interest loans in order to create and develop small rural businesses (abbreviated to WT2), as a defensive strategy.

At present, the villages of Iran, due to their characteristics and talents, have needed to improve their identification of strengths and opportunities at the local level. In this regard, Khalkhal County also has a high percentage of rural population. Considering the necessary potentials for a desirable rural life, it faces many challenges in dimensions (economic, sociocultural, environmental, physical and institutional management), for which measures have not been considered so far.

Purpose of the research: The current research aims to determine and explain the strategies of rural development in the territory of nomads in Khalkhal County.

In terms of the purpose, the current research is considered part of applied research, and in terms of method, it is part of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of the current research includes two parts, the first part is all rural settlements in Khalkhal county. Due to the nature of the project and for the purpose of complete recognition, a full count has been made. The second part: there are expert people in the group (university professors, experts in the field of rural development), informed and knowledgeable people (members of village councils and villagers), who based on a targeted sampling of 30 people as a sample community in this section was determined.

Geographical area of research:

 It has been investigated in the territory of the nomads of Khalkhal County.

A total of 50 strengths have been identified in Khalkhal villages. Among the strengths of economic and physical-spatial factors with 30% impact, the most compelling strengths and institutional-management factors with 0.4 were the least effective. Also, 53 opportunity points were identified in the rural settlements of this city. Among the opportunity points, the sociocultural factor was the most effective, with 30.19 percent, and the institutional-management factor was the least effective, with 0 percent. Finally, the results showed that among the proposed strategies, the development of small businesses for rural women had been assigned the most important in Khalkhal's rural development, considering the villages' facilities and power.

Rural areas of Khalkhal will only develop by paying enough attention to the investigation of rural areas in economic, social, environmental, physical and institutional management dimensions.

In today's world, the resilience is recognized as the most important factor in sustaining the economy of rural settlements in the face of natural hazards and minimizing costs in times of crisis. Many studies have been conducted in many countries and they have tried to pay special attention to it as much as possible. The present study sought to evaluate and analyze the constructive and resilience factors of rural economy to flood crisis. The aim of this study was applied that has been done using descriptive-analytical methods based on the reliable sources and field studies (questionnaire). The research population were the rural heads of households living in the study area, 379 people were selected using the Cochran's formula and spatial-cluster sampling method. To analyze the data, statistical methods based on the comparison of means, Spearman's correlation and T-test were used. The results showed that there is a correlation of over 50% between the factors of economic resilience. Diversity in rural economy activities is the most important factor in increasing resilience with an average value (2.63) than the compensation capacity of damage in the economic resilience. Also, the basis of work for spatial analysis was considered hierarchically through the study. In this regard, the final map of economic resilience to environmental hazard (flood) was presented by ranking of study area in the East of the Guilan province in terms of the combined resilience indicators and relying on TOPSIS in the GIS software. Extended Abstract Introduction Floods are natural phenomena, and more than any other disaster, endanger the economic conditions of human communities. Many countries and academic societies pay attention to the economic resilience as an effective strategy in the risk management process, improving residents' preparedness against economic instability due to the natural disasters, and aiming to make them more livable for human settlements, including urban and rural ones. Statistics from recent decades show that they are more affected by natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes. One of these areas is on the Caspian Sea and in the eastern part of Guilan province, which has been affected by periodic and destructive floods in recent years, and in this regard, it directly and indirectly affects the rural economy, which is based on agricultural products and supply to local markets, etc. Accordingly, increasing the resilience of rural settlements and rapid reversibility along with improving the sustainability of the rural population is one of the important points to be considered in the current situation of rural planning in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and measure the resilience factors of the rural economy against floods. Finally, the current research seeks to answer the question, what are the factors and indicators of resilience in the rural economy against the risk of flooding in the eastern region of Guilan province and how are they evaluated?MethodologyThe method was applied in terms of purpose. It has been conducted using a mixed model. The data were collected through descriptive and analytical methods using library and field methods (questionnaire). Out of a total number of 15 departments and 40 districts in the eastern cities of Guilan province in terms of natural conditions, 18 villages are located in plains (sample number 208 people, equal to 54.88%) and 13 villages are located in mountain base (sample number 135, equal to 35.62%) and 9 villages are located in a mountainous location (the number of samples is 36 people equal to 9.50 percent) and they include 379 heads of rural households (under the influence of floods) who were selected based on Cochran's formula and using a cluster-spatial sampling method. Also, to analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics (frequency distribution table in percentage, average) and inferential statistics (one-sample T-test, and Spearman's correlation test), Excel software, SPSS software, and Topsis model were used.Results and discussionRelying on the review of theoretical literature and studies of the research environment to measure and analyze the factors influencing the economic resilience of rural settlements in the east of Guilan province, two main factors (stability and economic capacity) have been identified and specified in the form of three components including employment status, diversification of economic activity and ability to compensate of damages in the framework of 11 measurable variables. Studies showed that the highest correlation was "ability to compensate of damage" with a value of r = 0.825, then the factor of "employment status" with a value of r = 0.745, and "diversification of economic activity" had the lowest value of correlation with a value of r = 0.651. Also, the explanation of the general state of resilience, showed that the amount of economic resilience from the average sum of the mentioned factors was equal to 2.57. The average difference of -0.431 indicated that the desirability of resilience is not at a suitable level. The current research indicated the high importance of economic resilience factors through the criteria of economic resilience (employment and diversification), economic capacity to compensate for damages (financial-insurance support) in improving the level of resilience of rural communities against floods. The research showed that "hope to find a new job in case of losing the previous job" has the lowest mean value (2.26). The highest mean value is the "tendency to develop economic and complementary activities" around (2.87) and the means showed a range less than the average (3). Although there is a correlation relationship of over 50% among the economic resilience factors, the values obtained from the measurement of the respondents under economic indicators are lower than the mean (3) and they are not mainly in favorable conditions. In this regard, the research showed that "hope to find a new job in case of losing the previous job" has the lowest mean value (2.26) and the "tendency to develop economic and complementary activities" has the highest mean value  (2.87) and the means' value showed a range less than the average of 3. The results were in line with the studies of Sajasi Gheidari et al. (2018), Kaye-Blake et al. (2019), Bazrafshan et al. (2018), and Mishra et al. (2019). According to the surveys available for ranking and leveling in the map unit, the results of these surveys showed that the rural settlements in the central parts of Siahkol and Lahijan, Rankuh Amalesh are in excellent resilience and the rural settlements in Rahimabad district in Rudsar, Rudbaneh district in Lahijan and Kiashahr district in Astaneh-Ashrafieh have unfavorable resilience conditions.ConclusionResearch findings indicated that economic stability (employment and diversification) plays a significant role in compensation capacity of damage (financial-insurance supports) in having a sustainable resilience, so these functions are bilateral and supplementary. Therefore, it is suggested that, the mechanisms for providing employment facilities should be expanded and facilitated in order to create stability in the level of work and sustainable development of economic activities in rural areas. Also, trying to attract investment to diversify the economic activities and home businesses to increase their financial capacity, and paying attention to the performance of various types of insurance, including accident insurance, agricultural products, and developing the insurance system for rural products, etc. needed a new approach to improve the resilience of the rural economy in the east of Guilan province according to the existing capacities of rural settlements based on their geographical and study locations.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ ContributionAll of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

