mahdi sohrabi

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of basic taekwondo exercises on the executive functions of children with a learning disorder. For this purpose, 20 boys aged 10 to 12 years with learning disorder in Mashhad were selected and randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. The exercise group practiced Taekwondo for 12 sessions, each session lasting 50 minutes, repeating three days a week. The control group also engaged in their normal daily activities during this period. Changes in subjects' executive functions were measured before and after the exercise period by the N-back and the Tower of London tests. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that basic taekwondo exercises improve executive functions in the exercise group; All these changes were significant compared to the control group (p<0/05). Therefore, based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that basic taekwondo exercises help to improve the executive functions of children with learning disorder by affecting brain areas related to executive functions.

Motor imagery is a complex cognitive action that represents mentally the process of performing a movement (from preparation to the intention). In the current study, the effect of internal versus close- or far- external instruction of attention focusing during motor imagery on response time of four well-trained karate skills was evaluated. In a semi-experimental design, 43 skilled athletes (24 women, 19 men; mean age: 15.88 ± 4.50) executed the pre-test in front of a researcher-made device. Unexpected visual stimuli were presented randomly by the device, and response times of each skill were recorded by a software synced to the device. Then, each of the Karatekas participated in one of three training groups of imagining, namely, internal attention (7 women, 7 men), close-external attention (6 women, 5 men), far-external attention (6 women, 5 men) in 12 sessions, or in a control group (5 women, 2 men). After performing the post-test identical to pre-test, by carrying out a mixed-model analysis of covariance, the results revealed that there was no significant effect of gender, and only close-external imagery resulted in promoting lower body techniques (p<0.05). However, such an effect did not observe for upper body techniques, and effect of keeping focus of attention on body extremities (internal attentional imagery) and on far outcome of movement (far-external attentional imagery) were not significant (p>0.05). The findings suggest, during mental rehearsal, the analogy of athlete’s external attentional strategy to actual task plays an important role on effectiveness of motor imagery.

The purpose of this study, investigated the relationship between mental skills, emotional intelligence and competitive anxiety in female taekwondo player in super league of Iran.for this aim 98 taekwondo player participated from super league of Iran. The Questionnaires Emotional Intelligence Bradberry and Graves (2005), mental skills Russell (2010), Competitive anxiety Martnz (1990) were used for data collection and 87 Questionnaires were collected. The validity of Questionnaires determinate with master’s opinions of Movement Behavior and reliability of the Questionnaires mental skills Russell (2010), Competitive anxiety Martnz (1990), Emotional Intelligence Bradberry and Graves (2005) were attained (α: 0/80( -(α: 0/74( -)α:0/83).Test data using correlational descriptive statistics and Bonferoni, regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. The results show that mental skills has a significant relationship with self-management of emotional intelligence (p>0/05, r=0.241), somatic anxiety (p>0/05, r=-0.392),cognitive anxiety (p>0/05, r=-0.352) and self-confidence (p>0/05, r=0.265).The test results also show that mental skills is a significant predictor of the self-management of emotional intelligence,somatic anxiety,cognitive anxiety and self-confidence.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Nintendo Wii-based motor and cognitive training on motor proficiency, visual attention, and cognitive flexibility of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Thirty boys with ADHD, aged 8-11 years, were selected from the Avand development center and were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. The experimental group participated in a selected gaming program for 24 sessions, 60 minutes per session. At the beginning of the study and after eight weeks of intervention, participants were assessed with the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency and trail making test. R Statistical software was used for data and analysis Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to test differences between groups. For all statistical analyses significance was set at 0.05. The results of the post hoc contrasts on MANCOVA showed that balance (p = 0.01), upper limb coordination (p = 0.01), bilateral coordination (p = 0.02), strength (p = 0.06), response speed (p = 0.02) and manual dexterity (p = 0.003) components, in the experimental group were significantly improved in comparison to the control group, But there were no significant differences between groups in running speed and agility (p = 0.09) and visual-motor control (p = 0.27). A significant difference was also found between groups in cognitive flexibility (p = 0.01). Our findings suggest that Nintendo Wii game playing might be a simple and cost-effective way for improving motor proficiency and cognitive flexibility of ADHD children.

Older adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathies (DPN) are at higher risk of motor control, slower reaction time, and increased postural sways. There is increasing evidence that exercise-based interventions have a positive impact on the health of older people. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a selected multisensory training (SMST) program in improving the balance of older women with DPN.

