hamid jafari

It is not possible to control people's behavior without paying attention to their thoughts and knowledge. After facing defeat on both the military and political fronts, the enemies of the Islamic Republic of Iran have now shifted their strategy to cognitive warfare, understanding its significance and potential impact. Therefore, it is necessary for the members of society, especially the officials, to face the enemy effectively by knowing and mastering the methods of cognitive warfare. In this regard, the most effective source for understanding the definitions, concepts, and examples of war science is the statements and orders of the Supreme Leader (Madazla-ul-Ali). As the highest political official in the country and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he, along with the nobles, has established numerous measures and guidelines for addressing general societal issues. They have provided a way to deal with the enemy's cognitive war.This research is an exploratory study, and the data analysis method is grounded theory. This study seeks to answer, "What are the concepts, definitions, and examples of warfare from the perspective of the Supreme Leader?" Also, the research aims to explain the concepts, definitions, and examples of cognitive warfare from the point of view of the Supreme Leader. To collect information, the library and fiche methods have been used. The study extracted all the Supreme Leader's orders related to cognitive warfare from his website (Khamemei.ir), separated the statements related to the concept, definitions, and examples of cognitive warfare, and then classified each statement's content under a specific category.The results showed that there were 10 statements about definitions of cognitive warfare, 10 statements about concepts of cognitive warfare, and 24 statements about examples of cognitive warfare.

Naeini was able to present a proposal for a democratic system entitled "Constitutional Government" through theoretical elaboration on concepts such as the constitution, the national assembly, councils, the necessity of consulting with the people's representatives, giving meaning and political weight to the principles of enjoining good and forbidding evil, emphasizing participatory democracy, the role of councils in overseeing laws, and ultimately introducing a new theory in Shia political jurisprudence. The theory prioritizes a form of "compromise" and, through this, provides the necessary intellectual groundwork for separating political affairs from religious matters. An examination of this theory within the framework of pioneering theoretical perspectives on political developments worldwide demonstrates the extent to which he was familiar with the foundations of a democratic system in the contemporary world. By incorporating religious and cultural teachings, he was able to design such a system based on the modern needs of Iranian society. This research aims to elaborate on the novel articulation of the principles outlined by contemporary political philosopher Hannah Arendt for a republic and a successful revolution, within Naeini's governance theory. Within this framework, it becomes evident that the founding principle emphasizes positive freedom and the participation of citizens who are equal under the law. The two fundamental principles of "liberty" and "equality" are well articulated within Naeini's legitimate government theory. Therefore, this theory can be considered as pioneering in modernizing the political structure of the country based on fundamental democratic principles. The research methodology employed is descriptive-analytical and relies on library research.

The statement of the second step is a strategic document to continue the path of the revolution, which, in addition to describing the past situation, shows the path of the future and can be considered as a guiding light to better see the future path of Islamic Iran. One of the most important areas that is considered in the statement is the defense and security of the country, which is carried out by the armed forces. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran in realizing the declaration of the second step of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The findings of this research, which was carried out using a descriptive method of content analysis, show that the armed forces, including the Islamic Republic Army, having characteristics such as being popular, having an Islamic identity, knowledge and insight, and religious observance, adherence to Islamic principles and Elahi, defensive readiness and maintaining security and territorial integrity and the Revolutionary Guards by maintaining the values and ideals of the revolution and its achievements, defensive readiness, creating and maintaining internal unity and training Islamic leaders to remain revolutionary and maintain their authority and Faraja, by establishing stability in the country's security, guarding and protecting Naja, maintaining its authority, maintaining the morals and spirituality and religious and religious values of its members, dealing with people correctly and politely, having authority against lawbreakers, can fulfill the statement.

One of the forms of tourism that have been proposed in recent decades is "cultural tourism", which effectively promotes a society in order to achieve development. Creativity in culture seems to have become an elixir to solve a wide range of problems in today's societies, a region or territory can be analyzed through various components and on specific aspects such as issues related to the economic framework and focused on the demographic structure of the area, or natural resources and landscapes based on cultural resources. If these resources are inherently objectively and subjectively coherent, this coherence naturally affects local development processes, These processes can help achieve competitive goals such as economic growth, social welfare, cultural progress, and even environmental characteristics The main purpose of this study is also evaluating the effect of cultural tourism indicators, both objective and subjective, on the development of Khaf City. This research has been done by a descriptive-analytical method. Field and library methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the study is the tourists of Khaf City. The sample size was considered 190 people using Cochran's formula and a questionnaire was randomly distributed among them. The data of this study were analyzed using SPSS and Amos software. Findings show that all indicators of cultural tourism from the perspective of tourists in Khaf City except the index of access to the city and service to tourists are desirable, so to develop cultural tourism we need to develop infrastructure in this city.