After more than a decade of dehumanization, the evaluation of the functioning of this popular institution has been considered;With an overview of the villages in the central region of Guilan, it can be seen that most of the villages have evolved from the physical-spatial dimension, but in other dimensions, especially the economic dimension, they have been unsuccessful.As development should be realized in all its dimensions, rural pathology can be traced along with the pathology of current rural management.The statistical population of this research is the central region of Guilan province, which includes: Rasht-Rudbar-Anzali-Sumi-Sara-Shafteh and Fouman; totaling 939 villages.To select the sample, villages with a selection were selected.Selection of villages is done according to the geographical location in an optional manner.10 very large villages are selected. 40 percent of the big villages - 20 percent of the middle villages and 10 percent of the small villages are considered as examples. In total, 120 villages are exemplary.In the context of the main hypothesis of the research, it has been proved that the new rural management system and the development of the villages in the central region of Guilan are damaged and the most damage is in the environmental-ecological areas.Also, based on the number of collected responses, the lack of proper planning for waste management, the problem of disposal of surface water and household sewage, and land use change as the most important environmental-ecological damage.

Tourism and its ever-increasing development as well as the creation of second homes affected by the presence of tourists in tourist areas is an important issue due to the effects it leaves behind in the host society. Second homes and their expansion undoubtedly bring environmental advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to investigate the environmental effects of the creation and expansion of second homes in the tourist area of ​​Lahijan. The environmental effects resulting from the creation of second homes were taken from the information obtained from the theoretical foundations of the research and summarized in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was calculated using the alpha formula of 0.79 and was provided to the respondents. The statistical population was calculated with the help of Cochran's formula of 125 experts and specialists. To analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires, SPSS software was used to test the hypothesis, and one-sample t-test statistics were used. Correlation coefficient and analysis of variance were used to check the hypotheses. The results showed that the correlation between viability and vulnerability is 0.53, which is significant with a significance level of 0.0001. The correlation between physical-spatial dimension is 0.42, which is significant with a significance level of 0.001. The correlation between cultural-social dimension is 0.27, which is significant with a significance level of 0.02. The correlation between environment is 0.29 which is significant with a significance level of 0.01. The correlation between the economic dimension is 0.32, which is significant with a significance level of 0.001. The results of variance analysis showed that the effects of livability are different between different villages.

