farzin bagheri sheykhangafshe

Chronic pain (CP) is defined as persistent, severe pain lasting for more than three months and is often associated with psychological distress (PD) and learned helplessness (LH).

This study aims to explore the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), PD, and LH in individuals with CP.

The research employed a descriptive, causal-comparative methodology. The study population consisted of patients referred to pain and physiotherapy clinics in Tehran between 2022 and 2023. From a pool of 300 CP patients, 150 with high-grade PTSD severity and 150 with low-grade PTSD severity were purposively selected. Participants completed PTSD (Blevins et al., 2015), PD (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and LH (Quinnells & Nelson, 1988) questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 software, with multivariate analysis of variance used for data analysis (P < 0.005).

Among the 300 patients, 52.6% were married, 44.0% held a bachelor’s degree, and 37.4% had musculoskeletal disorders. The findings revealed significant differences in PD and LH levels between the two groups (P < 0.001). Chronic pain patients with high-grade PTSD exhibited greater levels of depression (F = 211.09), anxiety (F = 231.06), stress (F = 374.85), and LH (F = 457.79) compared to those with low-grade PTSD (P < 0.001).

This research highlights the significant impact of PTSD severity on PD and LH in individuals with CP. These results emphasize the need to consider psychological factors in the treatment and management of CP.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition that can arise following exposure to traumatic events. This study aims to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the sense of coherence, social support, and spiritual well-being among students diagnosed with PTSD. The research employed a semi-experimental, pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included students diagnosed with PTSD at the University of Tehran during the 2023-2024 academic year. A total of 36 students with PTSD were selected using purposive sampling and were divided into experimental (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. The experimental group attended eight 90-minute CBT sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Data collection involved administering the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (Keane et al., 1998), the Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1993), the Social Support Questionnaire (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991), and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (Paloutzian & Ellison, 2012). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS-24. The results indicated that CBT significantly increased the sense of coherence (F=40.69, p=0.001, η²=0.58), social support (F=60.50, p=0.001, η²=0.67), religious well-being (F=52.16, p=0.001, η²=0.64), and existential well-being (F=54.50, p=0.001, η²=0.65) in students with PTSD. These results support the incorporation of CBT into therapeutic programs for students with PTSD to foster resilience and holistic well-being. Future research could explore the long-term effects of CBT and its impact on other psychological and behavioral outcomes in diverse student populations.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on rumination, depression, and personality function of women with bulimia nervosa. The semi-experimental research method was pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of women in Tehran who were diagnosed with bulimia nervosa in 2023. 30 women were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups in accordance with the research's inclusion criteria. Rumination (RQ), Beck depression (BDI), and personality function (PFQ) questionnaires were implemented to evaluate the groups. Following ten 90-minute schema therapy sessions for the experimental group, the participants responded to the research questionnaire again. Finally, the data were subjected to multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-24. Schema therapy significantly decreased rumination (F=23.51), depression (F=50.04), and increased intimacy (F=47.16), empathy (F=41.83), and self-direction (F=30/04) and identity (F=32/77) in women with bulimia nervosa (P<0.01). The results indicate that schema therapy has reduced psychological disorders and enhanced the personality function of women with bulimia nervosa. Measures should be implemented to identify and treat vulnerable populations in light of the significant changes in people's lifestyles that the COVID-19 pandemic has induced.

Chronic Pain (CP) is a multifaceted condition that encompasses more than just physical discomfort, intertwining with a variety of psychological factors. This study aims to explore the influence of post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Pain Catastrophizing (PC) on the prediction of Psychological Distress (PD) among patients grappling with CP. This research is a descriptive and correlational study. The population of the study included patients with CP who had referred to pain and physiotherapy centers in the Tehran province in 2022-2023. A sample of 395 individuals was selected by the convenience sampling method and then data was collected using psychological distress (DASS-21), post-traumatic stress disorder (PCL-5), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software using Pearson correlation and multiple regression. The results showed that the correlation between PD of CP with re-experiencing (r=0.66, P<0.001), avoidance (r=0.55, P<0.001), negative alterations (r=0.73, P<0.001), hyper-arousal (r=0.70, P<0.001), emotional numbness (r=0.74, P<0.001), rumination (r=0.70, P<0.001), magnification (r=0.64, P<0.001), and helplessness (r=0.74, P<0.001) was positive and significant. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis revealed that PTSD and PC predict 73% of PD. The current study contributes to the empirical understanding of the relationship between CP and PD and provides valuable insights for clinicians and researchers alike.

