heydar gholizadeh

The present study aimed to investigate the adaptation intentions of wheat farmers in Kermanshah province regarding water scarcity by applying the developed norm activation theory. The research framework included behavioral intention and four psychological factors, including awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, self-efficacy, and personal norms. The sample size of this study consisted of 380 irrigated wheat farmers in Kermanshah province who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling with proportional allocation. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was approved through pre-testing and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability for various research variables (0.863 to 0.894). The data were analyzed using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the constructs of awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on personal norms. Additionally, personal norms and self-efficacy constructs had a significant positive effect on farmers' adaptation intentions, and the behavioral intention construct explained 62% of the variance.

Water scarcity is one of the risks of the agricultural sector, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, and it is predicted that its situation will worsen in the future. To minimize the consequences and effects of water scarcity on the agricultural sector, water-scarce countries such as Iran must adopt effective adaptation strategies to manage water resources to reduce risk. This requires investigating the influencing factors on the behavior and adaptation intention of actors in the agricultural sector. Therefore, the present research was conducted to identify factors influencing the behavior of water scarcity adaptation among farmers in Kermanshah province by using the extended theory of planned behavior and adding two variables of risk perception and self-efficacy to the theory. The statistical population of this research was 32,753 irrigated wheat farmers of Kermanshah province, and a sample of 380 of them were selected for the research using the multi-stage cluster sampling method with the proportional assignment and based on the Krejcie and Morgan table. Data collection in this research was done through a researcher-made questionnaire. To check the validity of the research tool, face, and construct validity were used. Also, the reliability of the research tool was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.848-0.895) and composite reliability for the research variables. The results showed that the three main constructs of the theory of planned behavior including attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control had a positive and significant effect on intention. The perceived behavioral control affected adaptive behavior. Also, in the theory of planned behavior, 56% of the variance of intention and 53% of the variance of adaptation behavior were explained, and by adding the risk perception and self-efficacy to the theory, the explanation percentage of behavioral intention and adaptive behavior increased to 58 and 62%, respectively.

Improving productivity is the key word for realizing economic growth and development, and labor productivity has a direct relationship with the quality and standards of living. Human capital as a production input affects the labor quality, as a production input, and increases his knowledge and skills. So, improving human capital is expected to improve productivity. Obviously, such a role is of particular importance due to the severe limitation of resources in Iran's agricultural sector. This study investigated the impact of human capital on labor productivity in Iran’s agricultural sector in 1967-2017, using the autoregression distributed lag model (ARDL). The results showed that labor productivity in the short run is positively and significantly affected by a lag of dependent variable, physical capital with two lags, human capital, knowledge and technology, and natural resources. The impact of human capital in the long run is also accepted. So a one percent increase in the human capital index causes the labor productivity in the agricultural sector to increase by 0.82 percent, equivalent to 279.6 thousand rials. The impact of other independent variables, including physical capital, knowledge and technology, and natural resources, on labor productivity in the agricultural sector was evaluated as positive and significant. Also, the effect of dummy variables of revolution and war, and drought on labor productivity was evaluated to be negative. In general, due to the increasing limitation in access to physical and natural inputs, investing in human capital is a high priority in achieving economic growth goals

Considering the climatic similarity of Iran's three northern provinces compared to the Netherlands, why does Iran have a low level of development in the agricultural sector? Can the Netherlands development model be used for the development of Iran's agricultural sector? The purpose of this research is to determine the level of development of the agricultural sector in the three northern provinces of Iran (Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan) compare to the Netherlands. To achieve this goal, the MARCOS approach was used. The most important reason for using this method is more confidence and accuracy in solving multi-criteria decision problems. A method based on hierarchy and knowledge of conditions and limitations to solve business problems in the real world. The required statistics and information are obtained from agricultural statistics and databases such as the World Bank, the World Food and Agriculture Organization. The final results show the low level of development of Iran's three northern provinces compared to the Netherlands.this backwardness can be seen in: agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, mechanization, education and infrastructure sector. One of the most important reasons for the Netherlands success of is to use of advanced technologies and advanced greenhouses, including hydroponic agriculture, geothermal energy, artificial lighting technology, and hydroponics and aeronautics solutions. Therefore, Supporting the introduction of new technologies in the country can speed up the development of agricultural sector in Iran.

