fereshteh shahidi

Ischemic Preconditioning (IPC) is a relatively new and non-invasive method involving the application of limited blood flow and its subsequent reperfusion in a specific body organ, such as the hand or leg, using a cuff pressure device. The main goal of this method is to prepare the body to cope with more severe ischemic injuries that may occur in the future. Although, IPC has gathered significant attention in clinical settings, its effects on aerobic, resistance, and speed performance and underlying mechanisms remain unclear and contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this comprehensive review article is to examine the impact of IPC on aerobic, resistance, and speed performance. Studies investigating the effects of IPC on various aspects of sports performance were included in this analysis. Relevant scientific articles were extensively searched by two researchers using databases such as PubMed, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar. The selected keywords for the search included ischemic preconditioning, aerobic, strength, and speed performance. The inclusion criteria for the selected studies involved human subjects, publication in reputable scientific or peer-reviewed  journals, and evaluation of the desired variables in these studies. A total of 15 studies were examined in this review. The diversity of exercise protocols, target body parts, intensity, and other known and unknown factors were evaluated in the findings section. Overall, the effectiveness of IPC on sports performance variables indicated its positive impact on aerobic, strength, and speed performance. These positive adaptations are created through various signaling pathways, including neural, humoral, and intercellular mechanisms. These processes play a significant role in how our body respond to stimuli such as ischemic preconditioning. It seems that ischemic preconditioning has an effective impact on sports performance. However, considering the limited and conflicting current research on its effects, further studies in this area are necessary.

In order to improve exercise performances, athletes commonly benefit from nutritional ‎supplementation. A few studies have considered the proper dosage of these supplements. The ‎focus of this study is to investigate the effects of the deferent doses of garlic, on aerobic ‎performance, as a recommended supplement.‎

Fifteen men in the range of 19 to 21 years old, volunteered to take part in this study. They came ‎to the exercise physiology lab fasting, for four sessions, with a rest week between each two ‎sessions and took one of the 500, 750, 1000 mg of garlic or placebo. After four hours resting, ‎each subject performed Broce aerobic test. Blood pressure and heart rate measured, fasting, ‎before test and after test, and the time of test recorded for each subject. ‎

Along the used doses of garlic, only the dose of 1000 mg could improve aerobic performance on ‎treadmill (p<0.05). As well as, 4 hours after taking 1000 mg garlic, resting blood pressure was ‎reduced by 0.8 mmHg and there was a positive effect on heart rate response to exercise, ‎significantly (p<0.05).

Athletes needs to consider the proper dose of garlic, if they want to ‎benefit from garlic supplementation.‎

The main cause of death of diabetic patients is heart disease. Exercise improves insulin resistance and reduces the mortality of diabetic patients. The aim of this research was the effect of six weeks endurance training on some miRs related to diabetic cardiomyopathy, FBS and insulin resistance index in male Wistar rats.

After induction of diabetes, male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200gr and age of 8 weeks were randomly classified into four groups: sham, control, endurance training and healthy. Endurance training was performed for 6 weeks. Gene expression was investigated using Real Time PCR. The statistical tests of this research were One Way Anova and T Correlated. The data were normalized by GapDh method and 2-(∆∆CT).

Endurance training leads to a significant decrease in FBS (P: 0.00) and insulin resistance index (P: 0.00) and there was a significant increase in VO2peak (P: 0.001). The expression levels of miR-373 and miR-195 in the exercise group did not change significantly compared to the diabetic control group (P > 0.05). But the effect of training led to an increase in the expression of miR-373 (P: 0.4) and a decrease in the expression of miR-195 (P: 0.9).

Aerobic exercise improved the aerobic capacity of the exercise group. In addition, exercise led to the relative improvement of diabetes complications (increasing the expression level of miR-373 and decreasing the expression level of miR-195). Therefore, it is recommended that patients with cardiomyopathy should focus on aerobic exercises.

Aging is a process of deterioration over time. On the other hand, the prevalence of heart diseases has increased with the increase in life expectancy. Important genes that play a role in the aging process are related to telomerase activity, which plays an important role in heart health. are considered a strong stimulant for the telomere system. Also, coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble vitamin, which improves cardiovascular function. The general purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic training along with Q10 supplementation on TRF1 and TRF2 gene expression. Heart tissue was from aged male Wistar rats.