A region or territory can be analyzed through various components and focus on certain aspects, such as those related to the economic framework and demographic structure of the region, or natural resources and cultural resource-based landscapes. If these resources are inherently objectively and subjectively coherent, this naturally affects local development processes, which can help achieve competitive goals such as economic growth, social welfare, etc., cultural tourism is a complicated task because there are different definitions about cultural tourism because the motivations and interests of cultural tourists are different."Cultural tourism as a name means many things to many people with the strengths and weaknesses of tourism", different indicators are used to measure and feasibility of cultural tourism, if these resources are inherently both objectively and subjectively coherent, this naturally affects local development processes within the framework of tourism space modeling, tourism capabilities in different regions are examined. And by identifying the capabilities and the appropriate tourism market, the grounds for local authorities' action are provided for appropriate policy making. For this purpose, in the first step of explaining, tourism is an economic product. In fact, in order to "measure the capabilities and feasibility of tourism in each region, each of the five elements of tourism product, which includes attractions, access, facilities and infrastructure facilities, hospitality services, organizational and institutional elements, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of cultural tourism indicators, both objective and subjective, on the development of Khaf city. 

The method of study in this study is descriptive-analytical and survey. The main tool of this study is a questionnaire with 48 items whose content validity has been confirmed by experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha test (0.922). The results of this test are presented separately from each of the factors in Table 2. SPSS and Amos softwares have been used for data analysis. The sample size was calculated using Cochran formula of 190 people and questionnaires were distributed randomly in Khaf city. It should be noted that the statistical population of the study is all tourists in Khaf city. 

Structural modeling was used to investigate the index of tourist attractions in the development of cultural tourism in Khaf city, the aim of this work is to identify the most important and influential variables in cultural tourism in Khaf city. Therefore, according to the theoretical foundations of the research, the third-order factor model was based on nine hidden factors that five objective factors of attractions, access, facilities and infrastructure, hospitality services, organizational and institutional elements were four factors of mental perception of beauty, sense of security, sense of calm and cultural identity. Third-order factorial models refer to models in which a number of hidden variables measure other hidden variables. Although modeling is not essentially exploratory and is not based on identification and discovery, however, in this study, each variable that has the ability to identify any of the nine hidden factors has entered the model process separately.The findings of the third-order factor model show which variables are more important and have more significant effects on cultural tourism in Khaf city.The obtained findings show that among the two objective and subjective indicators, this indicator is objective to be considered, of course, in the objective indicator, it is the organizational coordination that is the most effective objective factor that is considered in the planning of cultural tourism, among the subjective factors examined is this security factor which is the most important mental factor, the findings of the research show that All indicators of cultural tourism from the perspective of tourists in Khaf city other than the index of access to the city and services to tourists are desirable, so for the development of cultural tourism we need to develop infrastructures in this city, as well as non-standard values, standard error, critical ratio and covered area (p value) have been shown.The results of the table indicate that all parameters of Lameda have a significant difference with zero value. The P value in all relationships is less than 50.0, indicating that all relationships in the model have been supported by empirical data. 

One of the forms of tourism that has been raised in recent decades is "cultural tourism" which effectively advances the society towards development.It seems that creativity in culture has become an elixir for a wide range of problems in today's societies, on the one hand, due to the evolution of tourism from recreational tourism to cultural tourism, and finally creative tourism and cultural diversity and richness of artworks and handicrafts in the country, which are the best support for the development of cultural tourism, on the other hand, the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism can be serviced. Tourism offers tourists, depends onThe decisions of tourists before visiting a destination, through information systems, bookings and purchases, the evaluation of this research shows that the city of Khaf for the development of cultural tourism among the subjective and objective factors should first pay attention to the objective factors of development, and in the meantime, this organizational coordination effective in the development of tourism and later raising the development of access infrastructures to the city and tourism areas should be considered. In the case of subjective factors of tourism development, tourists' mental security should be taken into consideration regarding the border of the city in the case of other mental indicators of tourism is equal importance.