The agricultural sector in Iran, like other developing countries, is important in several ways. This sector accounts for a significant share of the country's economy and accounts for a much larger share of labor employment. Hence, the added value and welfare created per capita of labor in this sector is less than other sectors. In this regard, it is necessary to upgrade its production capacity and create added value. In this study, an attempt is made to measure the effect of various factors on the value added of the agricultural sector during the period 1967-2017 using the production function method and the ARDL model. The results showed that in the long run, for one percent increase in physical capital, natural resources, human capital and knowledge and technology, the value added of the agricultural sector will increase by 0.44, 0.20, 0.75 and 0.12 percent, respectively. Due to the declining trend of increase in physical capital, the necessary policies should be adopted to enhance investment. In general, the agricultural sector needs sufficient capital, based on appropriate knowledge and technology, and skilled and capable workers.

Challenges such as climate change, economic recession, urbanization, globalization and the scarcity and limitation of natural resources have put pressure on food systems and have turned food insecurity into one of the most important issues of the world today, which must be seriously considered. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the formation of food insecurity in rural households in the form of a food system approach. The main tool for measuring household food insecurity is the HFIAS standard questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is 304837 rural households of West Azerbaijan province. Using Cochran's formula, 482 households were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling as the statistical sample size. The results showed that 17% of rural households were in the food safe group and 83% of households experienced different degrees of food insecurity (mild, moderate and severe). Background variables of household head age, household size; Education level and average annual income had a significant relationship with household food insecurity. The partial least squares analysis (PLS) method was used to measure the impact of food system stimuli on household food insecurity. The results showed that in total, food system stimuli explain 65.5% of food insecurity changes. Considering the potential of the study area in the field of agricultural production, improving and upgrading infrastructure and transportation facilities in the field of technology and infrastructure, as well as reducing instability and instability in food access, including supply fluctuations and Food prices in the political-economic stimulus sector are suggested in order to reduce food insecurity among households in the study area.

Lack of food diversity as the most important aspect of household access to food is a major challenge for rural communities. The main purpose of this study is to assess the food security status of rural households in the study area using the food diversity index and determine the main factors affecting the household diet. This cross-sectional research is one of the applied researches that has been compiled by a descriptive-analytical method. The main tool for data collection is a combination of a standard questionnaire calculating the score of food diversity in terms of counting food groups consumed by the household in the reference period of 24 hours before the interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes all rural households in West Azerbaijan province. 482 households were selected as a statistical sample by cluster sampling in several stages using Cochran's formula. The results showed that the main food groups consumed by rural households in West Azerbaijan province are cereals with% 57.9, root and tuberous plants with% 56.4 and legumes with% 49.8.Also, in terms of food diversity classification of rural households, %58.1 were in the category of moderate food diversity. Analysis of hypothetical relationships based on standard values obtained from Maximum Likelihood Estimates and Bayesian maximal estimation methods in Amos software showed that the variables of livestock ownership, education level, household size, and annual income, in general, explain% 85 of the changes in food variability dependent variables. It is suggested to diversify the sources of income and at the same time improve the level of education of the head of the household, which leads to increasing nutritional knowledge and leading the diet towards choosing and consuming healthier and more varied products in the diet of rural households

The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors inhibiting the development of the potato value chain in Hamadan province. This research was survey and descriptive. The participants of this study were potato growers from which 386 people that selected as a sample. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on the opinions of the research team and its reliability was evaluated and confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.722. Data were analyzed with SPSS26 software and exploratory factor analysis method. The results showed that, six factors inhibit the development of the potato value chain in Hamadan province including, educational-promotional, infrastructural, input supply, managerial, economic and environmental problems and obstacles, and these factors, these factors explained 60.22% of the total variance. The most important barriers, in order of the highest average, include, the high price of fertilizer, the high price of seeds, the high cost of packaging, price instability, the high price of machinery, the decrease in soil quality and the presence of water problems in the region. Therefore, according to the obtained results, policymaking, planning, investment, monitoring the process of various activities and updating the technologies used in different links of the value chain, are among the mechanisms. which can accelerate the development of the value chain with the participation of the government and the private sector.

Today, villagers face problems such as unemployment, low agricultural productivity, increased migration to cities, and marginalization. Rural tourism can be effective in solving these problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the challenges of rural tourism from the perspective of rural experts and tourism activists in the Aras Free Zone. To conduct this research, the qualitative method (Thematic Analysis Method) has been used. The sample was purposefully selected by snowball sampling method, which included 24 people. Goba and Lincoln evaluation method was used to ensure the validity and reliability of the research. The collected data were analyzed using MAXQDA software. The results show that villages with tourist attractions in Aras Free Zone face challenges such as social vulnerability, lack of proper policy-making, weak infrastructure, lack of investment, insufficient financial support for tourism business, weak information network, seasonal tourism, inadequate supervision of executive plans, lack of Research, poor security, low participation of villagers and tourism organizations, damage to traditional village architecture and environmental degradation.