The current study was a developmental study and its method was an experimental one. The statistical population of the current study was 17 old Wistar male mice aged 88 to 96 weeks with an average weight of 404 grams from Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Company. This research was conducted in the physiology laboratory of Shahid Rajaei Tarbiat University. All mice had the same environmental conditions in terms of air temperature (25±2) degrees Celsius, relative humidity (55±5) and day-night cycle (12-12 hours) of light and darkness. The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups including 3 groups of three (exercise sham-supplement sham-control) and two groups of four (aerobic exercise-aerobic exercise and supplement). Laboratory animals were used and approved by the research ethics committee of the Research Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (Ethics ID: IR.SSRC.REC.1401.051) and conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Tarbiat University, Shahid Rajaei. This study was conducted with a post-test designfor measuring TRF1 and TRF2 and a pre-test-post-test design for measuring Vpeak and lee index. The independent variables of the research included aerobic exercise and Q10 supplement, and the dependent variables included TRF1 gene and TRF2 gene.At the beginning of the study, the animals were familiarized with the environment and trained on a treadmill for two weeks. Finally, after the last familiarization session and after 48 hours of rest, Vpeak [the maximum amount of VO2 )oxygen consumption( during an exercisetest is increasing in which all VO2max criteria are not fulfilled (11) and the Lee index of all subjects were measured. The incremental test started with a speed of 5 m/min and a speed equivalent to 5 m/min was added every three minutes. The time to reach fatigue was determined by the mice's inability to run on the treadmill. Based on the maximum speed obtained, the training protocol was designed for six weeks and five sessions per week for the training groups, and then the training protocols were started (1, 2). Vpeak is measured every two weeks to determine training intensity (14). The program of moderate intensity aerobic training (MICT) is as follows: in the first week, it was performed with an intensity of 65% of Vpeak for 15 minutes, and in the sixth week, it reached an intensity of 70% of Vpeak in 30 minutes: the subjects before starting the protocol with an intensity of -40 50% of Vpeak was heated for 5 minutes and cooled down after completing the protocol.The sham group was given sesame oil by gavage to give stress. The aerobic exercise-supplement group was given 20 mg of fat-soluble Q10 supplement per kilogram of body weight combined with 0.5 cc of sesame oil by gavage for 42 days. The bodyweight was given to the aerobic exercise group. The supplement was prepared from its manufacturing company called Nano Kimia Salamat (15, 16).48 hours after the end of the protocols and the last training session, Vpeak and Lee's index were measured, and also the height and weight of the mice were measured every week. Nasoanal length[cm]] ×1000 was used. 48 hours after the last training session, the samples were anesthetized with a combination of xylazine 5 to 10 mg/kg and ketamine 50 to 100 mg/kg. Then the heart tissue was extracted and washed with PBS and transferred to a negative 80 centigrade freezer and then transferred to the laboratory for tissue analysis using standard kits for gene expression by PCR method (2, 3, 17).Specialized laboratory processes were performed to measure the expression level of TRF1 and TRF2 genes and to measure telomere length using Real time-PCR method. Quantitative real time-PCR was used to measure the gene expression levels using special primers. Amplification of TRF2 and TRF1 genes as well as GAPDH reference gene was done to measure gene expression by real time PCR based on the standard method. To measure the decrease or increase in the expression of TRF1 and TRF2 genes, its expression was compared with the expression of internal control genes. For this purpose, F and R primers and cDNA were added to the master mix and the final volume was prepared for Real time PCR reaction. The primers used were prepared from Cinagen company, made in Iran. (18, 19) Then the real time PCR process was performed using the QIAGEN machine and each reaction was performed in duplicate. After the reaction, the raw data was extracted and the amount was calculated. Expression of genes was done using method 2-ΔΔCt. (20)After collecting the raw data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data distribution. Then, in order to statistically analyze the data and compare between the groups two-way ANOVA test was used, and because the groups were unequal, the Scheffe test was used. Correlated T-test was used to check the changes of stabilizing variables. All statistical calculations were done using SPSS26 software at a significant level of P≤0.05. Excel2013 software was used to draw graphs.

Based on the obtained results, there was a significant difference between the groups after six weeks of aerobic training along with Q10 supplementation on TRF1 and TRF2 gene expression. (P≤0.05)

In general, the present study showed that aerobic exercise along with Q10 supplementation increases the expression of TRF1 and TRF2 genes in heart tissue. Therefore, according to the above result, it is possible to cautiously recommend aerobic exercise along with Q10 supplementation for the elderly.

The cardiovascular disease is due to the some disorders in the cell death as the form of abnormal increased or decreased. Exercise is a strong physiological stimulus that directly or indirectly affects the process of apoptosis by means of a number of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise in water on the genes expression of Apaf-1, cytochrome C and caspase-9 in heart tissue of rats which were injected with hydrogen peroxide.

Twenty four male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 190±10 grams were randomly divided into four groups including hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide+training, sham and control groups. The aerobic exercise protocol were performed with duration of 60 minutes in each session, six weeks and five days per week in water. All groups, except the control and sham groups, were injected intraperitoneally with one mill mole of hydrogen peroxide. Forty eight hours after the last training session with 10 to 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized with CO2 gas and their tissues were dissected. In order to measure genes expression using the Real Time-PCR method, one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe’s post hoc tests were applied for data analysis at significance level of p≤0.05.

