mahmood yahyazadehfar

This research endeavor was conducted with the objective of discerning and prioritizing the determinants that influence the execution of green marketing strategies by Iraqi executives operating in the oil and gas sector. The research adopted a mix methodology, wherein factors were elicited through thematic analysis in the initial phase and subsequently assessed through AHP in the subsequent phase. At the first part, a comprehensive review of a related scholarly articles published between the years 2018 and 2024 was diligently carried out. The data gleaned from these articles was subsequently analyzed and categorized utilizing the advanced MAXQDA software 18. Consequently, a total of 5 overarching categories of factors that play a pivotal role in influencing the implementation of green marketing strategies were identified: economic and political factors, competitive factors, organizational factors, governmental factors, social awareness, and environmental factors. At the second part, through the utilization of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a total of 10 engaged Iraqi oil industry executives took part in the prioritization endeavor. The outcomes reveal that economic and political elements wield a paramount influence on the implementation of eco-friendly marketing strategies. This investigation furnishes valuable perspectives for executives and decision-makers within the Iraqi petroleum sector, facilitating a deeper comprehension of the fundamental factors that impact the embrace of eco-friendly marketing strategies and the formulation of efficacious approaches for sustainable advancement.

The environmental health of our planet has been compromised by factors, such as diminishing biodiversity, widespread deforestation, and unprecedented global warming. Strengthening environmental behavior through the influence of environmental campaigns has emerged as a potential solution. This research aimed to identify and categorize theories of environmental behavior based on a new ecological paradigm and present a framework for explaining environmental behavior and the effectiveness of environmental advertising campaigns. The study was exploratory in nature and adopted a qualitative research approach within the interpretive paradigm. To achieve its objectives, the researchers conducted a systematic review of literature available in the Scopus database from 2010 to 2023. The research was structured around 3 key themes: environmental behavior of individuals in various roles, antecedents and consequences of this behavior, and theoretical progression in this field, which was divided into theoretical development, exploration, and integration. Finally, a framework was developed to illustrate the impact of environmental campaigns on environmental behavior and its explanatory factors, such as awareness, knowledge, values, and attitudes, by integrating the value-belief-norm theory and the attitude-behavior-context theory.

The challenge of transferring climate risks to vulnerable groups and motivating them to adopt environmentally friendly actions is of paramount importance. Recognizing this, environmental activists and non-governmental organizations have acknowledged the need to raise awareness about the adverse consequences of environmental damage. Environmental campaigns disseminated across various traditional and digital platforms through compelling imagery and text aim to evoke emotions of sorrow and fear, thereby garnering public interest in addressing environmental issues. These campaigns play a crucial role in promoting environmental awareness and fostering opportunities to enhance environmental knowledge, laying the groundwork for cultivating environmentally conscious citizens. While numerous studies have explored environmental behaviors, a comprehensive synthesis of existing theories is notably absent. Moreover, academic research on environmental campaigns has experienced rapid growth in recent years with substantial efforts dedicated to enhancing understanding of their effectiveness. However, scant attention has been directed towards investigating the impact of environmental campaigns on promoting environmental behavior and the underlying influencing factors. To address this gap, this article endeavored to present a framework for elucidating environmental behavior and the factors shaping it under the influence of environmental advertising campaigns. Consequently, the current research sought to address the following key questions: What are the primary research focal points in the realm of environmental behavior? How can environmental behavior theories be classified? What is the influence pattern of environmental behavior and its explanatory factors stemming from environmental campaigns?

The aim of this research was to identify and categorize theories of environmental behavior and establish a framework for explaining environmental behavior and its influencing factors, particularly in relation to the effectiveness of environmental campaigns. This study was both exploratory and developmental in nature and it employed a qualitative research approach within the interpretative paradigm. To achieve this objective, the authors conducted a systematic literature review using content analysis. The statistical population for this research comprised all scientific publications in the field indexed in the Scopus reference database. Out of the 2380 documents initially identified in the Scopus database, 1907 were classified as "articles", 1895 from "authentic journals", 1795 in the "English language", and 1593 published between 2010 and 2023. After excluding irrelevant articles focusing on biology, chemistry, architecture, and other fields, as well as those that did not primarily study "environmental behavior" at the individual level, the number of relevant documents was reduced to 364. Subsequently, the researchers conducted a review process based on various parameters, such as title, abstract, content, and quality of methodology, resulting in the selection of 117 articles.