In this study, 30 older women (Mean±SD age=62.35±1.87 years) were randomly assigned into the SMST and control groups. All participants underwent dynamic and static balance tests before and after the training. The SMST program included the balance training with eyes open and closed on different surfaces to stimulate visual, proprioception, and vestibular system. The intervention was conducted for 12 weeks, two times per week.

There was a significant difference in the dynamic balance between the SMST and control groups (t(28)=-6.74, P=0.000, ƞ2=0.61). The results of analysis of variance showed that the SMST program improved the static balance in the X direction (F(1,28)=14.16, P=0.001, ƞ2=0.33) and in the Y direction (F(1,28)=5.38, P=0.028, ƞ2=0.16) in older women with DPN.

The SMST can improve the dynamic and static balances of older women with DPN. Older women with DPN are at increased risk of falling. This program can be used to enhance their balance and postural control.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality training program on motor imagery ability in children with developmental coordination disorder(DCD).The sampling design was purposive and 40 female children with DCD(aged 7-10years) from students of Tabriz, by using DCDQ, PMOQ-T, and BOTMP tests were identified and were randomly replaced in two groups of experimental and control groups. The virtual reality training program consisted of a selection of Xbox 360 Kinect games that were performed for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week and each session lasting 30 minutes). Motor imagery of children was also measured by using a hand rotation task test. The Results of repeated measure ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between two groups on motor imagery ability (P

Assessment of motor skills paves the way for detecting functional disorders and defects in the body structures and the child's interactions with their surroundings. While analyzing it and its factors affecting the importance of motor skills, experts have developed many tests and techniques to detect motor abnormalities. Most motor growth tests can convert qualitative characteristics of movement into quantitative ones; therefore, they provide objective criteria for investigating and detecting delay and slowness in motor development. One of the best tools for identifying developmental motor delays and motor problems in children is the Bruininks–Oseretsky motor skills tool. Psychometrics of motor skills have had different results in different societies and cultures. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Bruininks–Oseretsky test in Iraqi boys aged 5 to 7 years.

Methods:

The present cross–sectional study was a tool development and the research design. The study's statistical population included Iraqi boys in the age range of 5 to 7 years. The sample included 400 Iraqi boys selected by cluster sampling among those eligible for the study from different parts of Iraq. Children with neurological and musculoskeletal injuries were excluded from the study. The Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (1950) was used in this study. This set of reference norm tests assesses the motor performance of children aged 4.5 to 14.6 years. This test consists of 8 subscales and 46 items that evaluate motor proficiency or movement disorders in gross and fine motor skills. Four subscales measure gross motor skills, three measure fine motor skills, and one measures both motor skills. Motor proficiency test subscales include running speed and agility, balance, coordination of friendship, strength, upper limb coordination, response speed, visual–motor control, and upper limb speed and agility. The Cronbach alpha, intra–class correlation coefficient, test–retest, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. SPSS statistical software version 20 and LISREL were used to analyze the data. A significance level of α = 0.05 was considered significant for statistical calculations.

The results showed that the Bruininks–Oseretsky test and its subscales have the necessary internal reliability and consistency in the community of Iraqi boys aged 5 to 7 years. The reliability coefficients of 0.80, 0.82, 0.70, and 0.86 were calculated for the subscales of motor proficiency of gross skills, fine skills, upper limb coordination, and the whole test. This test has the necessary time reliability (p<0.001). The test–retest reliability coefficients were calculated to be 0.86, 0.82, 0.88, and 0.83, respectively, for motor proficiency in gross skills, fine skills, upper limb coordination, and the whole test. The reliability (between the evaluator and the evaluator) of this test was also at a desirable level (p<0.001). So that the intra–rater reliability with coefficients of 0.82, 0.86, 0.84, and 0.85 and the inter–rater reliability with coefficients of 0.90, 0.85, 0.89, and 0.88 for the subscales of gross skills, fine skills, coordination of upper limb, and the whole test were calculated. In this study, the content validity of this test was also confirmed so that this index was calculated in the range of 0.8 to 1 for the subscales of gross skills, fine skills, and the whole test. Fit goodness indices were calculated as χ2</sup>/df=2.84, RMSEA=0.074, RMR=0.023, GFI=0.91, and AGFI=0.90. The study results showed that the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test and the subscales of gross skills, fine skills, and the whole test in the community of Iraqi boys aged 5 to 7 years have appropriate and acceptable validity and reliability.