The results indicated that intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen peroxide increased the genes expression of the internal apoptotic pathway compared to the sham and control groups (p=0.0001); while by adding six weeks of aerobic exercise in water, genes expression of Apaf-1, cytochrome C, and caspase-9 in the hydrogen peroxide+training group was significantly decreased compared to the hydrogen peroxide group (p=0001).

It appears that aerobic exercise in water reduces the undesirable effects of apoptosis of heart tissue, less cytopathic and ultimately, it causes health of the body.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a functional, metabolic, and morphological deterioration of the myocardium caused by changes in glucose homeostasis caused by diabetes. miRs play a significant role in the occurrence of DCM. Reducing the overexpression of miR373 gene has a potential role in the appearance of this disease. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the effect of six weeks of aerobic and resistance training on the expression of miR373 gene in mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy and male Wistar rats.

This research had a developmental goal, from the point of view of the experimental method and from the point of view of the laboratory execution method, with a post-test design. 36 healthy male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200 ± 20 grams and an age of 8 weeks were purchased from Pasteur Institute in Tehran. To induce diabetes, 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally in a single dose to 27 rats. To confirm the validity of diabetes induction, glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl or hema index ≥ 3.5 were considered. According to research, diabetic cardiomyopathy occurs two months after the induction of diabetes. To confirm the occurrence of diabetic cardiomyopathy in the form of a pilot project, 3 heads of healthy rats (before the start of the research) and 3 heads of diabetic rats (after two months of becoming diabetic) were dissected and samples of myocardial tissue were taken. Rats with cardiomyopathy were randomly classified into four groups of 6 vertices (control, sham exercise, resistance exercise and aerobic exercise). A healthy group of 6 vertices was also considered for comparison with other groups. After two weeks of familiarization with the environment and learning to exercise, aerobic (running on a treadmill) and resistance (walking on an ascending ladder) training protocols were implemented for six weeks. 48 hours after the last training session (along with 12 hours of fasting), all rats were anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine and dissected and sampled from the left ventricular tissue. Real Time PCR was used to evaluate the expression of miR373 genes. For the statistical analysis of the data, ANOVA and T-correlated tests were used at the significance level of P ≤ 0.05.

Both exercise protocols led to a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBS) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR%). VO2peak (P: 0.1) of the aerobic group and 1RM (P: 0.73) of the resistance group increased significantly. The miR-373 gene expression level decreased in the control and sham diabetic groups compared to the healthy group, but increased in both exercise groups. But this increase was not significant (P > 0.05). It was also shown that resistance training had more significant changes on FBS and HOMA-IR indices compared to aerobic training (P = 0.001). Finally, aerobic and resistance training led to a significant increase in Vpeak (T = -4.9, P = 0.004) and 1RM (T = -7.68, P = 0.001).

Aerobic and resistance training improved the aerobic capacity and strength of the training groups, respectively. In addition, both exercises led to the improvement of diabetic complications (increased the expression level of miR-373), but aerobic exercise caused a better improvement of diabetic cardiomyopathy complications.

The main cause of death in diabetic patients is cardiomyopathy. Regular exercise improves insulin resistance and reduces the mortality of diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of six weeks of aerobic and resistance training on the expression of miR195 (specific to the myocardium) in male rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Male rats with an average weight of 200 ± 20 grams and age of 8 weeks were randomly divided into four groups of 6 (sham, control, resistance and aerobic training) after the induction of diabetes (50 mg/kg STZ). A healthy group (n = 6) was also considered for comparison with the diabetic group. Exercise protocols were performed for 6 weeks. The expression level of miR195 was evaluated using PCR-Real Time. One Way Anova and T-correlated statistical tests were used for data analysis.

Both aerobic and resistance protocols led to a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Vvo2peak of the aerobic group and 1RM of the resistance group increased significantly. The expression of miR195 in the diagnostic and solar control groups was more different than the healthy group, but it was less in the exercise groups.

Compared to aerobic exercise, resistance training had a better effect on the expression of miR195 and diabetes indicators. Therefore, it is recommended that patients with cardiomyopathy should focus on resistance training.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Pdis and QTdis are simple and useful electrocardiographic markers that may be used in the prediction of the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in PCOS patients. The main purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training (MICT) on Pdis and QTdis as biomarkers of adverse cardiovascular events in women with PCOS.

30 females with PCOS aged between 18 and 40 years were randomly dividedinto an eight- week MICT anda control group. The MICT program included eight weekly sessions (three sessions a week). Electrocardiography was performed the day before the intervenion, and 48 hours after the last exercise session. A cardiologist evaluated all parameter measurementsst. Statistical analysis was conductedby tes t-test using SPSS software (version 23). P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

After the eight- week intervention, a significant reduction in QTdis, QTcdis, weight, and BMI was observed in the MICT group (p˂0.01) but not in the control group (P>0.05). Regarding Pdis, no significant changewas observed before and after intervention in both groups (P>0.05).