The most important feature of the economic structure of the country's villages is the lack of diversity in economic contexts and job opportunities. In this regard, the approach of diversification of rural economy activities has been presented as a useful solution that many development theorists emphasize in order to reduce the effects of this structure and in the framework of sustainable development model. Problems and analysis of obstacles and deterrents and diversification of economic activities in the villages of Masal county have been discussed. This research is applied according to the purpose and its method is descriptive -analytical. The statistical population of the study is 68 villagers and experts of economic systems in rural areas of Masal county that the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is a researcher -made questionnaire whose items were prepared and arranged with the expert opinions of university professors. Considering that Cronbach's alpha for all research variables is higher than 0.7 and equal to (0.892), the reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that 32 inhibitory factors are involved in diversifying the economic activities of the villages of Masal county . Also, standardized beta coefficients related to institutional -management structures equal to 0.595 has been obtained, which has the highest value compared to other independent variables entered in the regression model. Therefore, it can be said that among the existing barriers, institutional - managerial barriers have been the main obstacles to diversification of rural economic activities

Environmental hazards, such as earthquakes, cause irreparable damages in rural areas. One of the most important damages is social ones. Social resilience can be used to reduce the damage and destructive effects of earthquakes. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and method. In order to collect the required data, two documentary and field methods (questionnaire instrument) have been used. The statistical population of the study is the villages located in Avaj city and the unit of analysis is the heads of households living in the villages. According to the Cochran method, 370 heads have been randomly selected. With the help of villagers and rural managers, after documentary studies, 7 general social indicators and 20 partial indicators in the study area were identified and resilience scores were calculated using the indicators. The results of the study show that the items of unity and cohesion of the local community with an average of 3.76 and the item of educational programs to deal with the occurrence of accidents with an average of 2.11 had the highest and lowest impact on the social resilience of the studied villages, respectively. The villages of Hossein Abad, Shahrbaz and Abdullah Massoud Sofla (0.0149) are in the best and the villages of Milaq, Ek, Yamaq (0.0029) are in the worst level of social resilience. Furthermore, the results of Copras model indicated that 40 villages are in good condition, 24 villages are in medium condition and 38 villages are in unfavorable condition.

The purpose of this study is to explain the role of financial credits in the economy of rural areas of Masal city. For this purpose, using descriptive-analytical research method, the status of loans received by 331 rural sample households in 20 selected villages during the years 2006 to 2016 was examined. According to the results of the polls, most of the respondents with a frequency of 45.2 percent believe that financial credits have increased the income of the villagers by 11 to 20 percent. 48% believe that employment opportunities have increased due to the allocation of financial credits to rural light industries. 83.4% believe that the loans and financial credits received have had a positive effect on the empowerment of the villagers. 86.1% of the respondents believe that the loans and financial credits received have had a positive effect on improving the living conditions of the villagers. 38.1% believe that receiving financial credits has had a moderate effect on rural empowerment. 44% of the respondents believe that the financial credits allocated to the workshop industries have had a moderate effect on the migration situation of the villagers. In general, it can be said that financial credit has to some extent led to the prosperity of service activities, the prosperity of workshop industries and increased the income of the villagers of Masal city. Accordingly, by providing financial resources and allocating funds to the villagers through public sector measures and supporting the private sector, as well as paying attention to rural cooperatives

The goal of this essay is to analyze the spatial quality with emphasis on institutional life in villages of Lahijan city. So this essay first paid the management of rural and VA (village assistant) and then with VA issued a set of 14 items from duties as elements of the interface between government and people evaluated and their role in determining the quality of life in villages. This research is based on analytic-descriptive and applied study is based on objective. The study population included 182 Villages in Lahijan. The number of samples using the Morgan formula, 385 families has been randomly selected for sampling. Analysis of data obtained from questionnaires by SPSS software and using Spearman test has been conducted. The results indicate relatively good quality of life from an institutional dimension in rural area in Lahijan city.The VA could entice the relative satisfaction by doing the civil works like asphalt, naming the passages and supplying the environment cleaning and so on in the villages in which there isn't any management. And the satisfaction of its activity to an organization that almost 15 years ago is striking.

