mehdi kadivar

The saliva and salivary glands of ticks possess a wide range of immuno-pharmacologically active mole-cules that effectively modulate the activity of enzymes, antibodies, and amines that have a role in different biological processes. Derived components from saliva and salivary glands of hard ticks Ixodidae have been characterized as poten-tial natural sources for discovering promising anti-cancer drug candidates.

The anti-cancer activity of salivary gland extracts (SGEs) from Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma drome-darii, Hyalomma marginatum, and Hyalomma schulzei was assessed. MTT assays and flow cytometry were done on the HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line to evaluate the anti-viability and proliferative inhibition.

Based on the MTT assay results, the SGEs from Hy. dromedarii had the highest and lowest substantial anti-viability effects on the HT-29 cancer cell and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) normal cell, respectively. The cytometric assessment revealed a significant increase in the apoptosis and necrosis ratio of the HT-29 cancer cells after treatment with Hy. dromedarii SGEs.

The results demonstrated that Hy. dromedarii SGEs have significant anti-proliferative, anti-viability, and apoptotic potential. The result of this study suggests that Hy. dromedarii SGEs is an appropriate candidate for further investigations to identify and purify the mechanisms and molecules involved in the anti-cancer activity of the SGEs.

The most important component of wheat proteins is gluten, and the most prominent bonds in gluten are disulfide bonds, which bind glutenin subunits. Therefore, oxidizing and reducing agents with great effects on the thiol-disulfide system of the dough can change the mechanical and rheological properties of the dough. Due to the positive effects of ascorbic acid on the properties of the dough, it is used as a flour improver. To weaken the structure of the dough, reducing agents such as cysteine-L can be used, and by adding organic acids, increasing the specific volume and decreasing the moisture, the pH and hardness are observed in comparison with the control. This study is performed to evaluate the effect of adding reducing compounds, vitamin C and organic acids during the conditioning of wheat and their effect on the yield of the resulting pulp.

First, Physical properties of wheat include: specific density, colorimetry, estimation of grain length, width and thickness, grain hardness, hectoliters, 1000-grain weight, grain moisture, degree of extraction were measured for the tested wheat. Moisture, pH, ash, particle size, fat, protein and zeal number tests were performed on wheat flour. From elementary cleaned and weighed wheat, 13 samples of 240 g each were weighed separately and poured into plastic bottles. One sample was conditioned with only 30 ml of distilled water and the other 12 samples were conditioned with the following solutions, respectively:1- Cysteine solution at three levels of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% by weight 2- Citric acid solution in three levels of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% by weight Vitamin C solution in three levels of 100, 150 and 200 ppm 4- solution of 80 ppm vitamin C and 0.1% cysteine, solution of 100 ppm vitamin C and 0.2% cysteine, solution of 120 ppm vitamin C and 0.3% cysteine After 24 hours, the conditioned wheat samples were milled by a laboratory waltz mill, and then subsequent tests including gluten, sulfhydryl-disulfide, glutathione, and solvent retention capacity (SRC) were performed on the samples. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software in a randomized complete block design. Each measurement was performed in at least three replications and the means were compared at 95% confidence level with the least significant difference in LSD.

The results of physical tests on wheat grain and chemical tests on flour obtained by milling  the wheat samples without adding additives during conditioning are presented in tables. The results  of gluten, glutathione, sulfhydryl-disulfide and solvent storage capacity tests on samples of conditioned wheat flours are also presented. Based on the results of gluten and glutathione test, it was shown that ascorbic acid is oxidizing and strengthening the dough, but cysteine is reducing and weakening the dough. Simultaneous addition of cysteine and ascorbic acid strengthened the dough, adding citric acid to certain level strengthened the dough as exhibited in the gluten test. However, byond that level, weakened the dough, but in the glutathione test it was almost ineffective. The results of sulfhydryl-disulfide test showed that increasing the amount of vitamin C at three levels of 100, 150 and 200 ppm increases the number of disulfide bonds, although this increase was not in linear trend, which can be due to the limited number of groups of sulfhydryl with a suitable spatial arrangement for oxidation. Accordingly, the number of sulfhydryl groups is significantly reduced, although it does not reach zero. With the addition of reducing cysteine, the opposite trend was the case, as the number of thiol groups increased, the number of disulfide bonds and bridges decreased. The addition of organic acid had no significant effect on both parameters and showed that the performance of these two variables is independent. By adding both reducing and oxidizing compounds, it was found that the oxidizing effect of vitamin C is far greater than the reducing effect of cysteine. Regarding the solvent retention capacity test performed with 4 solvents of deionized water, 50% sucrose, 5% sodium carbonate and 5% lactic acid, the expected results are that the addition of cysteine has a reducing and weakening effect on the dough, adding vitamin C and cysteine + vitamin C strengthens the dough and the addition of citric acid initially strengthens the dough, but by increasing its level weakens the dough, but this effect is small and can beneglected . The results obtained by comparing the samples conditioned with cysteine, vitamin C, citric acid and cysteine + vitamin C, with the sample conditioned with distilled water in some additive levels matched the expected results, but in some cases did not.