Students with social anxiety disorder (SAD) face unique challenges that can significantly impact their academic performance, social interactions, and overall well-being.

This study aimed to explore the impact of metacognitive therapy (MCT) on depression, emotion regulation, and self-concept among students diagnosed with SAD.

The study employed a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test-post-test format and a control group. The statistical population consisted of students diagnosed with SAD at the University of Tehran in 2022. A total of 36 students with SAD were selected for the research sample through purposive sampling and were divided into experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups. The experimental group participated in ten 90-minute sessions of MCT, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection involved administering the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Beck Self-concept Test. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS-24.

The results indicated that Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) significantly decreased depression (F = 50.65, P = 0.001, η² = 0.63) and significantly increased cognitive reappraisal (F = 61.81, P = 0.001, η² = 0.67), expressive suppression (F = 34.72, P = 0.001, η² = 0.54), and self-concept (F = 48.53, P = 0.001, η² = 0.62) in students with SAD.

The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the therapeutic benefits of MCT for students struggling with SAD. By addressing critical psychological areas such as depression, emotion regulation, and self-concept, MCT shows promise as a valuable intervention for improving the well-being and functioning of students dealing with SAD.

Irritable bowel syndrome in children is characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changes in colon habits, including frequent stools and constipation. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on alexithymia, pain intensity, and emotional regulation of children with irritable bowel syndrome.

The present research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the research included children suffering from irritable bowel syndrome in Rasht city in 2023. The study sample consists of 30 patients selected using purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The collection tools included questionnaires for alexithymia (Bagby et al., 2003), pain intensity (Von Korff et al., 2016), and emotion regulation (Gross & John, 2003). The experimental group received eight 90-minute mindfulness-based cognitive therapy sessions based on Segal et al. (2018), but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS24.

The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly reduced the difficulty in identifying emotions (26.01), the difficulty in describing emotions (22.76), extraverted thinking (30.36), pain intensity (19.85), disability (32.38), suppression (32.89) and increased re-evaluation (23.39) of children with irritable bowel syndrome (P<0.01).

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be utilized as an effective intervention in managing this syndrome. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended that this type of therapy be considered as part of treatment programs for children with irritable bowel syndrome to help alleviate their emotional and physical problems.

Shopping addiction is an uncontrollable need that forces a person to go shopping for temporary relief from psychological distress and depression. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the shopping addiction scale in the Iranian sample. This research was a descriptive-analytical study of evaluation type. The sample consisted of 500 women (404) and men (96) in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by the available sampling method and completed the shopping addiction scale, saving inventory, and psychological well-being scale. Psychometric properties of the shopping addiction scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The seven-factor structure (Salience, Mood Modification, Conflict, Tolerance, Relapse, Withdrawal, and Problems) of the shopping addiction scale was evaluated and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.89, RMSEA = 0.07). In examining the concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the saving inventory was positive and significant. The relationship between shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the in-person addiction scale was 0.96 and for its dimensions was 0.81 to 0.92. The findings indicate the structural validity and acceptable reliability of the shopping addiction scale, and the multidimensional structure of this scale can help to diagnose shopping addiction.

Serving in the military environment can lead to profound psychological and social implications. This study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors influencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans and soldiers.

This research involved a systematic search across international and national databases, as well as the Iranian Medical Science Articles Database, using keywords such as post-traumatic stress disorder, soldier, veteran, prevalence, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, psychological distress, trauma, military, and war.

The studies review revealed a PTSD prevalence ranging from 2% to 57% among soldiers and veterans. Common issues among those affected included depression, anxiety, trauma, coping mechanisms, personality traits, stress, cognitive challenges, sexual dysfunction, emotional conflicts, substance abuse, and marital difficulties. Optimism, self-esteem, quality of life, resilience, social support, spirituality, and mental well-being were identified as factors significantly mitigating PTSD symptoms in soldiers and veterans.