In today’s world, more people experience elderly, due to the increase in life expectancy and longevity of people in different societies compared to the past. Leisure time significantly, contributes to the lives of the elderly. So, the development of the tourism industry is very important. As a religious site in Iran, Mashhad is considered a tourist and pilgrimage city. This study was conducted to analyze and investigate the significant relationship between the experience economy, the formation of the mental image of the destination and senior tourism behavior to develop senior tourism. The samples include senior tourists who visited Mashhad. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed and the results were studied considering the COVID-19 pandemic. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were confirmed. The questionnaires were analyzed through SmartPls and examined to determine the relationship between the variables in the modeling. The results showed that the most important component of the experience economy is aesthetics with a coefficient of 4.08 and the least important component is education with a coefficient of 3.59. The most important component of tourism behavior is the emotional component, with a coefficient of 4.32 and the least important is the cognitive component, with a coefficient of 3.85. The results also show that there is a significant positive relationship between tourism behavior and the components of the experience economy (emotional dimension, cognitive dimension, loyalty, memories and mental image). This relationship is confirmed statistically because the significance level of all the components is less than 0.05.

The neutron transmutation doping method is widely used in various fields, such as solar cells, hybrid cars, etc. The Silicon doping process can provide direct commercial income for nuclear research reactors. In this study, we aim to find the optimal location for silicon doping in the thermal column nose of the Tehran research reactor. For this purpose, computational MCNPX and ORIGEN2 codes were used to calculate the neutronic and radioactivity parameters of the silicon ingot. The important parameters such as the thermal to fast neutron ratio, heat deposition by gamma and neutron, and the radioactivity level of the silicon ingot and the produced radioisotopes have been determined to obtain the optimal irradiation channel. The results showed that the irradiation channel placed in the thermal column at a distance of 90 cm from the center of the TRR core has optimal conditions for the implementation of silicon doping. The channel provides a thermal neutron flux in order of 1.721012 n.cm-2.s‎-1‎ which is the least acceptable value to achieve a proposed neutron fluence during the operation cycles of TRR reactor. Also, the channel has the least possible heat deposition inside the silicon ingot of about 191 W. In addition, the thermal to fast neutron flux ratio of about 311 is enough higher than the determined IAEA limit for NTD.

Considering the situation of Mashhad city, the existence of an integrated plan and program, a large project with a single vision for the development of this city, and attention to the most important element of the development of this city, namely religious tourism, seems necessary. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate and evaluate the influential factors on religious tourism status in Mashhad. In the present study, the descriptive-analytical method has been used in terms of applied purpose and according to the nature of the research. The data collection method was by completing a questionnaire by experts and experts. The statistical population in the present study, according to the determination of organizations related to the research subject, five senior managers from each organization were considered as a statistical sample, for which a total of 50 people were selected and a non-probabilistic sampling method. A quota with a pre-determined number of samples and experts was used. The study's findings concerning the factors affecting religious tourism in Mashhad show that the variable in the field of tourism management with an average (3.96) has the highest score. Then the physical-infrastructural and economic variables have a higher average (3.74). The socio-cultural variable was in the last rank compared to the other three, with an average of 3.64. Also, in the approved structural model, it was found that the field of tourism management, with a coefficient of 0.86, has had the greatest impact on the development of religious tourism in Mashhad.

This study aimed to assess the ecological status of the educational environment (online) from the perspective of students in the school of PublicHealth at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 287 undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students from the School of Health, enterd via stratified random sampling. Two questionnaires about the online learning environments that were developed by Kaufmann and Chou were used in the study. The Kaufmann questionnaire included four domains: “instructor behaviors, student connectedness, course structure, and Course Clarity” and Chou’s questionnaire included three domains: "Learning climate, and learning satisfaction". Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software.

Our findings indicate that students viewed the ecological status of the online learning environment as moderate level. The domain ability and learning environment received a score of 3.2 ± 0.62, satisfaction with learning was rated 3.07 ± 0.73, and general learning atmosphere received a score of 3.05 ± 0.73. The teacher's behavior received 3.8 ± 0.83, the structure of the training course 2.92 ± 1.12, the ease of implementation 3.14±0.98, and the interaction of learners 3.66 ± 0.85.

Online teaching and learning is a complex process that involves various factors such as the instructor's skills, inclusiveness, course structure, and educational design. The ease of implementation and interaction of learners are also important in the learning ecology. Therefore, it is essential to have the necessary infrastructure that facilitates the teaching-learning process when planning for the creation and development of online education.

 Corresponding Author:Fatemeh Keshmiri
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The various models have been presented by the most reliable space centers in the world to simulate the space radiation environment and its types of radiation on the earth. In addition, the various software, including SPENVIS and CREAME96, have been designed based on these models. In this article, a comprehensive review of the most important radiation models in the space environment is presented. These models are divided into three categories: trapped particles, solar particle events, and cosmic rays. The performance of each of these models has been compared and finally the best of them has been investigated to describe particles trapped in the radiation belt, particles originating from solar events and cosmic rays.