These findings demonstrated that eight weeks of MICT in PCOS patients could be prescribed to prevent adverse cardiovascular events in women with PCOS.

Oxidative stress-induced cell death is activated by free radicals. Exercise and nutrition appear to have the potential to modulate cell proliferation and death. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of aerobic exercise and crocin consumption on the prevention of myocardial tissue cell death in male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 180-200g were randomly divided into six groups (oxygenated water, oxygenated water+crocin, oxygenated water+ exercise, oxygenated water+crocin+exercise, sham, and control). After two weeks of familiarity with the environment and learning the exercises,  the training groups were given aerobic exercises for six weeks. All groups, except for the sham and control, were given 1 mM H2O2 and subcutaneously injected with 12.5 mg crocin. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized with CO2 after 10-12 hours of fasting, and their myocardial tissue was isolated. To measure the pro-apoptotic genes, Real-Time PCR was used; moreover, one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe post-Hoc test were employed for data analysis. A P-value of ≥0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The findings showed that six weeks of aerobic training in water, consumption of crocin supplementation, as well as the combination of aerobic exercise and crocin supplementation, reduced the expression of the genes of the internal apoptotic pathway at a significant level of ≥ 0.05.

According to the results of the present study, it seems that the interaction and combination of aerobic exercise in water and crocin antioxidant supplement should be used to reduce the apoptosis of the myocardial tissue, less cell damage, and ultimately the health of the myocardial tissue.

Mitochondrial function is regulated by the dark-light cycle under physiological and pathological conditions. Time-dependent exercise interventions may affect metabolic health in diabetic patients by regulating hyperglycemia. However, limited data are available about the correlation between the time of exercise and the regulation of muscle circadian rhythm in diabetes conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of time of exercise in the dark-light cycle on SIRT1 protein expression and the NAD+/NADH ratio in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic mice.

In this experimental study, thirty healthy male NMRI mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic+exercise. Type 2 diabetes was induced using a combination of a high-fat diet (five weeks) and streptozotocin injection (20 mg/kg body weight). Eight weeks of aerobic exercise with moderate intensity (5 days, 80-60 minutes) were performed on a treadmill at two times of the day, the early light phase (ZT3) at 9:00 AM and the early dark phase (ZT15) at 9:00 PM. Gastrocnemius muscles were collected at two times of the day, and SIRT1 protein expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis. The cellular NAD+/NADH content and glucose concentrations were measured using the colorimetric method. A two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Eight weeks of aerobic exercise significantly increased SIRT1 protein and NADH levels (P<0.001) and improved hyperglycemia (P=0.005) only in the early dark phase. Aerobic exercise increased the NAD+/NADH ratio independently of time (P=0.003).

Proper exercise timing in the early dark, along with SIRT1 protein and NAD+ level circadian changes, may strengthen the effects of exercise and correct hyperglycemia more effectively.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Exercise is a therapeutic strategy to improve vascular function and reduce patient mortality. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectins in women with PCOS.

Thirty females with PCOS aged between 18 and 40 years were randomly categorized into an HIIT group and a control group. The HIIT program was administered three sessions a week for eight weeks. Serum levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectins were measured before and after the intervention after an overnight fast of 10 h. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23).

After the intervention, a significant difference was observed in serum E-selectin levels in the HIIT group (p=0.037) compared to the control group (P>0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in serum VCAM-1 levels in the HIIT group after the intervention (P≥0.05).

The findings demonstrated that eight weeks of HIIT could improve endothelial function in women with PCOS.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and plays an important role in the development of cardiac apoptosis. Evidence suggests that exercise can affect some of the signaling pathways associated with apoptosis. Evidence suggests that exercise can affect some of the apoptosis-related signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic and resistance training on insulin resistance index and BCL-2 to BAX ratio in male Wistar diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats in the weight range of 200 to 250 g were randomly divided into five groups: Aerobic training (n = 6), Resistance training (n = 6), Sham (n = 6), Control (n = 4), Healthy (n = 3) Rats became diabetic by consuming a high-fat diet for six weeks and after six weeks with a single dose of 30 mg / kg streptozotocin injection. Rats in the aerobic group trained on a treadmill for four weeks and five sessions per week, and rats in the resistance group trained on a ladder for four weeks and six sessions per week.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the aerobic and resistance groups of BAX protein and the amount of this protein in the resistance group was lower than aerobic (P= 0.014). There was a significant difference between BCL-2 and BAX ratio between aerobic and resistance groups and this ratio was higher in the resistance group than the aerobic group (P = 0.05). Also, the rate of insulin resistance index in the aerobic group (P = 0.005) and in the resistance group (P = 0.004) after exercise decreased more than before exercise and this difference was significant.