Wheat is the most important sustainable food product for more than a third of the world's population and has more calories and protein than other cereal products in the world diet.The main property that distinguishes it from other products is the unique properties of the resulting dough, which allows it to appear in a variety of breads and other food products such as cakes, biscuits and pasta. These properties in these products depend on the structures and interactions of the grain storage proteins, which together constitute the gluten protein. Lutein is the predominant carotenoid in wheat. Wheat bran and sprouts contain a lot of carotenoids and antioxidant activity compared to endosperm. Lutein along with zeaxanthin is important for human skin and eye health. Heart disease protection may come from whole grains, antioxidants, vitamins, and fiber and minerals. Whole grains are also effective in preventing diabetes. Whole grains appear to protect against heart disease and cancer. Proteins in plant tissue are simple and consist of four main types, including: albumin (soluble in water and dilute buffer), globulins (soluble in salt water) and prolamine (soluble in 90-90% ethanol) and glutlin (soluble in Wheat gluten protein is classically composed of two parts: alcohol-soluble gliadin and alcohol-insoluble glutenin. Glutenins are known as the largest polymers in nature. Wheat proteins can be divided into structural proteins (gluten-free) and storage proteins or (gluten). Structural proteins include albumin, globulin, and amphiphilic. Non-membrane amphiphilic proteins have many effects on grain hardness and rheological properties of dough. Wheat storage proteins are known as prolamins due to their amino acids proline and glutamine. Aqueous salivary secretions act rapidly on the plant cell, first increasing cell respiration and then causing the protoplasm to flow, which is usually due to increased permeability of the cell membrane. They contain soluble amino acids that immediately after secretion on plant materials with the formation of a large number of hydrogen bonds as well as a number of disulfide bonds in the form of gels that gradually become solid. In this study, the effect of extracted protease from aged wheat, protease (serine) has been investigated. The aim of this study was to produce short chain peptides with beneficial functional and therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-hypertension by aged wheat protease. The tests include determination of enzymatic activity, degree of hydrolysi, determination of functional properties such as solubility, antioxidant, emulsification, and solvent retention capacity (SRC). Microstructure of the contaminated seed was also investigated by electron microscopy (SEM) ). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software at 95% confidence level. First, for extraction of aged wheat flour mix 2 gr of flour with 10 cc of 0.2 M acetate buffer with pH = 3.8 and centrifuge for 5 minutes. The supernatant was separated and filtered from a 0.45 microfilter and stored in the freezer. flour enzymatic activity was performed in the first, 5 cc of 0.75% casein solution in which 50 mM hydrodisodium phosphate buffer with pH= 7 is equilibrated for 10 minutes at 37 ° C by pH. Slow addition of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid is adjusted to this substrate. To this substrate a certain volume of enzyme is diluted with 1 cc of active buffer of 30 mM cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate in 6 mM EDTA and diluted in a bath for 10 minutes and water 37 °C is mixed gently. The reaction is then stopped by adding 5 cc of 30% v / v trichloroacetic acid. At room temperature, cool with Whatman 42 filter paper and measure the absorption at 280 nm visible-ultraviolet wavelengths . For hydrolyse degree, First, make an opa reagent that dissolves 3.81 g of disodium tetra borate + 0.1 g of SDS plus 75 cc of distilled water, then dissolve 80 mg of orthophthaldehyde in 2 cc of 96% ethanol and place it on the shaker with a magnet until to be solved. Add 250 microliters of mercaptoethanol to the main container and then increase the volume to 100 with distilled water. The next step is to add 0.5 g of flour in different proportions with the same enzymatic activity plus 10 cc of distilled water and in the control sample we used water instead of enzyme. Then we put the tubes on the shaker for 30 minutes and then centrifuge for 20 minutes at 10,000 rpm and 4 ° C and add 400 μl to 3 ml of opa and then zero with reagent and then absorb at 340 nm. we read.Also, the effect of this protease enzyme on functional properties and creation of free peptides was investigated. It was observed that the enzyme extracted from aged wheat performed better in the creation of free peptides and increased the functional properties such as antioxidant properties and solubility, but the emulsifying properties of healthy flour from flour with aged enzymatic extract increased due to lower hydrolysis of healthy flour than healthy flour with aged enzyme. Wheat SRC was carried out according to AACC no. 11-56 method with two solvents of water and lactic acid, the results of which indicated that by increasing hydrolysis, SRC decreased in lactic acid solvent and was ineffective in water solvent. In addition, electron microscopy (SEM) with a magnification of 100 and 50 μm was observed that in aged wheat, protein structure was degraded compared to healthy wheat and protein cells were partially destroyed. These peptides are very beneficial for human health and are used in food industry and various food products. The results of this study showed that the use of protease enzyme of sunn pest flour wheat enzyme extract in the production of free peptides has worked well and also has been very effective in improving functional properties such as solubility, antioxidants. Continuous innovations in the food industry and their higher quality requirements force the food industry to produce flours with specific functional properties. It seems protease isolated from sunn pest wheat flour might be considered as a suitable source for creating peptides with several advantages. According to the results, it was observed that aged wheat protease is a suitable animal protease for peptides with beneficial health benefits. In this study, it was found that in general, the advantages of age protease are the cheapness and availability of aged wheat and its high hydrolysis.