The research findings underscore the critical role of psychological, behavioral, social, and emotional factors in the development and exacerbation of PTSD in military personnel. Given the occupational context of soldiers and military personnel, proactive measures are essential to identify high-risk groups and prevent widespread psychological disorders.

Chronic pain at an early age can lead to serious psychological, social, and academic issues and negatively impact cognitive functioning. Due to the limitations of medical treatments, psychological interventions can offer effective solutions to improve quality of life and reduce pain. This review study aimed to determine the effectiveness of psychological interventions in treating children and adolescents with chronic pain.

Through a systematic review study, all selected articles were evaluated by the research authors using specialized keywords in external databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus, covering the period from January 2001 to July 2024. A total of 973 published English articles were reviewed, considering inclusion criteria and quality assessment using the PRISMA model. Based on the final qualitative evaluation, 38 articles were selected and examined to address the research questions.

The results of the studies indicate the effectiveness of biofeedback-relaxation (7 studies), mindfulness-based interventions (9 studies), acceptance and commitment therapy (8 studies), cognitive-behavioral therapy (10 studies), and compassion-focused therapy (3 studies) on the psychological and physical health of children and adolescents with chronic pain.

Psychological interventions have proven to be significantly effective for children and adolescents with chronic pain. These therapies have reduced pain intensity, stress, anxiety, depression, and pain-related disabilities. Conversely, they have improved quality of life, coping skills, physical functioning, and life satisfaction in patients. Overall, these treatments have not only alleviated negative symptoms but also enhanced various aspects of the patients' lives.

 The power of narratives is such that they can immerse readers in their world and transform them. Narratives can transport readers to various places and times. With this in mind, the current study sought to compare the ability to maintain effort and interest over the long term, as well as resilience, across different levels of engagement with a success narrative.

 This comparative study involved the selection of 200 middle school students (2019) from both girls' and boys' schools in the first district of Rasht, utilizing a convenience sampling method. Initially, they were provided with five short stories on success for study. Following their reading of the stories, students completed the Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appel et al., 2015), the Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003). The Transportation Scale - Short Form (Appell et al., 2015) was employed to measure students' levels of engagement with the narrative on success. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance with the SPSS24 software.

 The findings revealed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their ability to maintain effort and interest in long-term goals as well as resilience (P < 0.01). Participants in the high-level narrative transportation group demonstrated greater capacity for sustaining effort and interest in long-term goals (29.52) and resilience (67.05) (P<0.01).

 Drawing from the obtained results, one could posit that storytelling serves as a distinct form of motivation and catalyst for success, prompting students to engage deeply with narratives and be impacted by their substance, consequently fostering heightened motivation and emotional enrichment.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses faced unprecedented challenges they had not experienced before, leading to multiple psychological health issues. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cognitive job failures among nurses in the post-COVID-19 era.

The current research utilized a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach, employing a control group. The study population consisted of nurses from hospitals in the six provinces of Tehran in 2022. The study sample included 36 nurses who were selected purposively and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included questionnaires assessing the severity of fatigue, post-traumatic stress, and cognitive job failures. The experimental group received eight sessions of 90-minute mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention.

The results indicate that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly reduces fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory, attention, motor skills, and estimation among nurses.

The findings demonstrate that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly contributes to the reduction of psychological disorders resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic among nurses. Therefore, it is essential to identify and provide psychological treatment for nurses involved in the care of COVID-19 patients in specialized units during the pandemic.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and potentially debilitating disease that affects the central nervous system, which comprises the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS disrupts the flow of information within and between the brain and body, leading to a wide range of physical and cognitive symptoms. This condition is characterized by an abnormal immune response that targets myelin, the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers, resulting in inflammation and damage. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional adaptation and mindfulness with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS.