Protection of astronauts and electronic components in satellites and spacecraft against space rays is one of the most important primary requirements in space missions. In this work, the effect of three materials, aluminum, as the most common material, polyethylene and a graded-z structure, in the protection of space radiations has been evaluated. The calculations of the dose caused by these radiations on the human body and a silicon piece have been carried out by MCNPX Monte Carlo code,. The dose caused by cosmic rays has been calculated after applying shields of aluminum, graded-z structure and polyethylene. The results showed that by using polyethylene and about 4.4% increase in weight compared to the aluminum shield, it is possible to reduce the dose caused by photons by more than 50% in the human body and 30% in silicon parts, and the dose caused by protons by about 30%. It cut both for astronauts and electronic components. Graded-z shielding performed very well in the dose attenuation caused by photons, but appeared ineffective in the dose attenuation caused by protons.

Among the strategies for the development of nomadic society is settlement of nomads, which can leave different effects and consequences. The consequences of implementing the settlement plan in general can affect the quality of life of nomads in various economic and social dimensions. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the economic and social effects of the implementation of the settlement plan on the quality of life of the nomads of Khaf city in the four centers of Chah Zul, Baniabad, Nehor and Deh Khatib. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the type of research is applied. Library and field methods (questionnaire and interview) were used to collect information.Based on the statistics of 2017, the statistical population of the research included 779 households, and according to Cochran's formula, 258 samples were calculated and simple random sampling was used to select the households. To analyze the findings, SPSS software and one-sample t-test, Friedman and Vikor's multi-criteria decision-making model were used. The results of examining the average economic-social effects of the implementation of housing projects showed that the highest average in the economic dimension belongs to the center of Khatib with an average of 3.96 and the lowest average also belongs to the center of Baniyabad with an average of 3.59 and in the social dimension the highest average is related to the center of De Khatib with an average of 4.29 and the lowest average belonged to Kanon Baniabad with an average of 3.98. Vicor model showed that the centers of Nehor and Deh Khatib with regard to the indicators of the economic and social effects of implementation of the settlement plan on improving the quality of life among the studied centers, Nahor and Deh Khatib are in the best rank and Chah Zul and Baniabad are at the bottom.

The participation and involvement of people in urban plans and planning and the satisfaction of residents in any context is a guarantee of the success of urban plans. Citizens' satisfaction with the quality of the environment during the implementation of construction projects is considered the most important achievement of citizens' participation. This research aims to evaluate the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Esfraini with the implementation of the improvement and renovation plan for the worn-out tissues of this city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of research method. The statistical population is the residents of the worn-out fabric of Esfrain city, who were selected by the simple random method as a sample size of 384 people using Cochran's formula. The findings show that the economic quality index plays the least role with an average of 2.12 in the level of satisfaction. The social quality index has the highest average with an average of 3.32, and the average of the physical quality index and the environmental quality index are also lower than the average level with 2.85 and 2.78. In total, the average of all indicators with a value of 2.71 and an error of 0.001 indicates that to strengthen the satisfaction level of residents, all environmental quality indicators should be strengthened to reach a higher average. Also, in terms of residents' participation in improving environmental quality, the highest average is related to physical participation and the lowest average is related to financial participation. Also, the results showed that the correlation coefficient between the variable of satisfaction with implementation and the variables of financial participation (r = 0.407), mental participation (r = 0.318) and participation (r = 0.325) was positive and significant. The results have shown that by increasing the variables of financial participation, mental participation and participation, satisfaction with the simple

T he World Health Organization, defines health literacy as cognitive and social skills increasing the motivation and ability of  individuals to acquire information to promote and maintain their health (Tugut et al., 2021). Nowadays, food literacy, as a subset of health literacy are receiving serious attention worldwide (Vamos et al., 2021). Food literacy has been defined as a vital element in improving food insecurity and increasing food knowledge and skills with the aim of improving healthy eating behavior, which leads to reducing food hygiene inequalities (Steils and Obaidalahe, 2020).

Identifying the behavior of tourists and explaining the behavior of the researchers has been one of the important topics of tourism, and the current goal is to evaluate the factors on the behavior of domestic and foreign tourists of Mashhad with the geographical region.

This research is a descriptive-analytical survey with the aim of developing the regulation and information in the field and using a researcher-made questionnaire. Statistically, there are domestic and foreign tourists, and based on the recorded statistics, the number of incoming tourists in 2018 was 22,025,167 and the number of foreign tourists was 1,239,926. According to Cochran's formula, there were 384 Iranians people as a statistical sample for tourists and 384 people were obtained as a sample of foreign tourists’ statistics and were distributed among the statistical population through random sampling method.