Milk and dairy products, due to their high nutritional value and consumption by all ages, are an important part of the human diet in many parts of the world. Nitrate and heavy metals contamination of milk is a danger to humans that is much more common in childhood. The Lenjan county in the southwest of Isfahan province and different industries, such as Esfahan Steel Company and Mobarakeh Steel Company, are located around the region. In addition, because of the intensive agricultural activities in this region, dairy products, including raw milk, could be exposed to nitrate and heavy metals pollution. The objective of this study is to investigate the concentration of lead, nitrate, and nitrite in the raw milk of livestock in the Lenjan region. Raw milk sampling was performed in polyethylene containers from 30 farms including industrial, semi-industrial, and traditional units situated in the different parts of the county. Furthermore, eight samples of raw and pasteurized milk from a dairy processing company in the region were collected in four different working days. The vanadium trichloride reduction and graphite furnace atomic absorption methods were used to measure the nitrate and lead concentrations of the samples, respectively. The results demonstrated that the concentration range of nitrate was 0-12.6 with a mean of 1.41 mg/kg; nitrite was 0-3.3 with a mean of 0.11 mg/kg; and lead was 0.006-0.387 with a mean of 0.03 mg/kg. Nitrite and nitrate levels of the samples were less than the standard of Codex (1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). Moreover, the amount of lead in 16.7% of the samples was higher than the world standard (0.002 mg/kg). The risk assessment of lead and nitrate for humans through the consumption of raw milk was in the safety range. Risk factors (THQ) for lead, nitrate, and nitrite were 0.14, 0.01, and 0.0, respectively. However, monitoring of various contaminants in dairy products in the areas, which are at high risk of contamination, seems to be necessary.

Bioactive peptides are special protein components that have a significant effect on human body function. In this study, the effect of proteins and peptides resulting from the hydrolysis of amaranth proteins (total protein, albumin, and globulin) at levels 1 to 5% and different hydrolysis times (0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5 hours) on The properties of sourdough and the quality of bread were investigated. The results showed that the peptides obtained by hydrolysis of total amaranth protein in 3 hours had the greatest effect on the growth of Lactobacillus Plantarum (PTCC 1896) (11.40 Log CFU / mL) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PTCC 5052)  (8.32 Log CFU / mL) in vitro. These microbes are the main flora of sourdough and different amounts of peptides on their growth were statistically significant compared to the control sample. The titratable acidity and pH ‌ after 16 hours of fermentation at 30 ° C in the wet dough containing 5% peptide were 13.33 mL NaOH and 4.6, respectively, which was higher than other treatments. The highest amount of water activity, specific volume, titratable acidity, and the lowest enthalpy in bread was prepared from sourdough containing 3% peptide. Therefore, bread made from sourdough containing 3% peptides was selected as the best treatment to increase the quality of bread.