The method of this research was descriptive and the research design was a correlation design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all people with MS in Tehran in 2022. For this purpose, the Iranian MS Association was referred and 300 patients were selected through voluntary and accessible sampling. To collect research data, questionnaires on emotional adaptation (Rubio et al, 2007), mindfulness (Cardaciotto et al, 2008), and, cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) were used. A unified questionnaire comprising all the scales was prepared to conduct this research. Subsequently, in coordination with the Iranian MS Society, individuals were contacted. If they volunteered and were willing to participate in the study, they were asked to visit the MS Society or MS treatment centers in Tehran to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed individually, and during the research implementation, necessary explanations regarding how to respond and the purpose of the research were provided to the patients. The research was conducted from September to December 2022. Additionally, to adhere to ethical considerations, patients were assured that the research data would be analyzed collectively. Ethical principles in writing the article were followed according to the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) code of conduct. For data analysis in this research, descriptive statistical indices (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) and inferential statistical indices (Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis) were used via SPSS and LISREL software version 24.

The results obtained from this research showed that the dimensions of mind-awareness (awareness focused on the present moment and acceptance) as exogenous variables of the research on the dimensions of emotional adaptation (lack of regulation of emotional and physiological arousals, hopelessness, and wishful thinking) have both direct and indirect effects (P<0.001). These effects underscore the complex interplay between present-moment awareness, acceptance, and the emotional processes in individuals with MS. The indirect effects were mediated through various pathways, indicating that mind awareness influences emotional adaptation directly and through its impact on other intermediate variables and coping mechanisms.

What can be concluded from the present findings is the importance of training mindfulness skills in MS patients and improving cognitive skills in emotional regulation. According to the stress perceived by these people, the more a person focuses on desires and destructive thoughts loses focus on the present, and cannot accept his illness, the course and process of the disease will undoubtedly be faster. Future research should continue to explore the benefits of mindfulness and emotional regulation training in MS patients. Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into how these interventions impact disease progression and quality of life over time. Additionally, research could investigate the optimal methods for delivering mindfulness training to MS patients, considering factors such as disease severity, cognitive function, and individual preferences.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the relationship between alexithymia and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among patients experiencing varying degrees of Chronic Pain (CP).

Method and Materials: 

This study utilized a descriptive causal-comparative approach. The participants were drawn from patients referred to pain and physiotherapy clinics in Tehran from 2022 to 2023. Out of 300 CP patients, 150 patients with high CP levels and an equal number with low CP levels were purposively chosen. The participants completed the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ), and Post- traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software, employing multivariate analysis of variance.

The findings revealed a significant difference in the levels of alexithymia and PTSD between the two groups (P<0.001). Patients with high levels of CP demonstrated increased negative-difficulty identifying feelings (F=241.87), positive-difficulty identifying feelings (F=389.01), negative-difficulty describing feelings (F=190.61), positive-difficulty describing feelings (F=347.81), general-externally orientated thinking (F=376.28), re- experiencing (F=246.75), avoidance (F=100.74), negative alterations (F=378.01), hyper-arousal (F=388.46), and emotional numbness (F=388.47) compared to their counterparts(P<0.001).

These findings underscore the intricate relationship between CP, alexithymia, and PTSD. Therefore, the need for comprehensive assessment and management strategies addressing the interplay of these factors in patient care is highlighted.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) can be aggravated due to stress, depression, anxiety, emotional and spiritual problems.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on psychological distress, alexithymia, and spiritual health among women with CVD.

The current research adopted a randomized controlled clinical trial, employing a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. The statistical population comprised women with CVD residing in the 6th district of Tehran during August and September 2021. The research sample comprised 30 women with CVD who were selected using purposive sampling and divided into experimental groups (n=15) and control group (n=15). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of ACT, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection process included utilizing questionnaires to measure psychological distress, Toronto alexithymia, and spiritual health. The data collected were subsequently subjected to analysis using multivariate analysis of covariance SPSS-24.

The results showed that ACT significantly decreases anxiety (F=34.71, P=0.001, η2=0.63), stress (F=30.14, P=0.001, η2=0.60), depression (F=48.34, P=0.001, η2=0.71), difficulty identifying feelings (F=28.80, P=0.001, η2=0.59), difficulty describing feelings (F=44.30, P=0.001, η2=0.68), externally oriented thinking (F=36.50, P=0.001, η2=0.68), and increases existential health (F=37.69, P=0.001, η2=0.66), and religious health (F=24.56, P=0.001, η2=0.55) in women with CVD (P<0.01).