It seems that both resistance training and aerobic training are effective in reducing the amount of insulin resistance index and in comparison between aerobic and resistance training, more resistance training is more effective in reducing apoptotic factors and with increasing exercise intensity, SIRT1 is increased and it inhibits apoptotic factors.

Increased lipid peroxidation and imbalance of adipokines that affect insulin sensitivity such as vaspin can be effective in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of present study was comparison and determination of effect of eight-week training in water, resistance ladder and endurance running on catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), vaspin and insulin resistance in male rats.

A total of 41 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (training in water, resistance ladder, endurance running, sham and control). After two weeks of adapting to the environment and learning the exercises, the training groups exercised for eight weeks. To measure study indices, we used ELISA method and the formula of insulin resistance homeostasis model. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to test the hypotheses.

Eight-week of resistance training significantly increased catalase activity and decreased serum MDA levels more than the other two training methods. Moreover, eight weeks of endurance running and water training significantly reduced serum VASPIN and insulin resistance compared to resistance training (p<0.05).

It seems that resistance training to be superior to the other two training methods in reducing lipid peroxidation, while endurance running and training in water result in greater reductions in VASPIN and insulin resistance than resistance training.

In recent decades, the significant role of angiogenesis in the growth and metastasis of cancer has led to much research in this field. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of 6 weeks of continuous aerobic training and quercetin on TIE-2 and VEGF-A expression in female mice with breast cancer.

Twenty-four female BALB/c mice with breast cancer were randomly divided into 3 groups: tumor (T), tumor+aerobic exercise (T+AE), and tumor+aerobic exercise+quercetin (T+AE+Q). The T+AE group and the T+AE+Q group performed endurance running exercise on a treadmill for 6 weeks, 5 days per week, 60 minutes per session, with a gradual increase in intensity over the training period. The T+AE +Q group was injected with 110 mg.kg-1 of quercetin solution for 6 weeks, /3 days per week/ in addition to exercise. Eventually, the mice were killed, and the tumor tissues were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The expression of TIE-2 and VEGF-A genes was measured using real-time PCR. ΔCt, ΔΔCt, and the fold change were calculated, and one-way analyses of variance with Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05. Data analysis was conducted using the GenEx software.

The results showed that T+AE+Q interaction significantly reduced VEGF-A expression (4.09 times decrease) compared with the T group (P< 0.05). Quercetin consumption in the T+AE+Q group significantly reduced VEGF-A expression (2.72 times) compared with the T+AE group (P< 0.05)., However, aerobic exercise alone had no effect on VEGF-A expression. Also, aerobic exercise alone or in combination with quercetin had no effect on TIE-2 expression.

The interaction of aerobic exercise and quercetin supplementation may be effective in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.

Nervous tissue apoptosis, especially of the hippocampus, has been identified as a potential contributor to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and evidence suggests that exercise affects various aspects of nervous cell activity and may prevent the death of neurons cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight-week of resistance training on BAX and BCL2 in hippocampal tissue in male rats.

For this aim, 16 male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups of eight (resistance training  and control) and resistance training group exercised for 8 weeks and 3 days per weeks with eight frequency and 2 minutes rest between them with resistance ladder with 1 meter length and 85 degree angle. Sandwich Elisa method was used to measure BCL2 and BAX concentrations and U Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used to test the hypotheses.

There was significant difference in BCL2 and BAX of hippocampus tissue in compared to control group, so that eight week resistance training causes significant increase in BCL2 level in resistance exercise group as compared to control group. Also eight week resistance training causes significant decrease in BAX level of resistance exercise group as compared to control group. Furthermore, eight week resistance training cause significant decrease in BAX/BCL2 ratio in resistance groups as compared to control group (p<0.05).

The results of this study showed eight-week resistance training causes significant increase in BCL2 and significant decrease in BAX and BAX/BCL2 ratio. Thus, it can cause decrease hippocampus tissue apoptosis in male rats.

About angiogenesis, metastasis of breast cancer and exercise, Many studies have been done in recent decades to better understand of regulatory mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Interactive effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and quercetin supplementation (Q) on the expression of key angiogenic factors in tumor tissue of mouse with breast cancer.

Twenty-four female Balb/C mouse were injected with estrogen receptor-dependent breast cancer cells MC4L2 and then divided into three groups of tumor (T), tumor + of high-intensity interval training (TH) and tumor + high-intensity interval training + quercetin (THQ). The TH and THQ groups ran the treadmill 3 days a week for 6 weeks and each session 1 hour. The THQ group received 110 mg / kg quercetin solution for 6 weeks, 3 days a week with training. After completion of the work, the mouse were sacrificed and their tumor tissue removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen And stored at -70 ° C. Expression of TIE-2 and VEGF-A genes was measured by REAL TIME-PCR. ΔCt, ΔΔCt, and Fold change were calculated with the relevant statistical tests at the significant level (P <0.05) by GENEX software.