Homeobox C8 (Hoxc8) and Homeobox C9 (Hoxc9) are homeoproteins involving in white adipose tissue development. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on gene expression of Hoxc8 and Hoxc9 gene in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). For this, 16 wistar rats (5 weeks old; an average of 210 gram) were divided into two groups included: 1) Control (n=8) and 2) Endurance Training (n=8). The subjects of training group underwent continues endurance training (by average speed of 25 m/min; by average duration of 25 min) on treadmill for eight weeks (5 session pre week). To measure of gene expression of subcutaneous tissue were used the Real Time (RT) –PCR method. Data showed that gene expression of UCP1 was significantly higher in trained group than control (P=0.018). However, the gene expression of Hoxc8 and Hoxc9 were not significantly different between trained and control groups (Phoxc8=0.36; Phoxc9=0.52). The results of this study showed that the endurance training did not change the gene expression of Hoxc8 and Hoxc9 in subcutaneous WAT, probably suggesting that the endurance training could not change the feature of white adipose tissue with respect to whitening and browning of WAT.

‎The maximum clique problem (MCP) is to determine a complete subgraph of maximum cardinality in a graph‎. ‎MCP is a fundamental problem in combinatorial optimization and is noticeable for its wide range of applications‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎we present two branch-and-bound exact algorithms for finding a maximum clique in an undirected graph‎. ‎Many efficient exact branch and bound maximum clique algorithms use approximate coloring to compute an upper bound on the clique number but‎, ‎as a new pruning strategy‎, ‎we show that local core number is more efficient‎. ‎Moreover‎, ‎instead of neighbors set of a vertex‎, ‎our search area is restricted to a subset of the set in each subproblem which speeds up clique finding process‎. ‎This subset is based on the core of the vertices of a given graph‎. ‎We improved the MCQ and MaxCliqueDyn algorithms with respect to the new pruning strategy and search area restriction‎. ‎Experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithms outperform the previous well-known algorithms for many instances when applied to DIMACS benchmark and random graphs‎.

Since the dietary fiber has an important role in human nutrition, Incorporation of fibers into bread can compensate for its shortcomings and change it into functional food. Dietary fibers enhance the nutritional value of bread; however, they change the rheological properties of the dough, thus altering the final product quality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the addition of zucchini powder in different levels of 5%, 10% and 15% to flour, on the rheological properties of the dough as well as physicochemical and sensory properties of bread. In this study, zucchini slices were dried in a hot-air dryer until reaching 9% moisture content. The zucchini powder was prepared and added to wheat flour in different amounts. Rheological properties were measured for each treatment using a Farinograph instrument. The extensibility and tensile strength of the dough in addition to the bread texture were evaluated using a texture analyzer to investigate the bread staling during 72 h. The color of bread was evaluated by measuring L*, a*, and b* Hunter lab color parameters. The 5-point hedonic scale was used to assess the quality of the bread samples. By increasing the zucchini powder percentage, the amount of ash and fiber increased. As the zucchini powder content increased, the water content absorption slightly decreased, however, the stability and quality index of the dough increased. The zucchini powder caused an increase in the dough extensibility and tensile strength. The redness (a* parameter) of bread which was fortified with zucchini powder decreased with increasing zucchini powder. Treated bread texture was softer than the control while the staling rate increased. Sensory evaluation showed that bread containing zucchini powder has higher overall acceptance than the control sample.

The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on expression of miR-196a and miR-133a and UCP-1 in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). Sixteen wistar rats were divided into two groups included: 1) Control (n=8) and 2) Endurance Training (n=8). The subjects of training group underwent continues endurance training
on treadmill for eight weeks. The gene expression of target genes was measured by Real Time–PCR method. Data showed that gene expression of UCP1 was significantly higher in trained group than control (P<0.05). However, the expression of miR-196a and miR-133a were not significantly different
between trained and control groups (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that the endurance training despite the increase in the UCP1 expression, did not change the expression of miR-196a and miR-133a in subcutaneous WAT, indicating that the increase of UCP1 expression occurred by the endurance training did not correspond to change of miR-196a and miR-133a expression induced by the endurance training.