ACT offers promising prospects for improving the psychological, emotional, and spiritual health of women living with CVD. By promoting acceptance, emotional awareness, and committed action, ACT empowers women to cope effectively with psychological distress, address alexithymia, and nurture their spiritual well-being.

The present study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Social Media Disorder (SMD) scale in Iranian students. This research adopted a descriptive-analytical evaluation approach. The study sample consisted of 404 students from Tehran Province during the academic year 2021-2022, selected through the convenience sampling method. The students completed questionnaires on social media disorder, internet addiction, and self-esteem. The psychometric properties of the social media disorder scale were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson's correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. In the confirmatory factor analysis of the Social Media Disorder (SMD) scale, a nine-factor structure was confirmed (CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03). When examining concurrent and divergent criterion validity, we found that the correlation between the SMD scale and the Internet Addiction Scale was positively significant, indicating a strong relationship between the two constructs. Furthermore, the study found a negative and significant correlation between social media disorder and self-esteem. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall SMD scale score was 0.94, while the coefficients for its dimensions ranged from 0.74 to 0.92, demonstrating acceptable reliability. The findings confirm the construct validity of the SMD scale and its multidimensional structure, which allows it to effectively diagnose social media disorder among Iranian students.

One of the problems in the way to success is behaviors within the framework of imposter syndrome (IS). The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on self-efficacy, burnout, and perfectionism of employees with IS. This randomized trial employed a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of employees from private offices in five districts of Tehran in 2019. The study participants were comprised of 40 employees who were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The data collection tools included questionnaires on IS, general self-efficacy, job burnout, and perfectionism. While the control group received no intervention, the experimental group underwent ten 90-minute schema therapy sessions. The data obtained were ultimately analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance via SPSS 24. According to the findings, schema therapy significantly increased self-efficacy (P < 0.01, F = 37.73) and decreased emotional exhaustion (P < 0.01, F = 30.08), depersonalization (P < 0.01, F = 71.63), low personal accomplishment (P < 0.01, F = 65.58), self-oriented perfectionism (P < 0.01, F = 44.28), other-oriented perfectionism (P < 0.01, F = 57.36), and society-oriented perfectionism (P < 0.01, F = 50.46) among employees with IS (P < 0.001). Considering that employees’ performance and progress are of special importance to office managers, examining the psychological dimensions of employees to reduce IS and strengthen the sense of self-efficacy is of great importance.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on coping styles, distress tolerance, and metacognitive beliefs in substance-dependent individuals.

The research method employed was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all drug-dependent men who sought treatment at addiction treatment clinics in Tehran in 2024. Among these, 40 people were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=20) and control (n=20). The participants in both groups completed the multidimensional coping inventory, the distress tolerance scale, and the metacognitive beliefs questionnaire in the pre-test and post-test. Acceptance and commitment therapy was performed on the experimental group in 8 sessions lasting 90 minutes each, held twice a week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The study findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups. Acceptance and commitment therapy led to a decrease in emotion-oriented and avoidant coping styles, as well as dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. Conversely, it increased problem-oriented coping styles and distress tolerance in substance-dependent individuals.

The findings of this research indicate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in improving the mental health of substance-dependent individuals. Given that these individuals are psychologically vulnerable, it is essential to implement measures to enhance their psychological health.

This study aimed to investigate the validity of the apparent anxiety inventory. The current research is descriptive and questionnaire construction and validation. The statistical population of the present study included all the clients to specialized skin and beauty clinics in Tehran in 2022. The sampling method in this research was purposeful. In order to test the proposed model and the hypotheses of the research, considering the number of variables, a total sample of 330 people was selected. The sample subjects completed the demographic checklist, the appearance anxiety inventory, and the body deformity disorder questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software and inferential statistics of correlation, reliability coefficient, and factor loadings (using the confirmatory factor analysis method). Based on the obtained results, the apparent anxiety inventory had test-retest reliability and convergent validity in measuring apparent anxiety. It was also sensitive to change during treatment. This scale has a two-factor structure in the clinical group, one factor is avoidance and the second factor includes threat monitoring. However, in the community sample, it seems to have a one-factor structure. The results show that the appearance anxiety questionnaire has psychometric properties to determine whether changes in cognitive processes and behaviors can mediate the outcome of treatment in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. In general, the findings indicate that the apparent anxiety inventory had an acceptable construct validity and reliability in the Iranian sample, and the structure of this scale can be used to screen the apparent anxiety of patients.