According to the findings of the questionnaires, it was found that the behavior pattern of tourists shows that foreign tourists travel a greater distance from Razavi Holy Shrine (65 km) for tourism elements available around Mashhad city. Therefore, their behavioral pattern is scattered. This is while domestic tourists are mostly located around the Holy Shrine and up to a radius of 30 kilometers from the Razavi Shrine, and their behavioral pattern is clustered around the Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.).

The results obtained from the analysis of the questionnaires were determined; the economic factor with an average of 3.7 has the greatest impact on the behavior patterns of tourists, and the environmental factor with an average of 2.7 has the lowest value, and among the factors affecting the spatial behavior patterns of foreign tourists, the highest average is related to the socio-cultural factor with 3.3 and the lowest is related to the physical-infrastructural factor with 2.09.

Today, one of the most important concerns for researchers and planners in rural areas is the population instability of rural settlements, which can hinder rural development plans. Therefore, the present study was conducted to reveal the hidden motivations of villagers for migration in the villages of Khusf County and furthermore provide appropriate solutions for greater population stability. The research is applied in terms of purpose and nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The population consisted of 41 villages over 100 population (4226 households and 13892 people), which, according to geographical distribution, population classification, and population decline in 2006 and 2016, 20% of them (8 villages) with 796 households were selected the as sample. A total number of 259 questionnaires (based on Cochran’s Formula) were distributed among the sample based on simple random sampling. One sample t-test was used to analyze quantitative data and the Friedman test was used to rank the effect of different factors on population instability. Based on the results, drought had the greatest impact on population instability in the settlements studied, followed by unemployment, low income, and low facilities and services, respectively.

Story design is a chain of events that adds direction to stories. Not only it determines the order and succession of events, but also an organized set of events connected through cause-and-effect relationships and arranged by a pattern or map. Design has a strong relationship with other elements of a tale. Examining the structure of design in folk tales enhances understanding and perception of the ruling system of tales and their attractions. Lakki’s written tales examined in this paper are based on design elements and the types included Pacha (eight tales in one book), Se-Charaki by Jahanshah Azadbakhsh and Lakki legends by Kiomarsh Amiri Kalejoie. The design of the majority of stories was linear and since the manufactured order of events and trends rule the natural order of tales, closed-design was the most popular design in Lakki’s Pachas. The drawbacks of extending Pacha’s design were in the mystery solving part. Magical agents with metaphysical forces solve the protagonist’s problem, while there is no introduction for the presence of the protagonist's supporting character. That is, the protagonist encounters them by accident.

Neutron data and cross-sections are highly regarded and are essential for developing nuclear equipment such as advanced fission and fusion reactors, accelerators, neutron shielding, physics studies, etc. The neutron cross-section should preferably be measured using a single-energy neutron beam, although the presence of a background in research reactors can affect its accurate determination. The Neutron Powder Diffraction (NPD) facility of Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) has been taken into consideration for measuring the neutron cross-section based on its properties, including neutron monochromator and multiple collimators. In this work, radiative capture cross-sections of Au, In, and Rh materials have been calculated using TRR monochromatic beam. MCNPX is a Monte Carlo particle transport code that has been applied to simulate the measurement system of the neutron cross-section and calculate the reaction rates. The effect of the presence and absence of different sections of the background on the cross-section values was investigated and the results were compared with EXFOR data library for validation. According to the findings, neutron backgrounds can have varying impacts depending on factors such as sample material, the isotope resonance regions, neutron source spatial distribution, and neutron monochromatic energy. However, the presence of fast neutron background contributes to the most uncertainty in the cross section values while its removal produces an average discrepancy from experimental libraries of 7.16%. Also, removing the cold neutron background also causes a relative difference equal to 7.65%.

Analyzing the literary works of various nations and discovering the influence relation, enhances the pleasure of their reading and criticism. One of the approaches of comparative studies is the aesthetic of influence which attempts to discover the aesthetic influence of a literary work on other literary and artistic works. The Laugh Seller Gypsy by Ali Akbar Kermaninejad and Zaharia Stancu’s The Gypsy Tribe (1968) inspired by and emanated from gypsies’ culture, and relying on social realism as well, depict a charming and agreeable narration of gypsies’ life. The purpose of the present study is the discovery of mutual influence of two narrative-fictional texts based on Claudio Guillen’s the aesthetic of influence theory. The method of the present study is a documentary-library one by a comparative approach of signs. The outgrowths of the study show that these two novels relying on the basics of social realism possess many similarities in the reflection of cultural, social aspects, customs and manners, and gypsies’ beliefs and life. The corresponding selection of fictional characters, narration and similar plots, the corresponding theme of humiliation and racial discrimination, similar introduction and initial descriptions, corresponding fictional atmosphere and resemblance of the novels’ titles enhance the theory of influence in these novels. Among the discriminating aspects of The Laugh Seller Gypsy by Ali Akbar Kermaninejad are the bold romantic theme, local color, exploitation of stream of consciousness method, the plurality of narrators, bipartite structure and successive flashbacks.

