maryam bakhtiyari

Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the factors shaping mental health, even in dangerous situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, by emphasizing human capabilities.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of positive psychology in online group meetings on the spiritual well-being and positive and negative effects of Iranian working women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The present study was a clinical trial conducted with a pre-test, post-test, 1-month follow-up, and a control group conducted on all Iranian working women aged 18 - 45 years who were users of social networks (such as Instagram, Telegram, and WhatsApp) in 2022 - 2023. The sample was selected by convenience sampling and included 52 women assigned to the experimental (26 women) and control (26 women) groups. Data were collected using the Spiritual Well-Being scale (SWBS) of Paloutzian and Ellison and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The experimental group received 6 one-hour training sessions. The data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) through SPSS software (version 22).

The MANCOVA results revealed that after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the groups regarding the positive affect variable (P < 0.001), while no difference was observed between the two groups in spiritual well-being and negative affect (P > 0.05).

The findings recommend interventions based on positive psychology to increase positive affect due to its emphasis on the positive points of the current situation and strengthening them, leading to the adoption of an active stance towards life. On the other hand, the insignificant effect of the treatment on spiritual well-being and negative effects necessitates more studies and more serious and long-term interventions.

One of the goals of a literary text is to create literary pleasure, and the more the reader's mind tries to discover it, the more enjoyable and stable it becomes. The element of rhetoric is considered one of the main elements of the literary text that is effective in creating literary pleasure, and it is the opposite of literary arrays in the field of rhetoric, which is mostly used in poetry. The poet creates opposition by placing two things against each other. Sometimes the contrast is obvious in the words and its meaning is understood without the slightest thought, and sometimes it is so hidden in the context of the poem that it cannot be revealed except through interpretation. Since the reader's mind is involved in interpretation and discovery of contrast, he gets double literary pleasure from the text. In this article, which is written in analytical-rhetorical method, interpretive contrast is introduced and analyzed as one of the types of contrast in rhetoric. Although this rhetorical element can be found in most Persian poems, in this article Hafez and Saadi's poems in Iraqi style and Saeb and Hazin in Indian style have been discussed. The interpretative contrasts of this writing have been examined in four categories: vocabulary, irony, allusion and in general in the scope of Ghazal. The results of the research show that the poets have carefully thought out and calculated the choice of words, the use of literary arrays, especially allusion and irony, as well as creating themes in sonnets, carefully and carefully to engage the audience's mind. By interpreting the text, make his literary pleasure more and more stable.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects people at risk for trauma. Although its diagnostic features have been reclassified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5), the disorder is characterized by excessive and unwanted trauma reminders as well as the avoidance of trauma reminders. Cognitive patterns and negative moods of this heterogeneity indicate multiple neurological mechanisms in the context of PTSD. Research over the past few decades has shown several potential ways to identify diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD. These include monoadrenergic transmission systems, the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), metabolic, hormonal pathways, inflammatory mechanisms, psychophysiological reactions, and cerebral neural circuits. The present study presents the research literature concerning the most promising biomarkers in diagnosing PTSD with special emphasis on the interaction between neurological effects on disease risk and progression of symptoms. Such biomarkers are likely to be identified by multidimensional models derived from comprehensive descriptions of molecular, neurological, behavioral, and clinical phenotypes.

Post-traumatic stress disorder biomarkers can provide promising horizons for early diagnosis and treatment of the disorder and provide clinicians with tools to make more accurate diagnoses of the disorder. Also, the existing research literature in this field can serve the biological contexts related to PTSD symptoms and future studies' goals.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is recommended as an effective treatment for both major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment‐resistant depression.

According to the possible impact of rTMS on cognitive psychological characteristics, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of rTMS in meta‐worry and neuropsychological functions among MDD patients.

This quasi‐experimental study was conducted on 30 patients with MDDreferring to Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran, in 2019. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (n=15 each).The data collection tools included the Beck Depression Inventory, meta‐worry subscale of the Anxious Thoughts Inventory, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.

The comparison between the two groups showed that the scores of the meta‐worry scale improved after the intervention in patients undergoing rTMS, compared to those in the control group (Z=‐3.41; P=0.002); however, no difference was observed between the two groups in the follow‐up (Z=‐2.02; P=0.053). The assessment of neuropsychological functions among the patients undergoing rTMS and those in the control demonstrated thatneuropsychological functions (i.e., Minimum Spanning Tree, Rapid Visual Information Processing, and Spatial Working Memory) were significantly different immediately after the intervention and in the follow‐up (P<0.05) except for the Difficulty Maintaining Sleep (DMS) subtest. In addition, the mean depression score was significantly differentbetween the two groups (Z=‐4.17; P<0.005). There was a significant relationship between depression and all the subtests of neuropsychological functionsexcept for DMS (P>0.05).

In summary, the results of the current study indicated that the use of rTMS was an effective method inthe improvement of neuropsychological functions except for DMS in patients with depression. However, the obtained findings did not demonstrate the persistent effect of multiple rTMS on meta‐worry.