Accepting the fact that a member of the family has heart disease and the stress of living with a heart patient can be so effective in the family that it might change its nature. In this context, the present research was conducted to discover and identify the patient's and his family's lived experience with acute exposure to one type of heart disease.

The present study was a qualitative research conducted through phenomenological analysis method in 2019 in Tehran. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding 6 patients hospitalized in the special care department of Baqiyatullah Hospital and 4 people accompanying the patients until the data saturation was reached. Data analysis was done using MAXQDA 20 software.

Based on the findings of this research, 19 sub-themes and 7 main themes were obtained regarding the initial experiences of cardiovascular problems (malfunction)and internal states related to cardiovascular disease, the initial experience of the family related to cardiovascular disease, the atmosphere of Participants' life before experiencing cardiovascular disease, life experiences before experiencing cardiovascular disease, perceived changes after experiencing cardiovascular disease, and finally, facing the experience of cardiovascular disease.

The obtained results showed that suffering from cardiovascular diseases has wide psychological, social, and family consequences for the individual and their family. For this purpose, it is necessary to pay special attention to psychological aspects of these patients in addition to drug therapy.

 Depression, a complex and often debilitating mood disorder, transcends its clinical definition to impact various aspects of an individual's life, including their professional pursuits.

 This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment on anxiety sensitivity and prospective and retrospective memory of employees with depressive symptoms.

 This quasi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study included a total of 36 participants who were employees experiencing depression in the sixth and eighth municipal districts of Tehran in 2021. These participants were selected using a random sampling approach and allocated randomly into 2 groups: the experimental group (n = 18) and the control group (n = 18). The data collection process involved the utilization of questionnaires designed to assess depression, anxiety sensitivity, and prospective and retrospective memory. In the experimental group, a series of ten 90-minute sessions of transdiagnostic treatment was administered, while the control group received no such intervention. The collected data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS version 24.

 The results showed that transdiagnostic treatment significantly decreases physical (F = 66.47, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.69), cognitive (F = 57.29, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.66), social (F = 26.05, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.47), prospective memory (F = 50.18, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.63), and retrospective memory (F = 31.39, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.52) in employees with depressive symptoms.

 The findings of this study highlight the significant and positive impact of transdiagnostic treatment on individuals experiencing depressive symptoms. The results demonstrate substantial reductions in various domains, including physical, cognitive, social, prospective memory, and retrospective memory domains. These outcomes, characterized by substantial effect sizes, highlight the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment in addressing the multifaceted challenges associated with depression in employees.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on pain catastrophizing, sexual function, and resilience in women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
The method of the present research was semi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test with a control group. The study's statistical population included patients with MS in Tehran in 2022. Among the eligible patients, 30 women with MS were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n=15), and the control group (n=15). The collection tools included pain catastrophizing (Sullivan et al. 1995), women's sexual function (Isidori et al. 2010), and resilience (Connor and Davidson, 2003) questionnaires. The intervention group received eight sessions of 90-minute therapy focused on compassion, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS-24.
The results showed that compassion-focused therapy significantly reduces rumination (39.87), magnification (53.14), helplessness (35.42), sexual function (20.27), and resilience (17.65) in women with MS (P<0.001).
The findings of this research indicated the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on women with MS. Since women experienced many problems during MS, it is necessary to take measures to improve their mental and physical health.