The top ten keywords in the field of environmental behavior research were attitude, environmental behavior, planned behavior, value, climate change, knowledge, education, concern, and environmental development. Research topics in environmental behavior were primarily categorized into 3 groups. The first category encompassed studies focusing on the environmental behavior of various groups, such as employees, tourists, residents, students, and consumers. The second category delved into the key influencing factors and related theories that examined the precursors of environmental behavior. These influential factors included attitudes, norms, perceived behavioral control, habits, values, and beliefs. The third category involved research on the outcomes of environmental behavior. Environmental behaviors have positive effects on identity formation and, on a broader scale, on areas, such as sustainable tourism and environmental development. The theoretical development in this field could be summarized in 3 parts: psychological theories (including rational action, planned behavior, norm activation, value-attitude-behavior, protective motivation, social identity, social exchange, social learning, ability-motivation-opportunity, cognitive dissonance, and the stimulus-organism-response paradigm), sociological theories (including social interaction and social action), and theoretical integration (combination of internal and external causes, as well as the integration of rationality and emotions). From the value-belief-norm theory, concepts, such as environmental values, advertising, and environmental knowledge, were extracted, while from the attitude-behavior-context theory, environmental attitudes and the effectiveness of environmental campaigns were derived. Furthermore, a pattern of environmental behavior and its explanatory factors was drawn from environmental campaigns.

The findings of this study indicated that environmental values had a significant influence on environmental behavior consistent with the results of Howell (2013) and Antonetti & Maclan (2014), suggesting that individuals, who adhere more strongly to environmental values tend to exhibit more environmentally responsible behavior. Moreover, an increase in exposure to environmental advertising was associated with a greater display of environmentally responsible behavior. Similarly, an increase in environmental knowledge was linked to a rise in individual’s environmental behavior, aligning with the findings of Abbasi et al. (2017), binti Aman (2011), Bala et al. (2023), Liobikienė & Poškus (2019), and others. Furthermore, environmental attitudes as evidenced by studies conducted by Abbasi et al. (2017), Rezadost et al. (2023), Chen et al. (2012), Elahi et al. (2022), and Ogiemwonyi et al. (2023) were shown to impact environmental behavior. Correction of inappropriate environmental behavior was contingent upon changes in environmental attitudes and the effectiveness of environmental campaigns as a moderating variable could help bridge the gap between environmental attitudes and behavior. These findings were consistent with the results of studies by Harring & Jagers (2013) and Chua et al. (2021). In light of these results, it is recommended to implement educational campaigns with environmental content to raise awareness among citizens about environmental issues and promote appropriate environmental behaviors in accordance with their beliefs, moral values, and local culture.

The importance of technology and innovation foresight in the health and hospital industry management as one of the important tools in policy intelligence is increasingly revealed. Although theoretical research and practical efforts are not very old in the area of foresight, lack of comprehensiveness of existing models highlights the necessity of integrating the issues raised.

In the present study, to achieve a comprehensive model for technology and innovation foresight in the health and hospital industry management, a systematic qualitative research method is used to systematically review the research findings in this area to explore the approaches and principles of these models after extracting the main themes. To achieve this goal, 70 articles published in electronic databases such as Emerald and Elsevier, etc. were reviewed through the Google Scholar search engine between the years 1990 and 2021. After screening, 35 articles were selected for work, open coding tools were used to analyze the articles. In the next step a descriptive analysis using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic View and Mata Analysis protocol proposed and the then developed proposition based on keywords analysis.

By reviewing 70 final articles, researchers identified 3 dimensions and 12 categories as the factors affecting the use of foresight models in health industry management with the aim of innovation and technology development. Key themes included networking among inclusive actors, comprehensiveness of foresight programs, and utilization of foresight output data in the health and hospital industry management. The main themes obtained in this study are in line with approaches to the phenomenon of technology and innovation foresight in the health and hospital industry management adopted by scientists in this area.

These main approaches include conceptualization, history and evolution, differentiation from other aspects of foresight, types of classifications (based on geography, thematic and applied orientation, and foresight generations), and types of frameworks, methods and techniques used, communication with policy-making and strategy determination.