All over the history cultivating medicinal plants has had a high status in Iran’s traditional system of agriculture. It plays a significant role in diversifying the economic sources of villagers. Agricultural activities have increased income, reduced unemployment, and reduced the poverty of the villagers as a result. Planning on planting medicinal plants helps the prosperity and sustainable development. It also helps to improve the economic development, meet the needs of domestic industries, and have significant foreign exchange earnings. This study aimed to compare the income made by producing medicinal plants compared to other crops in the villages of Kalat. This applied research used a descriptive-analytical method. Collecting the required data was done through documentary and field methods. A survey method was used in the case study that is related to the cultivation of medicinal plants in the region. The sample community of the research was the villages where medicinal plants are produced. The results showed that producing medicinal plants constitutes 50.1% of the total income in agricultural sector of the study area. Moreover, planting medicinal plants per hectare creates an average of 523.6% more income than other crops. The results showed as well that the making income per hectare in producing medicinal plants is more than 5 times that of other crops. If villagers pay attention to the issue, it will improve the income and welfare level of villagers and will reduce their immigration.

Diversifying the economy of rural settlements in developing countries has improved non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas and also has a significant impact on the well-being of rural households. Studies show that the diversity of economic activities has an effect on the economic sustainability of rural settlements, which means that the greater the diversity of economic activities, the higher the economic sustainability. Today, medicinal plants play a vital role in advancing national, regional and global goals to achieve health, environmental protection, selfsufficiency, job creation, entrepreneurship and economic development. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of cultivation of medicinal plants on job creation in rural areas (case study of villages in Kalat city). The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The sample population includes 7 villages of Kalat city in which medicinal plants are produced. According to the research results, planting each hectare of medicinal plants creates an average of 1.301 percent more jobs compared to other crops.

The prosperity of tourism in each region depends on the conditions and characteristics of that region, so identifying the factors affecting the development of tourism in each region is the first step to develop tourism there. The present study tries to evaluate the factors affecting the development of tourism in Bojnourd according to the natural and human context of the region. This research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population in the present study was two groups, the first group includes hosts and trustees of tourism units who after identifying and determining the most important places and tourist attractions of Bojnourd, which were 75, a total of 300 people were selected as a statistical sample and the second group includes related experts. With tourism affairs, a total of 50 people were selected as a statistical sample for this group. Findings showed that among the factors affecting tourism development according to the trustees, among the 4 main indicators, the highest average was related to the environmental index with an average of 4.1 and the lowest average was related to the socio-cultural index with an average of 3.08. Also, according to experts, among the factors affecting tourism development, the highest average is related to "infrastructure factors" with 3.8 and the lowest average is related to "socio-cultural factors" and is equal to 3.1. The final results obtained in the present study showed that the key strategic factors resulting from the present study can be in the focus of managers and planners in Bojnourd, creating a suitable opportunity for sustainable development of the region based on tourism, achieving the desired position of the region. In the field of domestic and even international tourism and the transformation of North Khorasan and Bojnourd city into a sustainable and competitive international tourism destination, which has led to economic prosperity and ultimately leads to job creation, productivity of local industries,The prosperity of tourism in each region depends on the conditions and characteristics of that region, so identifying the factors affecting the development of tourism in each region is the first step to develop tourism there. The present study tries to evaluate the factors affecting the development of tourism in Bojnourd according to the natural and human context of the region. This research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population in the present study was two groups, the first group includes hosts and trustees of tourism units who after identifying and determining the most important places and tourist attractions of Bojnourd, which were 75, a total of 300 people were selected as a statistical sample and the second group includes related experts. With tourism affairs, a total of 50 people were selected as a statistical sample for this group. Findings showed that among the factors affecting tourism development according to the trustees, among the 4 main indicators, the highest average was related to the environmental index with an average of 4.1 and the lowest average was related to the socio-cultural index with an average of 3.08. Also, according to experts, among the factors affecting tourism development, the highest average is related to "infrastructure factors" with 3.8 and the lowest average is related to "socio-cultural factors" and is equal to 3.1. The final results obtained in the present study showed that the key strategic factors resulting from the present study can be in the focus of managers and planners in Bojnourd, creating a suitable opportunity for sustainable development of the region based on tourism, achieving the desired position of the region. In the field of domestic and even international tourism and the transformation of North Khorasan and Bojnourd city into a sustainable and competitive international tourism destination, which has led to economic prosperity and ultimately leads to job creation, productivity of local industries,The prosperity of tourism in each region depends on the conditions and characteristics of that region, so identifying the factors affecting the development of tourism in each region is the first step to develop tourism there. The present study tries to evaluate the factors affecting the development of tourism in Bojnourd according to the natural and human context of the region. This research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population in the present study was two groups, the first group includes hosts and trustees of tourism units who after identifying and determining the most important places and tourist attractions of Bojnourd, which were 75, a total of 300 people were selected as a statistical sample and the second group includes related experts. With tourism affairs, a total of 50 people were selected as a statistical sample for this group. Findings showed that among the factors affecting tourism development according to the trustees, among the 4 main indicators, the highest average was related to the environmental index with an average of 4.1 and the lowest average was related to the socio-cultural index with an average of 3.08. Also, according to experts, among the factors affecting tourism development, the highest average is related to "infrastructure factors" with 3.8 and the lowest average is related to "socio-cultural factors" and is equal to 3.1. The final results obtained in the present study showed that the key strategic factors resulting from the present study can be in the focus of managers and planners in Bojnourd, creating a suitable opportunity for sustainable development of the region based on tourism, achieving the desired position of the region. In the field of domestic and even international tourism and the transformation of North Khorasan and Bojnourd city into a sustainable and competitive international tourism destination, which has led to economic prosperity and ultimately leads to job creation, productivity of local industries,