The discussion of the law of causality is one of the oldest human issues, causality is a kind of relationship between cause and effect. Aristotle has divided the cause into four causes. One of them is the causal cause, which whenever the sages and theologians talk about the cause in the discussion of the law of causality, they mean the causal cause. In Masnavi, Rumi has used cause and effect instead of cause and cause instead of effect. Rumi sometimes uses the term effect instead of effect and the term tradition instead of habit. The Ash'arites reject the law of causality and believe in Aadatollah instead. Some have considered Rumi a Ash'arite and therefore called him a denier of the principle of causality, while Rumi does not deny the law of causality; Rather, while he calls the world the world of causes, he considers the set of apparent and hidden causes in the possession of the causal cause, which acts as it wishes. Rumi considers the Qur'an, the prophets, special servants, and Shams as possessing causes that have the power to destroy causes. At times, he considers himself a sophist and sometimes to some extent approaches the Shiite thought "Amr Bayn Al-Amrin" and sometimes to the Mu'tazilite method; Of course, not explicitly and simply in the discussion of the law of causation, Rumi does not simply fit into these boundaries. Several reasons have been stated that show Rumi's belief in the law of causation.

The dust phenomenon, along with other climatic phenomena affects the agricultural sector, income and welfare of farmers. In recent decades, the dust phenomenon, especially in the western Iran, has become one of the environmental problems. In this study, the effect of climatic variables and the dust phenomenon on maize farmers has been investigated in Khuzestan province during 2000-2016. For this purpose, the Ricardian model has been estimated using panel data approach. The results show that the dust variable has a negative and significant effect on Khuzestan maize farmer’s rents, so that, dust reduces rents 2381 thousand Rials per hectare per crop year. Among the climatic variables, the temperature and humidity variables affect rents significantly. That way, increasing 1˚C in temperature over its mean (32.9˚C), will increase rents by 9405 thousand Rials per hectare, and also increasing 1% in the air moisture over its mean (29.9%) will reduce rents by 2272 thousand Rials per hectare. The effects of other climatic variables (rainfall and wind speed) were not significant. The results also show that fertilizer, pesticides, and the share of surface water in irrigation have a positive and significant effect on the rents and sees, labor and total area under maize cultivation have a negative and significant effect on the rents.

This study attempts to analyze the economies of scale and scope of Iranian public universities through estimating the cost function of 75 public universities. For this purpose, the quadratic cost function form is used to estimate the cost function of universities. Furthermore, the research model is estimated by using the panel data technique. The results show that there are no general and specific economies of scale in the studied universities. Moreover, there is a significant gap in the average scale of the studied universities with respect to a desirable economic scale. The economic scale of the universities is different in different degrees, and overall, the economic scale of different degrees are about 1.25 to 2 times their extant situation. Due to the growth policy of the new universities in the past two decades, many small-scale universities have been established that still have a considerable capacity for quantitative and qualitative development. Investigating the economies of scale and scope indicates the existence of economies of scale in Iranian public universities; Accordingly, it can be concluded that the average cost of non-comprehensive universities is higher than that of comprehensive universities. Hence, the integration of universities is strongly advised to achieve economies of scale.

The purpose of this descriptive- survey research was analysis of explaining factors of actions related to sustainable management of water resources and the factors affecting it. The statistical population of the research consisted of 5100 agricultural heads of household in the rural areas of the Komijan County, which a sample size of 300 was selected using multiple stage sampling technique. Data collected using research-made questionnaire. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. The Cronbach alpha's coefficient for main scales of the questionnaire was at an appropriate level (higher than 0.75). The results showed that five factors of management, farming, technical, control and maintenance and restoration explained about 69.83 percent of variances of actions related to sustainable management of agricultural water resources. Also, the results revealed that 68.91 percent of variances of factors affecting the sustainable management of agricultural water resources were explained by four factors, including knowledge- supportive, extension, participatory- interactional and the use of mass media.