Based on the findings of this study, the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test can be used with confidence to assess motor proficiency in the community, and for use in girls and other age groups, it is necessary to design and implement additional studies in the future.

Numerous studies have examined the difficulty levels of homework and homework learning. But research that uses machine learning approaches, and in particular neural-fuzzy inference systems, to model the difficulty of throwing a task with different difficulty conditions among the elderly has been overlooked.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of difficulty on learning the task of throwing in the elderly: Emphasis on machine learning methods.

The research was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with 4 control groups. The statistical population of the study included all right-handed elderly men in 1397 with an age range of 70-60 years in Mashhad. 120 elderly people were selected by available sampling method and randomly divided into 8 groups of 15 people (4 experimental groups and 4 control groups). The instrument of the present study was the task of discus throwing participants derived from the research of Sanli and Lee (Sanli and Lee, 2015). Data analysis was performed using encryption using an sophisticated system.

Individuals in the experimental group were better off than the control group in terms of learning conditions. Also, the best scenario of the adaptive fuzzy-neural inference system in the learning phase was selected in the experimental group No. 1 with the lowest error RMSE= 0/73 for the survey data.

The use of fuzzy neural inference system and the creation of neural-fuzzy networks has been successful and significantly reduced the prediction error, which has a significant feature of rapid convergence and high accuracy

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation before physical, mental, observational and combined training on the acquisition and retention of badminton short service skills. The participants were volunteers who were 180 male students aged 19-25 years. After initial screening, the subjects were divided into four experimental groups (physical, observational, mental and combined training) and four paired control groups who were subjected to badminton short service training. The experimental groups trained with 24-h sleep deprivation and the control group trained without sleep deprivation. In the acquisition stage, each subject trained using his customary training method. After training, the subjects followed a normal day-night sleep pattern. At 24, 72 and 168 h after acquisition, a short-service retention test was taken by participants. The data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (4 ´ 2 ´ 3). The results show that acquisition and retention in both the physical and combined groups were not affected by sleep deprivation (P>0.05). Skill acquisition in the observation group was not affected by sleep deprivation (P>0.05); however, in the retention tests, the control group showed significantly better performance. Skill acquisition in the mental training group was significantly affected by sleep deprivation and this effect was evident in the retention tests (P<0.05). The results indicate that, under conditions of sleep deprivation, physical and combined training are preferred when training to acquire new skills.

The aim was to investigate the effect of balance interventions along with the vestibular stimulation training on postural stability and social function, considering the incidence of abnormal stability and its effect on motor performance of children in the autism spectrum.

According to the entry criteria, 24 children (5-12 years old) were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 8 people. The balance training program included 30 sessions of balance training (30 to 45 minutes / 3 sessions a week), while the control group received school education and the free play group was free to play its natural age games. To assess the stability, the force plate device and to evaluate social performance, Scott Bellini's social performance scale were used.

The results showed that there was a significant decrease in postural stability fluctuations in the right and left foot in the Anterio-Posterior and Mediolateral axis in the post-test (P <0.05), social function was significantly improved in comparison to the other two groups (P <0.05).

Balance exercises have been able to influence the balance system of ASD children. This intervention seems to be beneficial for improving the balance and enhancing their social performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selectedperceptual motor exercises on motor proficiency of children with learning disorder. Based on this study, 24 boys (79 years old) with learning disorder in Mashhad were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was subjected to selectedperceptual motor exercises for 20 sessions of 30 minutes, which was repeated 5 days per week. During this period, the control group performed its routine activities. Changes in the motor proficiency were measured using with the Burininks Oseretsky test before and after the intervention. Repeated measures analysis of variance. showed that selectedperceptual motor exercises improved the balance, power, response speed, vision motor control, upper limb coordination, speed agility of the upper limb, bilateral coordination and sprint agility of children in the experimental group, relative to the control group (P <0.05).

Balance is one of the basic important principles of learning in children, and its disorder can negatively affect learning.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected motor games on balance in children with specific learning disorder. This study was semi-experimental and application in terms of aims with pretest-posttest and a control group. 24 boys (7-9 years old) with specific learning disorder in Mashhad city were selected and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed selected motor games for 20 sessions, 30 minutes each sessions, 5 sessions per week. During this period, the control group performed its routine activities. Changes in the static balance of the subjects were measured by the Stork balance test and Sharpened Romberg test and dynamic balance of the subjects were measured by the heel-to-toe walk test and timed up-and-go test before and after the intervention. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Findings showed that selected motor games improved the static and dynamic balance of the experimental group. All these changes were significant in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that selected motor games help to improve static and dynamic balance in children with specific learning disorder.

