فهرست مطالب fereshteh bahramipoor

Important international players, including the US, have always used sanctions as one of their crisis management tools, particularly secondary sanctions that target third parties and are extraterritorial in nature rather than being official like primary sanctions. The US had increased secondary sanctions against Iran since 2012 to halt Iran's nuclear program. These sanctions persisted until the JCPOA when most secondary sanctions were lifted and many foreign companies resumed their businesses in Iran. However, after Trump was elected president and unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018, the secondary sanctions were re-imposed in an intensified manner. Despite its opposition to the US approach, the European Union (EU) has recalled its companies from Iran following the US withdrawal from the JCPOA. Therefore, the main question of this study is as follows: How did the US secondary sanctions against Iran affect the EU’s approach to the JCPOA? The hypothesis was evaluated through a descriptive-analytical method in response to this question within the framework of secondary sanctions. Accordingly, the US hinders the EU’s independent approach by imposing secondary sanctions against European companies, banks, and private sector in general. The results indicate that the EU cannot act independently of the US to resolve major international issues (e.g., the JCPOA) due to the structure of secondary sanctions. In fact, if the EU contradicts the general policies of the US toward Iran, the US will impose different sanctions on European entities. It will also place the EU’s private sector under pressure.

Social construction of technology is one of the ideas raised in the field of technology, which is less considered in the analysis of issues. This theory is concerned with the social construction of societies and the role of technology in this social construction. The Middle East has also had a conflicting social structure due to the multiplicity of religions, ethnicities and cultures, as well as the actions of regional and extra-regional actors, and when social technologies entered this region, it was affected by this conflicting social structure. they got. The aim of the current research is to clarify the relationship between the social construction of new social technologies and the conflicts in Yemen. Yemen is one of the most tense countries in the region, which intensified after the removal of Ali Abdullah Saleh, and continues at three national, regional and extra-regional levels. Therefore, the main question is, what effect have new social technologies had on the conflicts in YemenBased on this, this research by adopting a descriptive-analytical method tries to explain this innovative hypothesis that it seems that the new social technologies developed on the web platform have caused the escalation of conflicts in the controversial social structure of Yemen.

Today, almost all politicians in the world are on the Internet and posting texts and reports on their accounts. The culmination of these activities can be seen during the Iran-P5 + 1 nuclear talks. The main question here is: What has been the role of social media in the Vienna nuclear negotiations? Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. All data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. The results of the first sub-question showed that interaction with the public, management of public opinion and the use of English were part of the strength of the Iranian nuclear negotiating team in using social media and, on the other hand, not having Strategy, disorder, and lack of a media consultant can also be included in the list of negotiators' weaknesses in the use of these networks. In another part of the results and in response to the second sub-question, it was revealed that breaking the monopoly of the mainstream media, raising people's social capital towards officials and direct interaction with the people of the world and face-to-face conversation with public opinion are the most important goals. The nuclear negotiating team has been using social media to pursue it, but from the point of view of the interviewees, media coverage, tools of psychological warfare, media streaming, news analytics and complementary information flow are among the most important functions. Social media was at the core of the negotiations

Understanding the theoretical position of the Resilience Economics model to explain its features and applying the experience of other economic development theories to achieve a practical and practical model in Iran seems necessary. The question that arises in this study is what is the relation between the theoretical foundations of the resistive economy model and the mainstream theories of development? The present study uses a comparative method to compare the characteristics of two theories of modernization and dependency with the foundations of the Resistance Economics model and to point out their similarities and differences. The findings of the study show that the Resistance Economics model is actually a synthesis of the findings and theoretical articulation of the modernization and dependency paradigm, and because it is defined in accordance with the economic conditions of Iran, it is an independent entity. None of these theories can be considered.

Trump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policy Abstract Preserving the existence and security of Israel as a strategic ally of the United States in the Middle East has long been one of the main commitments of US presidents (both Republicans and Democrats). Has made an impact.The main question of the present study is what effect has Trump's Middle East policy had on Israel's regional policy?The hypothesis underlying the descriptive-analytical approach in the context of the Copenhagen Regional Security Theory is that the US Middle East policy in the Trump administration has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive. Finally, the study concludes that Trump's Middle East policy of emphasizing radical support for Israel has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive than that of Iran, Syria, and Palestine, resulting in further tensions in the region. Keywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, Israel Keywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, Israe

technology and its relation with politics and community is the more important issues of the contemporary reaserches. However, the goal of this thesis is explaining the relation of new social technology and the inter-identical conflicts in the middle east. Because of the important of the social construction of technology in the analysis of political phenomenon, this theory is the best instrument for explanation of identical conflicts in the middle east after cold war. Based on the theory of social construction of technology during the Cold War generally the identitical conflicts was expanded traditionaly and in the level of domestic realm, because of unexpanded of social technology. But after the end of cold war and expanded of social technology, middle east regional system had experienced the period of extremed inter-identitical conflicts the three level of intras-stat, inter-state and trans-state. There by, the main question is, what is the main cause of inter-identitical conflicts in the Middle East after cold war? This thesis based the analytical-descriptive method tray to explain this new by thesis that, new social technology the increased based on the web had more effect on the resonance of inter-identitical conplict in the of social construction of Middle East after cold war the conclusion of thesis show that the expantion of new networks in Middle East has cause the different identityes of Middle East used this space and climate for increase his power and inter-state this issue make more confrontation and increase identitical conflicts in the region.

Today, environmental concerns, has become a serious security question in international relations and created a major inquietude for statesmen and policy makers. Since environmental problems caused by climate change are becoming more serious, it would transform to an influential variable in internal or international conflicts. Climate changes not only destroy human natural habitats but also disrupt social arrangements and increase the likelihood of violent conflicts and endanger peace and international security and affect the environmental justice. The aim of this study is to identify threats and environmental factors resulting from climate changes and analyze their effects on peace and security in the international system. The findings of this study suggest that future climate changes have un undeniable impact on national integration of societies and on the peace and stable security in the international system and will cause the new types of disputes.

OPEC’s justification primarily was strengthening and improving the determining power OF its member. Nevertheless, the organization faced some challenges that marginalized its role in energy market and consequently the success to fulfill member’s interests. One of the challenges that OPEC had during her existence, is the great powers policy certainly countries which aren’t inside the organization. The United States is one of the powers whose hegemonic approach to its oil and gas resources has threatened and limited OPEC's efforts to achieve its goals. The main question of the research is how has US energy policies influenced the position of OPEC in the energy market? to answer this question the hypothesis: The United States's hegemonic approach to its energy capacities, has created Decreasing OPEC's position and role in the global energy market. This hypothesis is going to be considered based on power transition theory in the views of Robert Gilpin and Kindleberger.