Emerging research findings underscore the competitive nature of attracting and maintaining knowledge workers in information technology industry and the knowledge workers’ propensity to find an appropriate workplace with fun as a distinctive feature attributed to it. This study investigated knowledge workers’ feeling of organizational attachment in relation to the fun they experienced in their workplace and with regard to the attitude they held toward workplace fun. The research population comprised 437 employees in the information technology industrial companies in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The data collection instruments included three standardized questionnaires measuring the amount of experienced fun, organizational attachment and attitude toward fun that were administered to a stratified sample of 212 participants. The collected data were analyzed statistically and revealed that the fun knowledge workers experienced in their workplace, with an impact factor of 0.441, was significantly correlated with their organizational attachment. In addition, the moderating role of attitude toward workplace fun, with an impact factor of 0.262, was approved. Scrutiny of fun activities indicated that celebration of work achievement and success was of paramount importance for knowledge workers.

Nowadays with the emergence of a knowledge-based economy,innovative businesses are very important for countries due to their job and wealth creation and their competitiveness in the global economy. These businesses are always facing key challenges due to their different nature form common businesses of which one of the most important challenges is about their financing and raising capital. This study seeks to provide an interactive model for the life cycle ofinnovative start-ups and financing policies. For this purpose, according to the existing literature gap and theoretical contradictions, the present study was conducted using Grounded theory method. Data were generated based on 11 expert opinions as well as previous studies and were analyzed in open,axial, and selective coding steps. The findings showed that innovative start-ups have four key stages in financing, including seeds, start-ups, growth and development and Financing strategies included internal and external strategies generally, and most known internal strategy was bootstrapping and the most important external strategies were Euity Financing, debt-based financing, hybrid financing, grants, financial and tax incentives, and cryptocurrencies. . Causal variables finance start-up businesses include individual factors such as the founder's traits, and organizational factors such as information transparency, team members, ideas, Key Contextual Variables for financing start-up businesses include policy and legislation, technology platform, organizational platform, competitive platform, socio-cultural platform and educational platform, and for intervening factors university, industry, sanctions, talent migration, and competitors Were identified. Consequences fall into several categories: micro-consequences at the business level and macroeconomic Consequences such as social, and environmental consequences.

The purpose of this research is to assess the effect of matching with import standards of other countries on perceived barriers of export and export performance of Pegah Company. The research is applicable in nature and used a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of the study consists of all managers and individuals who are active in the 10 export sectors of Pegah Company. The number of statistical population is undetermined and the chosen sample size is 384 by choosing unconfirmed judgments. In the present study, the field method is used to collect the initial data and the five-choice Likert questionnaire is used for gathering data and the library method is used for collecting secondary data. The results of the research show that export commitment has a significantly positive effect on export performance, export experience has a significantly positive effect on export performance, export commitment has a significantly positive effect on perceived export barriers, export experience has a significantly positive effect on perceived export barriers, perceived export barriers Export performance has a significantly positive effect, and there is a significantly positive effect of adaptation on export performance.

By using the employees’ views of the Melli bank of Mazandaran province, this research has investigated the effect of strategic emotional intelligence on technological capability, technological knowledge management, and organizational development of them. Due to the research objectives, the statistical population includes employees of the bank. According to Cochran Formula and by using simple random sampling method, 314 questionnaires were distributed among the employees. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS and Lizrel software. The data gathering tool in this research was a standard questionnaire distributed among employees of the Melli Bank of Mazandaran province. The questionnaire designed in this research was provided to a number of professors and experts in the field of business and banking management to validate the content. Its reliability was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha test. The coefficient obtained from the questionnaire showed a high and acceptable reliability. The result of the research hypotheses test showed that strategic emotional intelligence has a positive and significant effect on technological capability, technological knowledge management and organizational development of the bank employees.

The purpose of this research is to explain the price of share using performance variables, management system and audit committee, as well as forecasting the price of share to help decision makers and investors.

For this purpose, the information about 208 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange, during 2010-2017, have been extracted and analyzed using the linear and nonlinear method of Gaussian process.

Preliminary research results show that performance criteria are more capable of explaining stock prices compared to governance criteria. The results also indicate the high power of machine learning methods for predicting the price of companies' stocks. The latter is especially true for the nonlinear Gaussian process, which has also proven to perform better than the CART or the lasso algorithms.

Since corporate governance and the audit committee are two governing bodies of the stock exchange in Iran, and the stock market participants are not aware of how they operate, it seems that the performance information content is better for investors than governance measurements. Among the non-financial criteria, ownership concentration is the only factor that is able to explain the price of share of the company, and it can be argued that major shareholders have the motivation and ability to supervise the manager and increase the company's performance.