Sleep is assumed to be a critical factor for human physiological and cognitive function. Lack of sleep is a common condition in daily life.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 24-hour sleep deprivation on cognitive and motor skills in university students.

The participants were volunteers that consisted of 290 male students aged 19-25 years. After primary screening, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of cognitive tests and motor task test. Cognitive tests were included the reaction time (simple and choice), the working memory test (1-back & 2-back task) and attention (selective and divided). In the motor group, the subjects were divided into four experimental groups including (physical, observational, mental and combined training) and four paired control groups who were exposed to badminton short service training. The experimental groups were trained with 24-h sleep deprivation and the control group was trained without sleep deprivation. In the acquisition stage, each subject was trained using his routine training method. After training, the subjects were followed a normal day-night sleep pattern. At 24, 72 and 168 h after acquisition, a short-service retention test was taken from participants.

The results of cognitive tests showed that sleep deprivation had no effect on reaction time, working memory (1-back) and selective attention, but it had a major effect on working memory (2-back) and divided attention (p=0.02). The results of motor test showed that sleep deprivation did not have an effect on acquisition and retention in both physical and combined groups. (p>0.05).Sleep deprivation did not have an effect on the skill acquisition in the observation group (p>0.05); however, in the retention tests, the control group significantly showed a better performance. Skill acquisition in the mental training group was significantly affected by sleep deprivation and this effect was obvious in the retention tests (p=0.0001).

The results showed that, under conditions of sleep deprivation, some cognitive functions (working memory 2-back test & divided attention) were affected and that physical and combined training were preferred at the time of training to acquire new motor skills.

Background and Purpose: One of the basic strategies to reduce the working memory problems in children with specific learning disorder is goal-oriented physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Paaryaad perceptual-motor exercises on the working memory of children with specific learning disorder. It was an applied semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. In this study, twenty-four 7-9-year-old boys with specific learning disorder in Mashhad were selected in the academic year of 2017-2018 and assigned randomly to either the experimental or the control group. The experimental group was subjected to twenty 30-minute sessions of Paaryaad perceptual-motor exercises, repeated five days per week. During this period, the control group performed its routine activities. Changes in the working memory of the subjects were measured by N-back test before and after the intervention. Findings of the study showed that Paaryaad perceptual-motor exercises improved the working memory of the experimental group. All these changes were significant in comparison to the control group (P <0.05). Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Paaryaad perceptual-motor exercises, affecting the brain areas involved in the working memory, can improve this type of memory in children with specific learning disorder.

The aim of this research was to study effectiveness of virtual reality and reality training with and without auditory information limitation on motor learning table tennis forehand.In this quasi-experimental study, 48 students novice (except physical education and sport science students) with age (20.28 ± 0.99) cluster multi-stage were selected and participants were assigned after pre-test and a training session according to age, high and obtain score, in two groups homogenous (reality training, reality training with auditory information limitation, virtual reality training, virtual reality training with auditory information limitation). These subjects were practice 6 sessions and each session 60 drive forehand table tennis. Data using analysis of covariance and tukey post hoc test were analyzed. Results showed four group in drive forehand progressed and this improvement obtains from training. The results show that in acquisition and retention phase reality training without auditory information limitation group was better performance to with auditory information limitation group (P≤0.005) and between virtual reality groups with and without auditory information limitation, reality training and virtual reality groups and between reality training and virtual reality groups that they had auditory information limitation and finally, between reality training with auditory information limitation group and virtual reality group was not observed a significant difference (P≥0.005). The results show that practice in virtual reality as a game activated can be a substitute for reality practice and provide opportunities to better learn. Also, auditory information facilitates for performance.

Motor skill learning is one of the main problems of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Since the prevalence of this disorder among children is considerable, this study was carried out to compare the effect of KR based feedback with frequencies of 50% and 100% with relative feedback with a frequency of 50% on the enhancement of motor learning and throwing skill among children with DCD.
This is a two-group pretest-post study. The study population consisted of DCD male and female children at the age range of 7 to 9 years’ old who lived in districts 1 & 2 of Tehran. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 30 participants. The research instruments were DCDQ'7 diagnostic questionnaire and Chiviacowsky test which measures the accuracy of children’s throwing Paired sample t-test, ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were used to examine the research hypothesis.
KR- based feedback with frequencies of 100% and 50% had a positive effect on motor learning in DCD children (P=0.001). But the relative feedbacks with a frequency of 50% resulted in better a performance in throwing skill than KR- based feedback with the frequency of 100% (P The present study confirms the hypothesis that KR-based feedback with a frequency of 50% leads to enhanced learning in children with developmental coordination disorder.