Darabnameh by Abu Tahir Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Ali ibn Musa al-Tarsus is the story of Darab, son of Bahman and his daughter, Homa. The reflection of Ayari's special rituals and the symbolism of the initiation in Darabnameh are among the remarkable features of this work. Given the symbol is like a language that, although abstract and conceptual, expresses a clear and coherent idea of existence and the world.
Access to the underworld whose gateway is through a cave is in the processing of the storyteller's mind and the inner and hidden form in the story and is directly related to the attachment of the human soul to the pre-descent position and more proximity to God.  It is symbolized by descending to the lower world and ascending to the higher world. Symbols and symbolism create an inseparable link between the symbolist and human and the symbol with human beings, which responds to human needs and validates their psychopaths. Examining and explaining symbols enables us to be aware of what is in the human mind and to realize that their expression may change over time, but their function and result are that of liberation, and is freedom, transformation, and metamorphosis stay constant. Regarding this explanation, the main question of the present study is to what extent in Darabnameh, the creation of sacred places and centralization of that space through access to the underworld can matter as a way to reach perfection and die from the stage and give birth in the upward stage.


This research follows a documentary and library method based on symbolism and its role, specifically examines the function of the symbols in the ritual initiation ceremony based on the report of Aboutahir Tarsusi in Darabnameh. The importance of the present study lies in the fact that it can lead to new findings from Ayari texts and on the other hand shows the function of the symbols in conveying some of the beliefs of its predecessors.