Agriculture is the most important economic activity in rural areas of Iran, especially in the north of the country. In the present study, considering the importance of hazelnut crop in the rural life of Amlash County, the economic and social effects of hazelnut cultivation on villages and farmers were investigated. This was descriptive-analytical research that the required information was obtained through documentary sources and field studies. The statistical population includes all hazelnut growers in 38 villages of the mountainous area, Amlash County. The sample size was determined 384 items using the Morgan standard table and was distributed among the operators using the random-quota sampling method. The results showed that the economic effects of hazelnut cultivation in the indicators of economic welfare (with an average of (3.76), economic security (3.81), and employment quality (3.72) were higher than the social effects of hazelnut cultivation in indicators of participation (with the average of 3.27) and social capital (3.40) in the study area. Expanding the area under hazelnut cultivation, government support by providing low-interest banking facilities and appropriate repayment terms, product insurance, and the construction of conversion and complementary industries are some of the most important ways to develop this activity and increase its economic and social effects in villages of Amlash County.

Today, expanding tourism is one of the most important phenomena. In fact, it can be pretended that in the current conditions, tourists rendezvous have changed from major cities and historic areas to rural and natural spaces, which in turn, it has had a significant impact on the development of rural areas. It is a suitable platform for its sustainable development, and on the other hand, it is also a means to stimulate the growth and development of the national economy. What has been considered as the main purpose of this study is the explanation of the role of tourism in the physical and institutional sustainability of villages. This is a case study was done in 85 villages which enjoy tourist resources and attraction in Amol city of Mazandaran province. The present study was applied and also descriptive-analytic research in terms of purpose and also nature, respectively. Also, the method of collecting information was library and field study. Then, the sample size by the Cochran formula was 365 families estimated. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified through a panel consisting of rural development professors by SPSS software was approved through Cronbach's Alpha calculation in terms of infrastructure improvement items and improving the quality of access to services. Pearson test was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis showed that infrastructure improvement and improving the quality of access to services in the village is related to sustainable rural development.

Rural governance is an approach against the rural government in the system of administration and control of rural affairs and is a process that is formed based on the interaction between organizations and official institutions of rural administration and organizations and problems of civil society and private sector. Good governance as a new concept in management Rural is important because in recent years the country has sought to implement a significant role for people's participation at all levels, including rural, and to create management mechanisms such as rural councils and rural councils. Good governance is one of the new approaches of the General Directorate of Rural Affairs in the transnational, national and local spheres. One of the regional dimensions of governance is local governance or rural management in both dimensions of supervisory management (councils) and executive management (Dehyar), which refers to the quality of rural affairs management. To analyze and evaluate the factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management. In both supervisory and executive oversight, this study seeks to analyze in detail the relationships between what is happening (activities, decisions, and arrangements) and what we expect to achieve (goals and values). There were features that both explained the resources and processes and included the effective result, which can be used to find the unknown and obscure aspects in practice, at which time we can say that good rural governance is a means to one or more goals. It is desirable that it can play an irreplaceable role in the life of rural communities.

In this research, first, the required data have been collected, classified and organized, and then the obtained information has been analyzed using descriptive tables, graphs and statistics. In this study, the following statistical methods have been used:1) Methods of statistics Description: In the description of the collected data and information, the methods used are: frequency, mean, standard deviation.
2) Inferential statistical

In this section, according to the research hypotheses, first from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (to determine whether the data is normal or abnormal) and if normal, Pearson correlation coefficient and paired t-test. , Was used by SPSS statistical software to prove the hypotheses.Library studies were used by Soomehsara Governor's Office regarding the information of the city's rural districts and rural management experts, statistical yearbooks, articles, specialized books, and information available in government organizations, including the Management and Planning Organization.