The aim of this study was to prepare tortilla from oat flour and optimize the physical quality of the resulting product. Inactivated the lipase and peroxidase enzymes in the oat grains were processed during thermal process operation to prevent lipid rancidity and the oat flour was prepared. At the next stage, tortilla was prepared from oat flour.To improve the texture of tortilla, whey, gluten and mono di glyceride isolates were added to oat flour. The effect of the additives was investigated during tissue stress, fragility resistance and colorimetry tests. According to the results,with increasing gluten level, the fragility resistance of the produced sample was increased.Also, with an increase in the dough baking temperature of 140 to 160 degrees Celsius, the brightness of the produced sample was reduced. Then, the produced samples were compared with two commercial samples of "Pringles" and "Tordilla",which were prepared from maize flour,and chemical compounds, texture meter,amino acid content,colorimetry and organoleptic characteristics were studied. According to the results obtained at 5% level, the Tortilla from oat showed no significant difference in terms of the texture and color quality with the two commercial samples of Pringles and Tordilla as well as had higher essential amino acids, low fat and high quality protein content.Also,the tortilla and two commercial samples of  Pringles and Tordilla were evaluated by the assessors in terms of the indicators of crispiness, color, flavor and taste,which had a significant difference at the level of 5%, so that the highest score was for Pringles, Tortilla and Tordilla, respectively.

Temperature and photoperiod affect on the growth and biomass of microalgae. In this study, combined effects of different temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) and different photoperiods (8L:16D, 12L:12D and 16L:8D) on the density, specific growth rate (SGR), doubling time (Dt) and biomass of freshwater green microalgae Scenedesmus quadricauda were investigated. The experiment was carried out as completely randomized design in Bold Basal,s Medium (BBM) for 16 days. Results showed that density, specific growth rate, doubling time and biomass are significant differences among treatments (P

Bread is a porous product with spongy texture. Given the importance of bread dough porosity distribution in terms of the impact on thermal conductivity that is important in the baking step and on the other hand its direct connection with leavening and dough volume changes, evaluation of porosity in bread dough is recognized as a necessity and has been chosen as the basis of this research. Among the methods used to evaluate porosity, the imagine method by using CT-scan and image processing was taken. To do so, three operational steps were carried out: 1. Preparation of bread dough with specific formulation and set condition. 2. Imaging of the fermenting dough by CT-scan in the four times (35, 70, 90 and 160 minutes). 3. Quantitative and qualitative calculation of porosity distribution during the fermentation time and position of cross-section-examined in the dough (Lateral, medial and central) and also evaluation of porosity distribution pattern in each section of dough. Mentioned parameters were obtained through the implementation of image processing techniques on CT-scan images and final results were able to interpret and compare. The results showed that the porosity alterations during the elapsed fermentation time have ascending slope and consequently rising proceeding. The distribution and continuity of porosity in the central sections were more than lateral and medial ones. Indeed porosity distribution near dough crust is minimal whereas close to the center rises and in the center of the dough reaches to its maximum. Pores distribution in each section was further concentrated in the bottom of the dough. Considering the images, growing and distribution of the porosity always start at dough base and grow upward. However, at the end, both mentioned porous parts joined and uniform porous structure was formed.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have emerged as a potential therapy for various inflammatory diseases. Because of some limitations, several recent studies have suggested the use of embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs (ESC-MSCs) as an alternative for BM-MSCs. Some of the therapeutic effects of the ESC-MSCs are related to the secretion of a broad array of cytokines and growth factors, known as secretome. Harnessing this secretome for therapeutic applications requires the optimization of production of secretary molecules. It has been shown that aggregation of MSCs into 3D spheroids, as a preconditioning strategy, can enhance immunomodulatory potential of such cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of secretome derived from human ESC-MSCs (hESC-MSCs) spheroids on secretion of IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
In the present study, after immunophenotyping and considering mesodermal differentiation of hESC-MSCs, the cells were non-adherently grown to prepare 3D aggregates, and then conditioned medium or secretome was extracted from the cultures. Afterwards, the anti-inflammatory effects of the secretome were assessed in an in vitro model of inflammation.
Results from this study showed that aggregate-prepared secretome from hESC-MSCs was able to significantly decrease the secretion of TNF-α (301.7 ± 5.906, p Our study indicated that cell aggregation can be an appropriate strategy to increase immunomodulatory characteristics of hESC-MSCs.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a multigenic endocrine disorder, is highly associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, however its etiology remains unclear. In this study, we employed dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-treated mice to reveal the molecular mechanism of inflammation and its correlation with oxidative stress in PCOS patients.
miR-21 and miR-146a expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). DNA strand breakage frequency was measured using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay (comet assay) and micronucleus test (MN). CRP levels were measured by ELISA method and ESR values were measured by means of Micro-Dispette (Fisher No: 02-675-256) tubes according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS 21.0 software.
Our results showed that miR-21 and miR-146a as inflammation markers were upregulated in the sample group in comparison with control group. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C- reactive protein (CRP) levels were also increased in mouse models of PCOS (p To conclude, increased DNA strand breakage frequency and increased expression levels of miR-21 and miR-146a in DHEA administrated animals suggest that low grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress can act as the main etiologies of PCOS.