3.1. Symbol and symbolism
A symbol is usually a sign that replaces something else and is considered as an indirect cognitive tool. The existence of such symbols and images in the works of authors, in general, indicates the existence of an ideal world beyond reality. The meaning of symbols and symbolism is understandable to us when we can fully understand the structure of the symbol because if we stop at one meaning or concept of the symbols and do not try to discover other dimensions of the symbols, we cannot claim to understand them.
3.2. Symbolization and initiation
What lies in the idea of the symbolism of initiation is the expression and value of the first appearance and the first manifestation of everything, which makes it possible to express the return to the origin and living in the time when the universe appeared, and the capacity of symbolic initiation allows the novice and the beginner to get rid of a mental and inner state and to understand and recognize the reality and objectivity of his personal experiences. Meaningful components of any ritual are the symbols and codes that form the basis of the components of the initiation. These components together with metaphor, simile, allusion, and recognition in the mind of the author, who also takes them from his community and group, narrating them in a story. A ritual symbol is not like a literary symbol in which there is a substitution and analogy between words, but it is an image that restrains and stabilizes the subconscious mental force and has a hidden and unknown aspect, and is a personal experience and a state of mind and individual attraction.
3.3. Story and basis of the What is remarkable in this discussion is the preservation of all forms of rites of passage in the story to which the opposite meaning is imposed. Propp calls this semantic opposition "reversal." The plot of the story is inversely related to reality and shows that the plot of the evolutionary method does not arise from the direct reflection of reality, but is born from the negation of the plot of the story.
3.4. Ascents and descents
Literature has four main narrative currents. First, descent from the upper world, second, descent into the underworld, the third, the ascent from the underworld, the fourth, ascent to the upper world.
All stories arise from the fusion or metaphorical separation of these four (radical) narratives in literature.
3.5. Symbolization of initiation in Darabnameh
Using symbols such as ascent and descent, magical flights, entering the land of the talking tree, entering and leaving the dark caves by ladder, abandoning the child in the mountains and his raising by an animal, going to the darkness for immortality, passing through Mount Qaf, etc., each of which is considered a journey for the hero and a complete test for dying in one stage and being reborn in the next stage for the hero and they all can be seen in Darabnameh of Tarsus. The following section discusses the basic symbolic concepts associated with the discussion of initiation.
3.5.1. Cave
The element of the cave in philosophical and religious traditions is very noticeable and can be seen in the myths of rebirth and the rites of initiation in many societies. The idea of the protagonist passing through the cave as a transferring means to enter the underworld can be examined in the category of transitional stages.
3.5.2. Well
The well has a sacred state in all traditions because it is a combination of three cosmic orders: the sky, the earth, and the underworld, and the three elements of water, earth, and wind. The well is a way to connect the three, on the other hand, the well is a microcosm. Through the well, communication is established to the place of the dead. Entering the abyss or deep well, which is reminiscent of a ritual hut in the ceremony of burial and mystery-learning, and leaving it, is a symbol of rebirth.


By examining the principles of the initiation and its symbolism in primitive and ancient cultures, it can be deduced that their purpose is to express the human condition of the early age and his attitude and belief in immortality and rebirth. Entering the underworld and ascending to the supernatural world is followed by perfection for the protagonist of the story, which is the meaning hidden in the initiation. Upon entering the underworld (the world of the dead), the hero encounters the truth of his existence and uses the origin of man to achieve prosperity and spontaneity and to enjoy the freedom and liberation that he lost after the fall of man.
The symbolism of the cave and other symbolisms in Darabnameh, such as entering and leaving the well and climbing the mountain, illuminates that the symbol of the "cave" in Darabnameh is one of the main images of the story and in the form that the hero enters the cave, disappears then reappears by climbing a ladder or an opening in the roof of the cave and can be defined as reaching a level of spiritual evolution. The hero's spiritual evolution is a kind of achievement from self-awareness to unconsciousness and gives meaning to the sacred space and place and "centrality" in the story. The result is a return to his group and association for the sake of helping, which is the main meaning behind the visit.

The development of rural settlements mostly depends on such someimportant factors likeeffective local management. Moreover, rural development can be achieved through creating organized groups likevillage administrations. Rural management (village administration) plays an important role in executing rural development activities and measuring the performance of rural managers paves the way of improving villagers’ livelihood.This research tried to explorethe village headmen’s performance in rural areas of centraldistrict of Mashhad. The applied study used descriptive-analytical method and a researcher-made questionnaire. Twelve villages of the central district of Mashhad were studied. Using Cochran formula and considering an error of 5%, the size of the sample was determined to be 367 households. The collecteddatawere analyzed by SPSS and GIS software and WASPAS. The results showed that the performance of the village headmen regarding unemployment reduction, employment development, and encouraging investment indicators is not good. Regarding “the effort to increase income” their performance is normal. Generally, their performance regarding economic growth variable of the villages ismoderate. Moreover, the results of WASP model showed that the village headmen of Farmad, Doostabad, and Amir Abad villages performed better than the heads of other villages. The spatial analysis of village headmen’s performance regarding the development of rural economy showed that there is a significant relationship between the performance of village headmen with indicators such as the distance to Mashhad (r= -0.902), population size (r= -0.646), growth rate (r= -0.656), cultivated area (r= 0.584), literate population (r= 0.618) and the number of employees (r= 0.620).

Quadrupole mass filter device is a key component in mass spectrometers which analysis ion particles based on their mass to charge ratio; this mean by applying a specific potential on the instrument, crossing most of ions diverge and lost and just some are survived through crossing mass filter. Using multi-physics simulation, one may obtain deep knowledge on performance of the filter and investigate the effect of different variable parameters on operation of the instrument. In this paper by implementing COMSOL multi-physics software the impact of operating line slope stability, ion beam position displacement, and oscillation of potential field on ions filtering is investigated.