Objectives In recent years, psychology and psychotherapy have received particular attention, especially with regard to the elderly. As a direct consequence of the growing number of mental disorders among the elderly, it has become more important to identify factors affecting the mental health of the elderly. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between psychological well-being and mental toughness among elders, with physical activity playing the mediator role.
Methods & Materials This research is a descriptive correlational study. The study subjects included 217 active and non-active elderly people (average age 65.38±3.12 y) selected through a purposeful sampling method. They completed international physical activity, psychological well-being and mental toughness questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Full consciousness and mental health of inclusion criteria were having. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation test was used Bootstrap to determine Mediating Role of Physical Activity. SPSS-21 and AMOS version 18 was used to analyze data. The significance level was considered as PResults Based on the physical activity questionnaire results, the participants were divided into two groups: active and non-active. The results revealed that there were positive and significant relationships between the majority of subscales of mental toughness and psychological well-being. It was also found that the average mental toughness and psychological well-being was higher among active elders than those who were inactive.
Conclusion In accordance with the results of this study, the elders should be encouraged to perform physical activities, which in turn improves aspects of mental health such as psychological well-being and mental toughness

Impulsivity features of individuals affect their movement patterns when learning sports skills. Therefore, this study examined the effect of different levels of motor impulsivity on learning basketball basic skills. 3 groups of boys aged between 10 and 12 who were selected according to motor impulsivity levels participated in a basketball skills training course along with a control group (the subjects were randomly selected). To evaluate their performance,AAHPERD and Hann basketball pass tests were used in thepretest, posttest, retentionandtransfer phases. The results of covariance and analysis of variance in posttest (P=0.0001) andretention test (P=0.011) inAAHPERD basketball pass showed a significant advantagein this test along with increased motor impulsivity levels.However,better performance were along with decreased impulsivity levelsinHann pass task. The observed differences among the groups were not statistically significantin the transfer phase(P=0.112). It can be concluded that different levels of motor impulsivity is one of the main factors affecting sport skills learningwith regard to the speed-oriented and accuracy-oriented skills.

The aim of this research is to compare explicit and implicit learning in children with intellectual disability.
In this semi experimental study¡ 16 boys with age 8 to 12 according to IQ (50-70) randomly were selected randomly and participants were assigned according to age and IQ into two groups homogenous. At the first day of the research¡ participants in both groups performed a serial reaction time task with 10 blocks by right hand. In retention test was performed 2 blocks. ANOVA repeated measure¡ paired t-test and independent t- test was used for analysing data.
The results showed that response time and error decrease in both explicit and implicit groups. Comparing the two types of learning showed that speed (reaction time) and accuracy (correct answers) in implicit group were improved. According to the results¡ implicit learning group was improved.
Therefore¡ it is better that implicit condition be used for motor skill in people with intellectual disability.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks selected sport trainings on perceptual- motor skills among typical obese girls and girls with Down syndrome (aged 7-13). In this quasi-experimental study with control group, 22 obese children with Down syndrome and 22 typical obese children who were selected purposefully participated in 24 purposeful sport training sessions. All groups were assessed with Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency before and after training sessions. The findings showed that both groups of participants significantly developed in their gross motor skills (p < 0.05) but not in fine skills. Also, the results indicated that obese children with Down syndrome had significantly (p < 0.05) higher progress in both gross and fine motor skills than typical children. Despite of the variety of influential genetic and environmental constraints on obese children with Down syndrome they can develop their perceptual-motor skills via purposeful sport trainings such as play and leisure. Necessity of early perceptual-motor training is discussed.

This study investigated the impulsivity in soccer goalkeepers in different skill levels. For this purpose، Thirty goalkeeper participated in this study in order of different skill levels with a mean age of 9/3 ± 65/28 years. Results showed that Goalkeepers impulsivity differed between different skill levels. It was found significant differences in attentional impulsivity and motor impulsivity and also in type I and type II error factor of continuous performance test items. No statistically significant differences in the recognition of impulsivity deciding factor in impulsivity and continuous performance test items also. It can be argued on the basis of these results that alongside other relevant variables for overcoming in Soccer Goalkeeping function in different skill levels، Impulsivity is one of the main adaptive mechanisms in players that can be considered in talent discussions.