Targeting transgene carriers and vectors to individual cells and tissues is one of the most important goals of gene therapy. Bacteriophages are of appropriate transgene carriers and there are different methods for their targeting to target cells. Present study reports preparation of targeted M13-based bacteriophage particles by a chemical coupling strategy.

First, the pCMV-Script-GFP construct was produced via in vivo excision protocol from GFP Phage particles using ExAssist helper phage and XLOLR as specific host. Then, M13 phage particles bearing GFP (M13-GFP) were obtained by single stranded rescue using R408 helper phage. The human holotransferrin molecules were then coupled to the surface of phage particles by reductive amination chemistry. Transferrin molecules bind to the surface of phage particles were studied by phage-ELISA.

Phage-ELISA tests showed that holotransferrin molecules were coupled to the surface of M13 phage particles in a correct way and the transferrin-targgeted M13 phage particles were prepared. Further analysis showed that about 485 transferrin molecules coupled per phage particle.

The results show that chemical coupling might be considered as a suitable strategy for targeting of M13 particles via coupling of targeting molecules in high density to the phage surface.

ýWe give an algorithmý, ýcalled T ∗ý, ýfor finding the k shortest simple paths connecting a certainý ýpair of nodesý, ýs and t ý, ýin a acyclic digraphý. ýFirst the nodes of the graph are labeled according to the topological orderingý. ýThen for node i an ordered list of simple s−i paths is createdý. ýThe length of the list is at most k and it is created by using tournament treesý. ýWe prove the correctness of T∗ and show that its worst-case complexity is O(m鉹梁) in which n is the number of nodes and m is the number of arcs and d ¯ is the mean degree of the graphý. ýThe algorithm has a space complexity of O(kn) which entails an important improvement in space complexityý. ýAn experimental evaluation of T ∗ is presented which confirms the advantage of our algorithm compared to theý ýmostefficient k shortest paths algorithms known so farý.

The studies about the effect of exercise training on expression of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP-1) in different adipose depots were few. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks endurance training on expression of this gene in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of wistar rats. 20 rats were purchased, and were divided randomly into two groups included: 1) Control (n=10) and 2) Endurance Training (n=10). After two weeks of acclimatization with Environment, the subjects of training group underwent continues endurance training on treadmill for eight weeks. After training program, rats were euthanized under an intraperitoneal injection of xylazin-ketamine and retroperitoneal adipose tissue were quickly dissected out and frozen. The Syber Green Real Time (RT) –PCR method were used to measure the gene expression of UCP-1.Data showed that the gene expression ration of UCP-1 was significantly higher in trained group than control (P<0.05, 3.11±1.28 v.s 1.00) and Body weight (290±6.60 v.s 310±5.05) and body mass index (0.54±0.02 v.s 0.60±0.01) were significantly lower in trained group than control (P<0.05). Long term Endurance exercise training slightly lead to decrease of weight loss and body mass index, to increase of expression of thermogenin protein namely UCP-1 (a main marker of browning of white adipose tissue). In this regard, exercise training has additional and different effect in increasing energy expenditure and probably plays a role in weight loss through the changing of gene expression pattern.

One of the most important stimuli in stem cell biology is oxygen. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays a crucial role in the migration and homing of stem cells. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were exposed to 1% oxygen to investigate the effect of acute hypoxia on CXCR4 gene expression.

MSCs were isolated from C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow and were identified and expanded in normoxic culture. Cells were incubated at 37°C under 1% hypoxic conditions for periods of 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. After hypoxia preconditioning, the cells were placed in normoxic condition for 8 h to achieve cellular hypoxia-reoxygenation. To assess the level of CXC R4 gene expression, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was carried out for each group.

Data from statistical analysis illustrated that exposure of MSCs to acute hypoxic condition down-regulates CXCR4 expression with the maximum under-expression observed in 4 h (0.91 ± 0.107) and 8 h (50 ± 2.98) groups. Moreover, the relative gene expression of CXCR4 was decreased after hypoxia-reoxygenation by more than 80% in 4 h (0.136 ± 0.018) and 24 h (12.77 ± 0.707) groups.