There are multiple problems of social, economic and environmental have led to organizations towards the use of sustainable supply chain management and on the one hand, globalization has made successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management always a concern for managers, especially in the automobile industry. As a result, due to the need for the use of sustainable supply chain management in organizations, it is essential to achieve a successful and efficient sustainable supply chain management. In this regard, this study aims to detect critical factors that are effective in the successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management in the automobile industry by review the literature and using experts' viewpoints and Fuzzy Delphi method, as well as by using DANP, it determines the importance and ranking of these factors in the implementation of sustainable supply chain management. Research results determined 25 critical factors for the successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management in the automobile industry that of these, the top management commitment and support, strategic planning and long-term vision and environmental auditing for suppliers, were identified as the most important factors, respectively and cross-function integration as the least important.

The high transparency and ability of consumers to transmit advertising content quickly in the modern age require that organizations consider authenticity and interaction with customers among their top priorities and combine consumer-generated advertising (CGA) with their own marketing strategies in order to respond to these priorities. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting consumers' attitudes and willingness toward consumer-generated advertising and its effect on brand loyalty and attachment. This is an applied study conducted using the descriptive correlational survey method. Its statistical population consists of dairy consumers of Kalleh Company in Mazandaran Province. A total of 460 questionnaires were distributed by stratified random sampling and descriptive and inferential statistics was used for data analysis. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS2 were used to test the hypotheses. The reliability of the questionnaires was determined by Cronbach's alpha test and composite reliability coefficient. Results showed that brand attachment had a significant positive effect on attitude toward advertising production and willingness to participate in advertising production. Attitude toward advertising production has a significant positive effect on willingness toward CGA as well as on brand loyalty. It was also shown that brand attachment has a significant positive effect on loyalty. The rapid changes in technology and the development of effective advertising in the modern businesses require defining the concept of CGA, which is addressed in the present study. Also, based on the results of this study, brand attachment increases customers’ willingness toward and participation in CGA. An increase in customers' willingness and involvement in advertising production will also increase their loyalty.

Stock markets are attractive in nature for investors to gain profit. However decision making about suitable points of trading is a challenging issue, due to various properties of stocks, unstable values and data frequencies. Predicting stock price movements and discovering turning points using technical indicators, for the sake of data frequency reduction in short-term, is a preferred choice in comparison with price forecasting which commonly uses fundamental analysis. In this ambit, this paper proposes a Colored Petri Net model combined with k-means clustering decision making rules to predict stock trading signal, namely buy, sell, and hold, enhanced by a strength coefficient in a 7-step process. The paper focuses on Tehran stock exchange as case study in a two-year time interval. Simulation results implies superiority of proposed model against other state-of-the-art approaches, i.e. artificial neural networks, decision tree, and linear regression, with the accuracy rate of 88% in term of correctly classifying.

Deciding when to buy or sell stocks is a challenging problem for investors to increase incoming and decrease loss in stock market. Methods of predicting stock market in literature fall into two main categories: fundamental-analysis-based methods and technical-analysis-based methods. Predicting the trend of stock price movements and detecting changes of trend direction using technical analysis is generally preferred by analyzers in comparison with price prediction methods using fundamental analysis, due to data frequency reduction and less data variations in short-term. Most of the both methods use Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as data mining and meta-heuristic approaches. AI based approaches suffer disadvantage of expert interaction necessity. In this paper a hybrid method of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Colored Petri Nets (CPN) is proposed to model, simulate and predict buy/sell stock trading signals. CPN is a formal modeling language which supports mathematical simulation and markup language programming that reduces the necessity of human expert interaction in prediction approach. Stock trading rules are extracted from historical data of 162 companies in Tehran stock exchange weekly gathered from April 2016 till April 2018 using GA to maximize earning per share. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods, in terms of classification correctness.

This research deals with resilient supply chain in Iran Khodro Company. The current study was undertaken with the aim of enhancing the resilience of supply chain against environmental disturbances in Iran Khodro Company. To serve the purpose, a number of strategies were determined that can prevent company’s viable production breakdowns or can instantaneously resume production more adequately after probable breakdowns. The causal relationship among the strategies were also investigated. The population of this research included managers and experts in logistics and planning departments of Sapco Company. Initially, all 12 failure modes that have the potential of breading down the production chain were identified through literature review and expert opinions. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure Anlayisis after Occurrence (FAAO) were employed to determine supply chain resilience strategies prior to and following failure, respectively. Moreover, the relationships and reciprocal effects among the identified resilience strategies were explored using Dematel technique. Experts determined four high risk failure conditions with the highest Risk Priority Number (RPN); using FMEA techniques, they also identified 21 strategies that could promote resilience in the company’s supply chain as well as six of the most effective strategies using FAAO techniques.