The results showed that THQ interaction significantly decreased the expression of TIE-2 and VEGF-A genes in TH and THQ groups compared to T group. In addition, quercetin in THQ group significantly decreased TIE-2 and VEGF-A gene expression compared to TH group.

interaction of HIIT and Q supplementation are probably effective in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.

Impairment in the endothelial function starts with aging; however, it can be reduced or prevented by regular exercise. This study aimed to investigate the response and compatibility of endothelial progenitor cells and to evaluate the gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after eight weeks of resistance training in the elderly.

In this semi-experimental study, 24 elderly men were randomly divided into equal experimental and control groups. Blood samples were collected in four stages, that is, before and after one session of resistance training (chest press, calf press, squats, leg curls, leg extensions, and underhand cable pushdowns) and before and after eight weeks of resistance training (bicep, tricep, quadricep, calf, chest, shoulder, and abdomen exercises). The samples were examined for the expression of HIF-1 and VEGF genes, and a flow cytometric analysis of endothelial progenitor cells from the mononuclear cell population of blood tissue was carried out. A mixed-design repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in SPSS (P<0.05) to investigate the differences between the groups.

The number of endothelial progenitor cells in the pretest and the first posttest increased in the experimental group, compared to the control group. Also, the gene expression of HIF-1 in the experimental group increased compared to the control group in the first posttest, pretest, and second posttest. As well as, the expression of VEGF gene increased in the experimental group in comparison with the control group in the first posttest, pretest, and second posttest.

The present findings suggested that resistance training could be effective in the repair and regeneration of arteries after injuries, especially in the elderly.

Slowing down the process of angiogenesis in the tumor tissue is an emerging area in the treatment of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin supplementation on the expression of key angiogenesis factors in the tumor tissue of mice with breast cancer.

Sixteen female BALB /c mice were injected subcutaneously with estrogen receptor dependent breast cancer cells MC4L2 and divided into two groups of tumor (T) and tumor + quercetin (TQ). The mice in the TQ group were injected subcutaneously with 110 mg/kg quercetin solution for 6 weeks, 3 days a week. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, the animals were killed and their tumors were removed, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70° C. ΔCt, ΔΔCt, fold change and Mann-Whitney test at the significance level of (P<0.05) were calculated with GENEX software.

The results showed that quercetin supplementation significantly decreased the expression of ANGPT-2 (P<0.00), TIE-2 (P<0.00) and VEGF-A (P<0.00) genes in the TQ group compared with the T group. But ANGPT-1 expression increased, although this increase was not significant.

Quercetin supplementation may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and breast tumor growth.

The equilibrium of angiogenesis stimulus agents and angiogenesis inhibitory agents is an important factor in the increase of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This research aimed to survey the result of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous (MICT) on the myocardium angiogenesis agent and histological alterations within male diabetic rats.

32 male Wistar rats did casually selected within 4 groups: health without exercise control, diabetic without exercise (D), D + HIIT, and D+ MICT groups. Diabetes type 2 produced with high-fat food for two weeks and an only dose of STZ. After approval of type 2 diabetes, subjects did direct to HIIT (90 -95 percent of VO2max), and MICT (50 to 65 percent of VO2max) exercise program five times per week during eight weeks. Western blotting methods were utilized for the exposure of protein synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β1), and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in the left ventricle. Besides, the base and ultimate blood glucose were estimated. Histological alterations assessed utilizing H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining.

The installation of diabetes develops TGF-β1 (P-value= 0.001) and reduces MMP9 (P-value= 0.002) and VEGF (P-value= 0.002). But, eight weeks of MICT enhanced MMP9 (P-value= 0.002) and VEGF (P-value= 0.002), but the volume of TGF-β1 (P-value= 0.001) diminished significantly. Furthermore, the MICT did improve better than of HIIT in improving angiogenesis agents and adjust body mass, plasma glucose in the rats with diabetes.

Not only eight weeks of interval and continuous exercise enhanced levels of MMP9 and VEGF, but also revealed a notable reduction in TGF-β1. Additionally, both training diminishes body weight and blood sugar.