The present study aimed to investigate the roles of distress tolerance, social support, and cognitive flexibility in predicting pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The research design was descriptive and correlational. The study's population included all patients with CLBP in the 7th district in Tehran in 2022. The sample included 180 patients selected through the availability sampling. The participants completed questionnaires on distress tolerance, social support, cognitive flexibility, and pain catastrophizing. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis with SPSS 24 software. The results of this research indicated that distress tolerance, social support, and cognitive flexibility had a significant negative correlation with pain catastrophizing (p < 0.05). The correlation coefficient of predictor variables with pain catastrophizing in patients with CLBP was 0.68. These variables could significantly predict 61% of the changes in pain catastrophizing in patients suffering from CLBP. In general, the obtained results demonstrate the relationship and the possibility of predicting pain catastrophizing through distress tolerance, social support, and cognitive flexibility in patients with CLBP. According to the findings of the research, increasing distress tolerance, social support, and cognitive flexibility can help control the extent of pain catastrophizing in CLBP patients.

Considering that achieving marital compatibility requires a set of awareness in the field of choosing a spouse, the necessity of pre-marriage education is felt to help people. The present study aimed to investigate the role of premarital education and counseling in the formation of a positive attitude toward marriage and marital success from the perspective of youth and family counselors. The design of the present study was a descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study included all students of the University of Guilan in 2021, from which a sample of 461 people was selected by available sampling, as well as psychologists working in institutions. Education and research of Guilan province, 95 experienced specialists in psychology and counseling were purposefully selected. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire including two sections on demography and studying the views of young people and family counselors was used. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire including two sections on demography and studying the views of young people and family counselors was used. From the perspective of young people, the most important factor concerning a positive attitude towards marriage was the range of factors affecting education with an average of 3.71. From the experts' point of view, the positive attitude towards marriage had an average of 3.64, in other words, the attitude of expert respondents was higher than average. The youth prioritized the dimensions of the factors affecting education, the necessity, and outcome of education and counseling, educational content, and finally the provision of education. Specialists prioritized the dimensions of the factors affecting education, the necessity, and outcome of training and counseling, training delivery, and finally training content. In the long run, mandating premarital counseling can show how much it will contribute to marital success and family strength.

Eating disorders manifest numerous psychological and social consequences for both individuals and society. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in alleviating COVID-19-related anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and depression among women diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa.

Methods & Materials:

 This study employed a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population consisted of women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa in Tehran in 2022. Thirty participants were selected through convenience sampling from psychological clinics in the 6th and 8th districts of Tehran, and were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=15) or the control group (n=15). Questionnaires assessing eating attitudes, COVID-19-related anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and depression were administered to both groups. The intervention group received a total of eight 90-minute sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance through the SPSS software version 24.

The results of the study showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy led to a significant reduction in mental anxiety related to COVID-19 (P<0.001, F=36.41), physical anxiety related to COVID-19 (P<0.001, F=39.15), fear of negative evaluation (P<0.001, F=41.92), and depression (P<0.001, F=47.48) in women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (P<0.001).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy demonstrated efficacy in alleviating psychological disorders among women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Given the potentially severe impairment of mental health experienced by numerous individuals with anorexia nervosa, it is imperative to implement measures for identifying and providing psychological interventions to vulnerable groups.

Long-term pain experience and pain-related time beliefs are key factors for understanding pain experience and patients' psychological distress. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between mental health and chronic pain in children and adolescents.

In this review research, using the English keywords chronic pain, chronic back pain, chronic headache, abdominal pain, neck pain, multiple pain, musculoskeletal pain, children, adolescents, and mental health, databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI, Scopus, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched in the period 2000 (from January) to 2022 (until November).

The studies conducted showed that the prevalence of chronic pain was 4%-60% in children and adolescents, and abdominal pain, headache, back pain, and multiple pains were more common. Patients with depression, anxiety, fear, stress, pain catastrophizing, emotional ataxia, psychological distress, aggression, behavioral problems, and cognitive disorders had more severe chronic pain. On the other hand, factors such as favorable socio-economic status, quality of life related to health, good sleep quality, social communication, physical activity, resilience, and cognitive flexibility reduced pain and accelerated the treatment process of patients with chronic pain.

The obtained results indicated a significant association between mental health and chronic pain in children and adolescents. In this context, psychology and counseling centers of schools should provide training to increase the quality of life-related to the health and resilience of children and adolescents.