Handmade carpet weaving has been one of the important off-farm activities and livelihood sources of Iranian rural households. The government has tried to cover self-employed and home-based carpet weavers under the insurance policy to support them and their households, in facing problems such as death, work related casualties and disablement, as well as their retirement. However, a high proportion of these producers have not covered by this insurance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze challenges facing these producers to adopt and use "the carpet weaving insurance". The study was conducted based on a mix methodology of case study and survey in 23 villages located in Zanjan County in the north west of Iran. In the case study design, research techniques such as document analysis, focus groups and semi-structured interviews were utilized through the participation of 90 rural handmade silk carpet weavers and carpet market actors. In the survey, a sample of 265 rural handmade silk carpet weaver households were randomly selected for structured interviews. The results showed that 85.3% of the households and the weavers were not covered by the carpet insurance. The proportion of weavers being covered by the insurance was different in terms of the location of their villages. The distance between the rural areas and Zanjan City, the center of the province, had a negative impact on introducing and adopting the insurance. In isolated rural areas, the dependency of rural household's livelihoods on carpet production is much higher than other rural areas, but this isolation has affected them by reducing their insurance coverage. The rural carpet weavers have three important challenges in order to be covered by the insurance.

Food security is a key element in individual's mental, psychological, and physical health. Meanwhile, the food insecurity is a serious problem, especially in the underdeveloped and developing countries. Although availability, access, utilization, and stability are noted in the food security definitions, it seems that there are factors beyond the framework, which affect food security. Food insecurity depends on the consumption behavior and its underlying factors. In the meantime, the feeding pattern and habits, derived from the culture and knowledge of nutrition, also affect human health. The current study, in terms of the nature, is a quantitative research, and in terms of purpose is an applied research. The information was collected by a 2-part questionnaire including the researcher-made questionnaire and the household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS). A number of 258 heads of rural households was selected as the study sample from 11 villages in Kermanshah County, Iran, using the multistage sampling method. The results showed that while more than 58.5% of the rural households were in food security or mild food insecurity status, about 14.7% of the households faced with severe food insecurity. Results of structural equation modeling showed that nutrition knowledge had a negative and significant impact on food insecurity. The results also showed that nutrition knowledge had an indirect effect on food insecurity through nutrition culture, which should be considered in the food security studies.

Tooba scheme is one of project upon which national, public and personal fertile lands has been allocated to develop farming and garden products in order to optimize utilization of massive capital of country's soils and waters, increase production, create jobs and increase revenue. Therefore, this study has been done with the aim to investigate the economic, social and environmental effects of Tooba scheme in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, data was collected from a sample including 141 Jihad-e-agricultural experts and garden beneficiaries in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province through random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS20 software. The results based on descriptive analysis showed that the majority of beneficiaries were not satisfied with transfer manner of Tooba scheme. Also, the result based on inferential analysis showed that Tooba schem has improved environmental conditions. In addition to there is a significant differences view between Jihad-e-Agriculture experts and beneficiaries who have not participating in Tooba schem with Tooba schem beneficiaries about the improvement of economic conditions. Also investigation the social conflict effects indicated that there is a significant difference between beneficiaries who have not used Tooba scheme with Jihad-eAgriculture experts and beneficiaries of Tooba scheme.

Given the increasing crisis of water resource constraints, the proper management of water resources is indispensable for increasing water use efficiency, especially in the agricultural sector which has the highest water consumption (Perez-Blanco and Gomez, 2014). In fact, water resource management considers the main core of strategies to conserve water resources (Hu et al., 2014). Due to the importance of this issue, various studies have been undertaken in this respect such as those by Shahsavari (2014), Nori et al. (2014), Amirkhani et al. (2011), Mohammadi et al. (2009), Rezadoost and Allahyari (2014), Kulmatov (2014), Khalili (2012) and Panahi and Malekmohammadi (2010). Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to study the factors affecting the implementation of actions related to sustainable management of water resources among farmers in Komijan County, Markazi Province. The statistical population for the research consisted of all agricultural households in the rural areas of Komijan County, of which a sample size of 300 was selected using a multiple stage sampling technique. Data was collected using a research-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and the construct validity and reliability of the research instrument were confirmed through examining model fit at the three levels of the measurement model, structural model and overall model. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) multivariate technique (Partial Least Squares) was used to analyze data and for this purpose, and SPSS and Smart PLS software were applied. In this study, after confirming the fit of the measurement model, the structural model for research was fitted based on two indices, R2 (representing the effect of exogenous latent variables on endogenous) and Q2 (indicating the predictive power of the model). The results indicated that the values of the two indices R2 and Q2 were at appropriate levels for the second order endogenous latent variable (namely, implementation of actions related to sustainable water resource management) as well as five first order endogenous latent variables (that is, technical actions, farming actions, technological actions, control actions and reconstruction actions); this showed that the structural model had a suitable fit. Accordingly, the research hypotheses were tested based on that model. The results of the descriptive statistics showed that the mean age and farming experience of the farmers surveyed were at high levels (54.21 and 28.9 years, respectively) and, in contrast, their educational level was low (81.7 percent less than diploma). The main water resources of the farmers were semi-deep wells, aqueducts and deep wells with a frequency of 43, 28.3 and 21 percent, respectively; 7.6 percent of them used a combination of an aqueduct with at least one other source. The majority of farmers (89.3 percent) used the flood irrigation system and a small number of farmers used new irrigation methods. The results showed that the majority of farmers (90.4 percent) implemented actions related to the sustainable management of water resources at medium and low levels. The results also revealed that the variables for extension related factors (p-value=0.01, β=0.203), educational factors (p-value=0.01, β=0.229), participatory factors (p-value=0.01, β=0.223) and supportive factors (p-value=0.01, β=0.220) all had a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable. In general, these four variables explained about 41.1 percent of variances in implementation of actions related to sustainable management of water resources among farmers. According to the results, we could note that the sustainable management of agricultural water resources requires a multifaceted approach and it consists of a series of technical actions, farming actions, technological actions, control actions and reconstruction actions. Taking a one-dimensional look at the question and the lack of systematic approach can significantly lead to a reduction in the effectiveness of agricultural water resource management programmes.