 A sedentary lifestyle is associated with the spread of dangerous clinical events in middle-aged people. The most serious health problems of sedentary lifestyle are obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the cardiovascular system, cellular responses to various stimuli are mediated through coordinated signaling pathways. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of known proteins that play an important role in these signaling events. However, this family also has good and bad members who can protect or damage the heart. P38 is expressed in heart cells. In cultured cells of heart tissue, P38 activity induces myocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, as well as increased cytokine production. Also, in the cardiovascular system, special emphasis has been placed on the role of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) in health and disease. Studies have shown that the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade is associated with cardiac hypertrophy.Resistance training improves strength and muscle mass and cardiovascular function in middle-aged and elderly people. However, many inactive people are reluctant to exercise at moderate or high intensity, and high intensity training may not be appropriate for these people and may be associated with injury. Therefore, the effectiveness of alternative training methods has been investigated. Among these methods is low intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR). Research has reported an increase in cardiovascular function after resistance training with BFR.it may be possible to achieve an optimal training method for inactive middle-aged people, for treatment and to prevent the effects of aging, by determining the effect of blood flow restriction with low intensity resistance training on cardiovascular parameters. However, the effects of intermittent and continuous blood flow restriction on inactive cardiovascular parameters are not known, Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low intensity resistance training with intermittent and continuous blood flow restriction (BFR) on P38 and PI3K in inactive middle-aged men.

 This is a semi-experimental study. This research was conducted on inactive healthy middle-aged men. 45 inactive healthy middle-aged men (40-65 years) were randomly divided into three groups include resistance training with intermittent BFR, resistance training with continuous BFR, Resistance training without BFR. Low-intensity resistance training groups with intermittent and continuous BFR performed 3 sessions per week blood flow restriction with a cuff pressure of 110 mm Hg in the thigh area for 8 weeks. also, the resistance training group performed the exercise, 3 sessions per week without BFR. At the end of the intervention, blood was taken. The p38 and PI3kinase levels were measured by ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by dependent t test, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the p<0.05.

 Data analysis showed that there was a difference between changes of p38 and PI3kinase levels in middle-aged men in different research groups (p=0.001). The results showed that low-intensity resistance training with intermittent and continuous BFR led to significant decrease in p38 (p=0.001), as well as significant increase in PI3kinase levels compared to the resistance training group without BFR in middle-aged men (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the effect of two methods training with BFR (p<0.05).

 The results of our study suggest that both low-intensity resistance training with intermittent and continuous BFR may have greater cardiac benefits for middle-aged people than low-intensity resistance training. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research [31-29]. Regarding the mechanisms of change of MAPKs following exercise with BFR, it seems that part of the activation of this pathway is due to increased GH secretion, fluid exchange between blood and active muscle tissue, and BFR-induced hypoxia [26-28]. Regarding the mechanisms affecting PI3K changes, it has been reported that high expression of IGF-1 or IGF receptors activates PI3K (p110α) and induces physiological hypertrophy of the heart and myocardial infarction. Therefore, it is possible that low-intensity resistance training with intermittent and continuous BFR and low-intensity resistance training without BFR in the present study led to an increase in PI3K by affecting IGF-1 levels. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other cardiovascular indicators in inactive middle-aged men. Also, Measurement of cardiac function indices can more clearly show the effects of resistance training with BFR on the cardiovascular system in inactive middle-aged people. According to the results, it seems that low intensity resistance training with intermittent and continuous blood flow restriction (BFR) can help improve cardiovascular performance in inactive middle-aged men, and there is no difference between the two methods.

It is highly crucial to develop novel strategies in order to further enhance the monitoring of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes and establish standard medical care procedures to control monitoring and treatment costs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a high-intensity competition on cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and its correlation with the corrected QT interval (QTc) in the trained athletes.

In total, 32 male athletes (mean age: 26.9±4.7 years, body mass index: 25.6±1.6 kg/m2) competed in 8-min high intensity competitions. The competition items included running on skillmill for 400 meters; three-stage deadlifting, weight lifting (110kg) with 5 repetitions; (130kg) with 3 repetitions; and (150kg) with 1 repetition, bar pulling up with 30 repetition, 30-kg kettlebell swinging, and 20 sandbag throwing with different weights at a distance of 5m behind a 75-cm box. Moreover, lead II electrocardiogram was utilized in order to measure the resting QTc. The intravenous blood test was performed to determine the level of troponin T before and immediately after the competition. In addition, ANOVA with repeated measures was used to examine the differences between variables in resting position, post competition, and after correction for the volume of plasma lost. In addition, Bonferroni post hoc test was used to identify which mean differences were statistically significant. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was calculated to assess the level of correlations between the variables and QTc. Ethics code: IR.SRTTU.SSF.2018.103

The results showed an immediate significant increase in the cardiac Troponin T after high-intensity competition, compared to the resting position (P<0.001). However, when raw post-exercise data were corrected for plasma volume loss, no significant difference was observed in this regard (F1,31= 832, P<0.001). Furthermore, the Pearson results indicated that there was no significant correlation between the resting QTc and cTnT before and after the high-intensity comoetition.

There was no significant correlation between the QTc and cTnT among the trained atheletes after high-intensity competition. The QTc can not probably be ragrded as an independent high-risk predictor for myocardial damage and cTnT release in athletes. However, there is a need for more studies on athletes in different sports.