Evaluation of performance and effectiveness variables in order to study rural management and good management shows that more than 70% of respondents averaged the amount of donors to the tasks of their organizational structures in relation to villages, 59.3% of respondents use the correct usage Dehyaran averages the available resources of the village, more than 48% of the respondents moderate the role of the effectiveness of Dehyaran's actions and activities and continuous reduction of village expenses by Dehyaran in institutionalizing culture, more than 40% the role of village managers in preserving natural resources And highly evaluated its optimal use. More than 70% of rural investment attraction, participation in paying attention to the deprived, pursuing development projects and informing the people are moderate and high. On the other hand, more than 65% of the people have commented on the opinions and suggestions of the villagers, the opinion of the people in choosing Dehyar and the existence of a long-term financial outlook for the village, contrary to the opinions of many middle and high managers.The results generally show that the presence and follow-up of villagers and other rural managers from the perspective of managers between 40 and 70 percent has a direct impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good management.More than 77% of the respondents moderated their contribution to the tasks of the organizational structures towards the villages, more than 70% of the respondents the effect of continuous reduction of village expenses by villagers in institutionalizing culture, improving the work process of the village and the satisfaction of the villagers was considered moderate and high. The standard deviation of less than one and the opinions of the villagers vary from very low to very high in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.From the perspective of managers in increasing the participation of villagers in good governance management and improving it in the village, more than 55% of the role of managers in encouraging and paying attention to women's participation in the village, attention to the deprived, pursuing development plans and informing the public And more than 50 percent of them have considered the impact of paying attention to the opinions and suggestions of the villagers, the opinion of the people in choosing Dehyar and the existence of a long-term financial outlook for the village.According to Pearson correlation test, there is a significant relationship between the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance and improving management and governance. The relationship between these two variables is direct and the coefficient of t-test. Since the error rate of the relationship is less than0.05 and according to the coefficient of determination of the relationship, which is considered to be 95% in this research, the research hypothesis is thus confirmed. According to Couple sample test there is a significant relationship between the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance and improving management and governance.

The results on the efficiency and effectiveness variables of rural management show that the factors of the amount of villagers' assistance to the tasks of their organizational structures in relation to villages are average, the extent of proper use of rural resources by villagers, Dehyaran has an important role in institutionalizing culture, the role of village managers in maintaining natural resources and its optimal use from the perspective of managers and villagers as effective factors for the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance. There is a relationship between increasing the efficiency of rural management and good management and improving good management and good management in the study area.

This is an applied research in which a descriptive-analytical method has been adopted for data collection and analysis. The study data was obtained through documentary analysis and field studies. The statistical population of this study includes 63 villages in the central district of Rasht County. All Dehyars and members of the Islamic Council of these villages (n=284) were interviewed and filled out the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using statistical methods (t-test and weighted mean). The social challenges facing local managers with 18 items and cultural challenges with 8 items were subjected to analysis at three levels.

The results suggested that local managers of villages in the central district of Rasht County confront serious social and cultural challenges in the process of rural development. Poor collaboration of villagers with local village managers in rural development plans and projects with a mean of 4.42, reverse migration and social problems caused by the construction of second houses with a mean of 4.41 and migration of youths from villages to the city and non-participation in Council elections with a mean of 4.40 were the major social and ethnic challenges. Also, tribal differences in the villages with a mean of 4.35, lack of solidarity between local managers and people in tackling rural problems with a mean of 4.34 and poor work culture with a mean of 4.13 were also the most important cultural challenges facing local managers in the villages at the central district of Rasht County.

The disagreements between local managers, reluctance to provide information on research topic and the difficulty of reaching managers in the villages were the main limitations of the present study. Appointing a member of the village management body as a spokesperson and setting the criterion of permanent residence in the village as a precondition for the nomination of the executive director were among executive strategies offered in the present study.Practical Implications- Changing the management style from person-centered to participatory management in the administration of rural affairs, monitoring the inflow of non-indigenous people into the village in order to safeguard its social and cultural structure, building a suitable infrastructure to keep young and active forces in rural areas and encouraging them to study in the fields pertained to planning and rural development, participating in the decision-making structure of local management, fostering interaction between local managers and villagers through a management system based on law obedience and transparency and ultimately stimulating villagers to engage in teamwork and its effective results in the process of achieving comprehensive rural development.Originality/value- Recognizing the main challenges facing local managers in a district of ​​Guilan province can play a prominent role in improving their efficiency in the process of achieving rural development. The results of this research can be useful for district and county managers.

The level of empowerment and access to resources, facilities and services are among the factors that affect the behavior of villagers in the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the four elevation areas of the villages of Talesh city in terms of behavioral effects on the environment.The research method of this article is survey and library and the statistical population of the research includes rural settlements in four coastal areas, plains, foothills and mountains in Talesh city of Gilan province. A total of 386 questionnaires that were evaluated by Cronbach's alpha method with a reliability of 78.0 were completed in the study areas and the data were analyzed for description in SPSS statistical software. The findings show that the villages of the lowland area are in a better position than other areas in terms of access to services and income. It is noteworthy that during the studies and field studies, the rate of pollution, environmental degradation, unauthorized changes to housing construction and the negative effects on environmental change are small. Also, in measuring the attitudes of villagers from both positive and negative approaches to the environment, unfortunately, positive attitudes towards negative attitudes have a lower level in study areas, and this situation in the formation of undesirable behavior towards the environment, including destruction and improper use of Resources along with the growing desire to earn more can affect the process of the wrong relationship between man and the environment.