An overlooked but important part of successful root canal treatment is a straight-line access (SLA). The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacy of IntroFile and PreRaCe rotary instruments with Gates Glidden (GG) drills in gaining SLA by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods and Materials: A total of forty five extracted mandibular first molars were selected and mounted in dental like arches. Subsequently, they were randomly classified into three groups (n=15). After preparation of a standard access cavity, orifices of the mesiobuccal canal was reached and a #10 file was inserted to explore the canals until the file tip was visible at the apex. Then, preoperative CBCT images were taken. SLA was gained in three groups; group 1, FlexMaster’s IntroFile (FM); group 2, PreRaCe (RC) and group 3, GG. Again, the first binding file at the working length (WL) was placed in the canal and postoperative CBCT images in similar positions were taken. The pre/post operative morphology of the canal was evaluated for changes. Data was analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni analysis. The average amount of reduction in coronal canal curvature in FM, RC and GG groups was 2.43±1.79, 3.17±2.05 and 8.7±3.45, respectively. This descending trend was statistically significant. The difference between pre/post SLA changes in FM and RC groups was significant compared to GG group, while there were no significant differences between RC and FM. GG drills produced extraordinary results in reducing coronal curvature of the canal and achieving SLA. They are also more effective than nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments in canals with coronal curvature.

The aim of this research was investigated effectiveness of constant and variable practice on acquisition retention and transfer of motor skills in intellectual disability.

In this quasi experimental study, 23 boys with age 8- 12 according to IQ (50-70) were randomly selected and participants were assigned after pre-test and a training session according to obtain score, age and IQ in two groups homogenous. These subjects were practice 3 sessions and each session 40 throw. Data using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures were analyzed.

results showed in Stage retention in two group in throwing increased accuracy (p<0/044) and variability decreased (p<0/07). Results showed in stage transfer variable practice group succeed in transfer skill to new qualification. Also variable practice group have little variability (p<0/006) and much accuracy (p< 0/02) than constant practice group.

According to the finding this research variable practice group was capable retention and transfer skill to new situations and also rules regarding schema Schmidt confirmed in people with intellectual disability.

About 1. 5 percent of exceptional children suffer from impaired hearing and this factor affects the teaching and learning process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of frequency of knowledge of results (KR) on the learning of children with hearing impairment. Twenty-four individuals with hearing impairment with the mean age of 10. 56 with SD 2. 53 years (range: 7-14 years) were divided into three homogenous groups according to their records after pre-test. They practiced for eight sessions according to mentioned ways (feedback of 0%، 50% and 100%). The acquisition، learning and translation tests were run. MANOVA with repeated measures and ANOVA were used to analyze the data from the acquisition، retention and transition tests. All groups progressed during training and at various stages (acquisition، retention and transition). However، the results of the comparison between means of the three training groups showed significant differences in the acquisition process (p=0. 008)، learning (p=0. 001) and transition (p=0. 035). This means that feedback training groups (100%) had better performance in acquisition process، and also in retention and transition (50%). According to the results of this study، too much feedback interferes with learning of tasks in individuals with hearing impairment and feedback (50%) had better learning. This finding shows that rules regarding feedback also affect the people with hearing impairment.

Hypertension is a common disease and asymptomatic، if untreated، leads to fatal complications. Because long-term treatment، most patient after while they stop taking their medication and prefer the use of non-pharmacological methods for their treatment. This study investigated the effect of walking، relaxation and their combination on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. In this study، 30 male patients with hypertension، age range 45 to 65 years، were randomly divided into three groups of 10. The first group received a daily 30 minute walk، the second group received a daily 30-minute relaxation and the third group received 15 minutes of relaxation and a 15 minute walk. During the training period was two weeks. Blood pressure before and after seeking the independent variables were measured by standard mercury barometer. Data were analyzed by paired samples t-test and one-way ANOVA at a significance level of p<0. 05. Based on the results، walking significantly reduced systolic blood pressure but had no effect on diastolic pressure. Relaxation had a significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The compound had no effect on systolic blood pressure، but diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference among the three training programs for influencing systolic and diastolic blood pressure in subjects. The results showed that 30 minutes of relaxation exercise so walking reduced blood pressure in patients with hypertension. The finding emphasize the important role of relaxation techniques in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and use of this technique as a complementary treatment for patients with hypertension and no complications are recommended.