Physical activity and dynamic lifestyle play an important role in the prevention and treatment of some common neurological diseases. One valuable approach to increasing health and reducing brain damage is to perform an exercise and physical activity.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise pre-training on the intervening factors and complications of cerebral ischemia.

In this study, forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, including (1) endurance training, (2) endurance-cognitive training, (3) ischemia, and (4) control. The training was performed for 3 weeks. After the last training session, the rats had to undergo cerebral ischemia. The ischemia was induced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 30 min. Real-time PCR method was used to measure the expression level of TrkB, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes.

The levels of TrkB gene expression were significantly increased in the endurance training and endurance-cognitive training groups compared to the ischemia and control groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the levels of Bcl-2 gene expression in the endurance training group compared to the ischemia group as well as the endurance-cognitive group compared to the ischemia and control groups (P < 0.05). Also, the levels of Bax gene expression in the endurance training and endurance-cognitive groups were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05).

This study showed that exercise as a preconditioning stimulus has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia.

Active oxygen species (ROS) are direct or indirect causes of cell damage. Continuously active heart muscle as an oxidative tissue is one of the tissues susceptible to oxidative damage. Malondialdehyde is one of the lipid peroxidation products, which is considered in the studies as an indicator of oxidative damage level. Crocin is also a carotenoid extracted from Saffron, which can affect the damage level with its antioxidant properties. In this study, the effect of crocin supplementation on the alteration of Malondialdehyde and catalase cardiomyocyte, was investigated in male rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.

In this study, 32 male Wistar rats (mean weight, 180±20g) were randomly divided into four groups including: control, sham (saline injections), hydrogen peroxide, and Crocin and Hydrogen peroxide. For induction of oxidative stress in the H2O2 groups, 1mmol/kg H2O2, was injected to the rats intraperitoneally every other days for 3 weeks, and in the supplement group, the rats intraperitoneally received 12.5mg/kg of crocin, every days. The alteration of MDA and CAT, was performed by ELISA technique. Data analysis was performed using one way ANOVA and Scheffe test.

In this study, induction of H2O2 caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde and a significant decrease in the activity of catalase enzyme, and crocin consumption led to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde and significant increase in the activity of catalase enzyme in the heart tissue (p<0.01).

The results of this study showed that supplementation with crocin leads to strengthening of antioxidant system and reduction of oxidative stress damages.

The heart muscle, as a continuous oxidative tissue, is one of the most susceptible tissues for oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. SOD and CAT enzymes play an important role in reducing oxidative stress.The aim of this study is to determine the effect of 6-weeks duration force swimming on the levels of SOD and CAT cardiomyocyte in rats poisoned by hydrogen peroxide.

In this study included 32 Wistar male rats weighing 180±20g were randomly divided into four groups including: (1).control, (2).sham(saline), (3).hydrogen peroxide, (4).exercise & hydrogen peroxide. For induction of oxidative Stress,in the 3rd & 4th group 1mmol/kg H2O2 was injected to the rats intraperitoneally during 3 weeks every others days. In the exercise group, force swimming was conducted for 6-weeks, 60 minutes a day, 5-days a week. The activity of enzymes was measured by ELISA technic. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance.P<0.01

The results showed that induction of H2O2 caused a significant decrease in the activity of SOD & CAT, but resulted in a significant increase in activity of SOD enzyme in the heart tissue after six weeks of force swimming(P<0.01). The level of activity of the catalase was also increased, but this increase was not significant.

According to the findings of this study, forced swallowing significantly reduces the activity of the SOD enzyme by weakening the antioxidant defense system after the induction of H2O2. Therefore, this type of exercise can be used to strengthen the antioxidant system.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the first cause of death in diabetic patients and angiogenesis is the most important mechanism for the recovery of heart blood flow in physiologic and pathologic conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of moderate continuous and sever interval training on heart angiogenesis in Wistar male diabetic rats.

32 Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: healthy non-exercised, diabetic no exercise, diabetic + moderate continuation and diabetic + severe interval exercises. Two types of exercises were calibrated and the exercise intensity was determined based on the maximum oxygen consumption and 5 days a week. The pro-angiogenic (VEGF, MMP2, TGFβ1) and anti-angiogenic (TIMP2) agents of the left ventricle of the heart were taken from the rat after 48 hours of the last training session. Western blot method was used to evaluate the synthesis of proteins involved in angiogenic route. Data were measured by one-way variance analysis with repeated measurements (P =0/000).

The results showed that the levels of proangiogenic VEGF, MMP2, TGFβ1 significantly increased, but the anti-angiogenic factor of TIMP2 decreased (P <0.05). In addition, the maximum level of oxygen consumed in both continuous and periodic training groups showed a significant increase.

Moderate and continuous exercise increases angiogenic factors in the heart of diabetic Wistar rats, which is a good way to reduce the mortality rate of diabetes.