The Mer’at-e Oshshaq is a treatise on the Sufi terminology in one introduction and two themes [matlab]. The author’s emphasis is on the exegesis of figurative terms, to which he refers as “specific implications”. The Mer’at-e Oshshaq has been published based on some incomplete manuscripts and attributed to an unknown writer. In the present article, on the basis of some existing clues and an old creditable complete manuscript newly discovered, the identity of the author of the treatise has been ascertained.

In Iran, more than 96.4 percent of dairy farms (including more than 68.7 percent of cattle and calf) have a less than 20 heads of animals, and they produce more than two-thirds of milk and most of animal protein. Also, large shares of water, land and labor force resources are used by this production section. Less scientific studies have been focused on this production system despite it's major contribution. The main question is whether the rural dairy farms with traditional production system have a suitable efficiency, and whether they could pass economic and political transformation, survive and continue production? In this study, structure of representative rural dairy farm was defined. Accordingly, representative farm on average contains 6.05 heads in the stalls area of 201.16 m2. Through estimated the social cost of inputs and products, indicators of Domestic Resource Cost, DRC, Social Cost-Benefit, SCB, and Net Social Profit, NSP, had been calculated 1.85, 1.086, and 19, 425, 790 IRR per year, respectively, which indicate the lack of comparative advantage of this production system. Analysis of the results revealed that the small scale of the activities that cause excessive use of non-tradable inputs per unit livestock, as well as low production of each livestock per inputs used, are the main reasons of lack of comparative advantage of this production system in Zanjan Province.

In this study, a model of optimal allocation of subsidy was developed based on the microeconomic optimization theory. The model was evaluated by applying to premium subsidy allocation to the cereal crops’ (corn, rain fed barley and wheat, and irrigated barley and wheat) insurance in Iran. In developing the model, it was assumed that, policymaker on behalf of society, follows a social utility maximization in which the level of utility increases as the area coverage of insurance expands on the lands with higher productivity. In this model, in addition to subsidy budget constraint, information on farmers’ willingness to pay for insurance, which is reflected in their demand functions, is taken into account as a determining factor facing policymaker in achieving its objective. Results indicate that optimal allocation of premium subsidy is influenced by land productivity, level of actuarial premium, price elasticity of demand for insurance, and present insured areas. In addition, the optimal allocation of subsidy results in a redistribution of subsidy budget among different cereal producing regions and causes a more balanced distribution of funds among the regions. Finally, results reveal that, subsidy allocation targeted to improve productivity, increases budget allocation efficiency by %17.

Since Phillips’ paper in 1958, the literature Phillips curve has witnessed many changes. With a new look, the present study pursues to explain inflation shocks and their relation with unemployment, using a time series data for the period 1965-2005. In this framework, the effects of changes in labor, commodity and money markets on inflation fluctuations are investigated. The unobservable variables of potential production, expected inflation and expected unemployment are estimated using the Hodrick-Prescott filter. The methodology based on Fomby’s approach, which selects suitable time series model, results in estimating the VAR model. The results suggest lack of any significant relation between unemployment and inflation fluctuations. The international evidences suggest that the Phillips curve exists in the nearly full employment conditions. The long stagflation in Iran may be the reason for our finding of the lack of such a relation.