Despite international sanctions against Iran's nuclear activities, radiopharmaceutical technology has made significant progress over recent years. This paper intends to investigate the radiopharmaceutical technology innovation system in Iran using the innovation motors approach. This study uses both the field and the library research and conducted between 1369-1359. The theoretical basis of this research is innovation motors model.This paper is carried out using the “mixed method” to evaluating all aspects of the system using "exploratory method".This purpose was done in the qualitative section using the "Event History Analysis"method and in the quantitative section using the survey research and Structural Equation Modeling.Then, according to the exploratory method, the innovation motors of the radiopharmaceutical technological innovation system were identified. According to the result of the quantitative method we found that the "system building motor" loops are formed, but according to the qualitative section, it can be seen that the characteristics of the system in the system building motor are not completely consistent with the current situation. Therefore, the incomplete formation of the system building motor has been accepted and accordingly, we identified the threshold of the system building motor.Finally,recommendations were presented to complete construction motor and complete climb to the system building motor.

Knowledge-Based services and high-tech industries contributions in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of countris are increasing, since these contributions are reaching about 40 percent in countries such as USA. Entrance of Knowledge and technology elements in production function means an enormous increase in returns and ignorance from the daily importance of technology in economic growth and development will lead to a gap between developed and poor countries, exponentially. The present research reviewed the related literature of the three fields of science development, technology development and economic growth and their relationships thoroughly, and found 14 cofactors that affect the three fields and their relationships. Using experts' suggestions (13 Iranian experts which resides in Iran and abroad), the cofactors were applied in system dynamics approach in Vensim software to test the relationship and dynamics of the three fields in Iran in four different scenarios and in a 10-year period. The results showed that the three fields are interact with eachother in a complex, interwined structure in Iran and political- economic convergence is the key factor in this relationship. The results will be useful for policymakers of the three fields in Iran.

Today, intense competition between manufacturers, increasing innovation and reducing the life span of products has led to the design, production and marketing of products for a variety of purposes, and the types of risks involved in large-scale design for supply chains. The purpose of this research is to design a strategic supply chain risk management system with a systematic approach to risk assessment and control in the auto industry. For this purpose, with the exploratory blend approach, a survey methodology has been used by experts to design the system from a forward-looking method and then to test it in the automotive industry. Six stages and the main dimensions for designing the strategic risk management system of the supply chain in the automotive industry were identified and approved by the experts: creation of a platform, establishment of the process and status of the objectives of the risk management system, identification of supply chain risks, risk analysis and measurement Supply chain, determination of supply chain risk management strategies, determination of information and education procedures in supply chain risk management system and improvement of supply chain continuity and risk management system.

The present research tried to determine the relationship among science development, technology development and economic growth in Iran. To do so, thorough literature review and qualitative content analysis were applied for the three fields of science development, technology development and economic growth and their relationships by studying 250 books and articles in the related fields, and found 14 cofactors that affect the three fields and their relationships in Iran. Based on cofactors (which grouped into 3 categories of science development, technology development and economic growth), DANP questionnaire was designed. Then, 13 experts were selected theoretically among 130 experts (residing in Iran or abroad) to fill out the questionnaires. Using experts' suggestions, the cofactors were applied in DANP approach to find the relationships and weighs of factors and subfactors and design a Model in Iran. The results showed that science development, technology development and economic growth are connected mutually in Iran in which economic growth and technology development are the most effective and impressionable factors in the network, respectively.

Given the importance and role of gold as a tool for investing, especially in developing countries, various approaches have been used to predict gold future returns. Hence, the main purpose of the present study is prediction the daily return of gold coin future contract by using multilayer feed-forward neural network and auto-regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) models in Iran mercantile exchange. For this purpose, the daily data on 20 the gold coin futures contracts for periods July 2014 to September 2016 which has been continued using the method “back-adjusted”, is used. Also, after investigating results of previous studies, dollar price return, gold coin price return and global gold price return have been used as effecting variables on gold coin future contracts return. In addition, Predictive accuracy the neural network and the ARCH models were evaluated using root mean squared error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The results showed that in the period under review, the neural network model performs better than the ARCH model in the prediction out of sample. But based on the results of the paired t-test, the prediction accuracy of the two models hasn’t been the statistically significant difference.