Language is the house of thought. Feelings, emotions, and thoughts, and all that include in the unconscious mind would manifest through language and by means of linguistic signs. But, what differentiates poetry from ordinary language is the accuracy and elegancy in the selection and composition of discourse elements and syntactic structure which express feelings and emotions in the best way possible. The current research attempts to indicate the most important morphological and syntactic functions of anxiety represented in the poetic language of ForoughFarrokhzad. This research is based on the theoretical framework of chomskyan Generative linguistics with regard to the expression of meaning in syntax and according to psycholinguistic approach. This research has been conducted on fifty poems of Forough among all her poetic works. The results show that the syntax of Forough poetry reflects anxiety due to the selection and composition components of Noun and Verb Phrases, the agreement between components and phrases, the recurrences, and the movements in most cases. Moreover, the lexical categories like Adverbs, Adjectives and Phrases reinforce the resulted Anxiety by the syntactic compositions severely.

The present study aimed to examine the effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) group therapy on anxiety, depression, stress, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) in infertile women receiving In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).

This was a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test/post-test and 3-month follow-up design. The study sample included 30 women with infertility who referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran City, Iran in 2018. We enrolled 30 individuals in the present study. The study samples were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (n=15/group). All study participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) before and after providing the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS.

The current research results revealed a significant difference between the MBSR and control groups in IU, stress, depression, and anxiety. Furthermore, there were significant differences in all dependent variables between pre-test and post-test scores except for IU in the experimental group.

The provided MBSR group therapy could reduce the rate of depression, anxiety, and stress in infertile women receiving IVF; however, it presented no significant effect on IU. In other words, IU may be a complex phenomenon, i.e. amenable to treatment and further studies are required to examine its reasons.

The aim of this study was Comparision of intolerance of uncertainty and difficulties in emotion regulation in individuals with Body Dysmorphic and Social Anxiety. the study design was causal-comparative. using convenient sampling method and G-Power software, 65 people with scores higher than cutoff in SAD questionanire and 65 people with scores higher than cutoff in BDD questionanire were selected from patients who were referred to Otolaryngology clinic of Taleghani Hospital of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. All participants assessed by Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-34), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). Data were analyzed by t-test and analysis of variance tests. results indicated that people with Social Anxiety Disorder experience higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty than BDD people. Also, there was a significant difference between two groups in term of difficulties in emotion regulation. Social Anxiety Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder were different in term of intolerance of uncertainty and difficulties in emotion regulation. This study indicated that Social Anxiety Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder have different features, which is important in the diagnosis and treatment of them.

The purpose of this study was to compare emotion regulation, mindfulness, existential anxiety in patients with cardiovascular diseases and healthy individuals.
In this case-control cross- sectional study, all cardiac patients who had referred to Taleghani hospital in Tehran over the year of 2016 were included. Out of this population, 61 patients with cardiovascular diseases were selected and 63 healthy subjects were selected from among the attendants of the patients. Instruments for collection of data comprised a demographic characteristics questionnaire, Difficult in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), five fact mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) and Existential Anxiety Inventory (EAI). To test the research hypothesis, Mann-Whitney U was used.
There was a significant difference between the two groups, with cardiovascular disease and normal subjects in the emotion regulation, mindfulness and existential anxiety.
Emotion regulation, mindfulness and existential anxiety are psychological factors with a potential impact on cardiovascular diseases and their effect is suggested to be taken into account in such disorders.

The purpose of the study was to determine depression and perceived social support and some related factors among the elderly people in urban areas of Tehran in the area of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 580 elderly of Tehran in Shahid Beheshti University using a multistage systematic sampling method. Data were collected by trained questioners. Standard Beck depression, Zimet perceived social support and demographic questionnaires were used. Analysis was performed by Stata software. Mann–Whitney test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman correlation and descriptive tests were used in this study.
The mean age of participants was 69.66 ± 7.91 years. A total of 67.53% of participants lived only with their spouses; 4.01% were illiterate and 89.69% owned at least one residential home. Health insurance coverage was for 92.38% of elderly. A total of 29.6 and 46.99% of the participants expressed their satisfaction with economic and living status, respectively.
The prevalences of depression in mild, moderate and severe levels were 17.41%, 25.58%, and 8.88%, respectively, and it was 51.87% in average. A total of 72.38% of participants reported their agreement with perceived social support. Kruskal–Wallis test implied that the levels of depression had a significant relationship with perceived social support (P> 0.001). By a correlation test, a negative linear correlation was observed between depression and perceived social support (-0.388). The marital status, home ownership, health insurance, and of life and economic satisfaction showed a significant relationship with both perceived social support and depression variables. Education and depression were significantly related. But, gender and depression did not show any significant relationship. There was no significant relationship between gender and education with perceived social support.
Depression was found to be common in the elderly. There are similar economic and familial factors that are in relation to perceived social support and depression. According to the emotional and economic problems, creating the appropriate economic, cultural and social conditions can provide a healthier environment for the elderly to live in.

Research has shown that aggression is different in men and women. This study examines the role of gender in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and aggression.
The statistical population was 300 students of Kharazmi University in Tehran, which were selected as sample by random multiphasic sampling method. The used instruments were Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) and short form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). In addition to calculating descriptive indicators, the data was analyzed using correlation coefficients; independent t-test and multivariate regression analysis.
The finding of this study suggests that different emotion regulation strategies are related to aggression in women and men. This has implications for clinical practice in the treatment of aggression in women and men.

Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral treatments for emotional disorders are a new approach that empirically supported. Despite this most of the researches in this field have no control group and so there is a little information about comparing of the effect of transdiagnostic approach to others. The current study was compared transdiagnostic with cognitive-behavior therapy on patients with depression and anxiety disorders. This study was a pretest-post test randomized control trial. A diagnostically heterogeneous clinical sample of 23 patients with a principal depression and anxiety disorders that randomly assigned in two groups and participated in eight sessions. Participants were recruited from clinical psychology and psychiatry clinics of Taleghani hospital, Tehran, Iran. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Quality of life Scale (IRQL) were completed pre and post intervention by participants. The results were analyzed by dependent sample t-test and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Data analyses showed that transdiagnostic therapy was effective for decreasing anxiety and depression symptoms, and have more effect for anxiety in comparing to cognitive-behavior therapy. Transdiagnostic therapy was confirmed in decreasing depressive and anxiety symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with depression and anxiety disorders and transdiagnostic therapy was more effective than cognitive-behavior therapy for decrease anxiety symptoms. Transdiagnostic therapy was confirmed in decreasing depressive and anxiety symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with depression and anxiety disorders and transdiagnostic therapy was more effective than cognitive-behavior therapy for decrease anxiety symptoms.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disease. Recently, it has been found that the risk of depression is nearly two fold in diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychoeducational interventions on the levels of depression and blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Of 180 diabetic patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, 60 patients were selected for clinical trial study, and assigned to three groups, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoeducational therapy, and control. The levels of depression and blood sugar were respectively, assessed using Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II) test and HbA1C measurement. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests.

The post-test levels of depression and HbA1C were significantly different among cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoeducational therapy, and control groups (p=0.0001). The Tukey’s test revealed a statistically significant difference in post-test depression between cognitive-behavioral therapy and psycho-educational therapy groups (p=0.0001), and also between cognitive-behavioral therapy and control groups (p=0.0001). There was no significant difference in post-test HbA1C between cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychoeducational therapy groups; however, there were significant differences between the control group and each of the cognitive-behavioral therapy and psycho-educational therapy groups (p=0.0001).

The result of the present study showed that the cognitive-behavioral therapy was successful in the treatment of depression in patients with diabetes type 2.

An important concept for understanding emotional disorders is emotion regulation. The present study focuses on Effectiveness of Transdiagnostic Therapy on emotion regulation strategies of patients with emotional disorders in comparison with cognitive-behavior therapy.
This study was a pretest/posttest randomized control trial. A diagnostically heterogeneous clinical sample of 23 patients with a principal depression and anxiety disorders that randomly assigned in two groups (Transdiagnostic and CBT), and participated in eight sessions. Participants were recruited from clinical psychology and psychiatry clinics of Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) were completed pre and post intervention by participants. The results were analyzed by dependent sample t test and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA).
Transdiagnostic therapy resulted in significant improvement of the effectiveness and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. In addition, it is more effective for anxiety disorders in comparison to cognitive-behavior therapy.
Transdiagnostic treatment was confirmed in decreasing negative affects and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies and improving positive affect and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with depression and anxiety disorders, and was more effective than cognitive-behavior therapy for increased positive effects.

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are among the most important barriers against rehabilitation of such patients. Apply of appropriate drugs for reducing such symptoms and take help from psychosocial treatments, especially social skills training in accompany with other facilities of community psychiatry can play key role in resolution of this problem. In this paper after some discussion about negative symptoms and grasping a better insight about them and their current treatments, we will survey a research as regards the prevalence of such symptoms in one hundred schizophrenic patients hospitalized in Razi psychiatric center and their relation with variables such as age, sex and longitudinal duration of illness. One hundred, randomly chosen, schizophrenic patients, half male and half female, from acute and chronic wards, were estimated with SANS Questionnaire as regards to their negative symptoms. Then, the relation of these findings with aforementioned variables has been surveyed. Prevalence of negative symptoms has been from 86% to 99% and severe ones too from 30% to 55%. No patient was free from such symptoms. As regards to quantity and severity, these percentiles are definitely more than ones which had been printed in Kaplan-Sadock textbook of psychiatry. The most sever ones were in chronic female ward, and the least sever ones in the acute female ward. No statistical relation has found between negative symptoms and age, sex and duration of illness. Extensive prevalence of negative symptoms among schizophrenic patients in this center and their severity show the unfortunate circumstances of such patients and necessitates appropriate therapeutics methods for reducing such symptoms and increasing their capacities for more independent living in family and community.