Earnings smoothing is concerned with and influenced by various factors. In this regard, manager's properties and traits can affect the style of making decisions investigating "optimism can result in our better and more precise cognition about the firm's performance particularly in making decisions regarding purchasing stock.This research studies how managerial optimism can influence earnings smoothing. In this regard, 107 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange in a period of 11 years (2005-2015) were selected as the sample. The index of net income divided to total assests is used to assess the earnings smoothing, and the index of the number of increase in the price of stock days is used to appraise the management optimism. Also, effective variables on earnings smoothing (the dependent variable) such as agency problems, asymmetric information, and corporate governance have been used to investigate the issue in-depth. The obtained data were gathered annually by the help of "Tadbir Pardaz", "Rahavard Novin", and official site of Tehran Stock Exchange. Multivariable regression model was applied in order to test the research hypotheses. Data were anaysed by “Eviews8" software. The results present that optimistic managers are more capabable of earnings smoothing. In other words, the financial manifests and lists of the companies administered by the optimistic managers present more smooth earnings.

Theoretically, it is expected that information asymmetry has an important effect on companies' capital structure. In this research, the casual relationship between financial leverage and information asymmetry in listed firms of Tehran Stock Exchange during 1383-1393 was investigated using panel data. To do so, 108 listed firms of Tehran Stock Exchange were selected as the sample of the study and bid-ask spread was used as the scale for measuring the information asymmetry. In addition, F and Husman tests were applied to select the best model from panel, fixed effects and stochastic data. The findings showed a significant relationship between financial leverage and information asymmetry in Tehran Stock Exchange. In other words, financial leverage has a reverse effect on information asymmetry and on the other hand, information asymmetry has a positive and direct effect on financial leverage.

This study investigates the relationship between ownership concentration and auditing fees of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The level and nature of external audit fees requested by organizations, depends on three descriptive elements such as the firm size, complexity of operations and audit risk. Researches indicated that ownership structure of company as one of the key components of corporate governance can impact on audit fees through impacting on these three descriptive elements. Since every classes of investors have different goals and motivations for their investment; in this investigation, the Ownership concentration, as two effective group of shareholders in ownership structure, was investigated from the two aspects of Institutional and managerial; and 114 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange in a period of 2007-2012 years were chosen as a sample. This study is descriptive correlation based on panel data analyzing, the results showed that the negative relation between institutional ownership concentration factor with the audit fee and a negative relation between concentration factor in the company's board of directors and the auditing fee is accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange.

Although productivity growth is of central importance in economics, its importance in finance remains largely uncharted. Productivity growth is one of the main factors affecting on stock returns that is less discussed. In this paper, the relationship between productivity growth and stock returns of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange are examined during the years of 2007 to 2012. Time series data are collected Seasonal and are examined by method of Panel Data by E-views software. The results indicate an duality in aggregate level and micro level, So that ,there is a significant negative relationship between market efficiency and productivity growth in aggregate level and a significant positive relationship between firm performance and its productivity growth. But the relationship between each of the company's efficiency and productivity growth at the aggregate level were not found.

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of social capital on financial development in Iran. To do so, the statistical data were collected during 1984 to 2012 and vector error correction model was used. The number of annually judicial cases about returned checks and liquidity to real gross domestic product ratio were selected as proxies of social capital and financial development respectively. The results derived from Johansen cointegration test indicate that there is a long-run equilibrium relation between social capital and financial development in Iran. Also vector error correction model estimates show that social capital has a positively significant impact on financial development in Iran.

Intellectual capital is set of knowledge-based assets that belongs to an organization and will add value to key organizational stakeholders and this leads to a better competitive situation. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and companies'' performance in Iran during 1382-1387 using LISREL software. Earning per share، return on equity، net income to total assets ratio، return on investment and aggregate stock return are defined as the company’s performance criterion. The results showed that a direct relationship exists among stockholders equity، ordinary stocks returns and one kind of intellectual capital called customer capital. In addition، Return of Assets and Earning per Share have direct relationship with customer capital and also human capital. Furthermore، investment total return has a direct relationship with customer، human and structural capitals.