The results suggest that CXCR4 expression in MSCs decreases upon acute hypoxic stress. Furthermore, hypoxia-reoxygenated MSCs showed decreased expression of CXCR4, compared to cells subjected to acute hypoxia. This difference could have resulted from the cells being compatible with low oxygen metabolism. In summary, before the therapeutic application of MSCs, it should be regarded as a necessity to optimize the oxygen concentration in these cells, as it is a critical factor in modulating CXCR4 expression.

The aim of this study was to investigate relation between H-ras T81C polymorphism and some of the important risk factors in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA). GA is one of the leading causes of cancer death in most countries. RAS gene is an important member in the PI3K-AKT signaling and the single nucleotide polymorphism at H-rasc DNA position 81 has been demonstrated has an important role in tumor genesis.Patients and In this study, we carried out single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis in an Iranian population. A total of 100 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and 100 controls were examined for the presence of T81C H-ras polymorphism using PCR- RFLP assay. Statistical analysis revealed no relationship significant between TT, TC, CC and risk of GA, but, there was a poorly relation between male patient with C-carrier genotype and increasing risk of GA (P=0.07). Also, we investigate effect of four important risk factors for GA. There was a statistically significant difference between increasing of age and susceptibility for GA (OR=1.106, 95%CI=1.073-1.139, P<0.001). We observed a statistically significant between smoking and T81C polymorphism C-carrier genotypes (OR=3.98, 95%CI=1.831-8.68, P<0.001) as this individual had three-time risk for GA. We did not show a significant association between three main genotypes and H. pylori infection for risk of GA. These results suggested that there is no relationship between T81C-HRAS polymorphism and gastric cancer risk in Iranian patients. But, gender (male in our study) and the other risk factor described above have an important role in developing of GA.

Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare lesions with uncertain histopathology. One of the major signaling pathways that participate in the development of several tumors is protein kinase A. In this pathway, glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB3) are two genes which are supposed to be down regulated in most human tumors. The expression level of the genes was evaluated in SGT to scrutinize their possible under expression in these tumors.

Forty eight fresh tissue samples were obtained from patients with benign and malignant SGT, including pleomorphic adenoma, warthin’s tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), salivary duct carcinoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Eight normal samples were used as controls. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression level of interest genes.

Data was analyzed by statistical methods. GSK3β was downregulate in all samples and all results were statistically significant (P<0.05). CREB3 did not show a significant decrease or increase in its mRNA expression, but the results were significant in MEC and salivary duct carcinoma.

GSK3β down regulation has been reported in many human tumors. This gene stimulates CREB3, inducing cell proliferation and oncogenesis. Our findings showed GSK3β down regulation; however, CREB3 expression level was close to normal group. No association between CREB3 expression and inactivated GSK3β could be postulated in SGT.

Increased pressure of oxygen in cell culture condition in comparison with in vivo, leads to changes in expression of some genes and subsequently abnormality in some functions of cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in vitro %1 acute hypoxia on the expression of connexin 43 and CXCR4 in human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. After culturing, a group of stem cells were treated under %1 acute hypoxia for 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours. In another group (Hypoxia/Re-oxygenation), the cells were exposed to normoxia condition for 8 hours following mentioned hypoxia treatment. In each case, RNA was extracted and subsequently cDNA synthesised and then the expression of connexin 43 and CXCR4 genes were compared with normoxia group using real-time PCR technique. Connexin 43 gene expression significantly increased at 4, 8 and 16 hours of hypoxia. This increase in CXCR4 expression was observed in only 16 hours hypoxia. In Hypoxia/Re-oxygenation group, although Connexin 43 gene expression was greatly increased at 4 and 8 hours, CXCR4 gene expression showed no significant change compared with normoxia group. Based on these results, O2 concentration, time of exposure to O2 and and type of it's administration play important roles in the expression of CXCR4 and Connexin 43 in human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regarding the main role of oxygen in expression of these genes, it would be necessary to optimise the O2 concentration to reach the maximum expression in each gene in these cells.

Significant progress has been made in treatment of hemophilia. Exvivo gene therapy is going popular due to the capability of this method in using isogenic cells for genetic manipulation and reintroducing them into same host after proliferation. Most gene therapy techniques use viral vectors, which usually harbor a strong and non-specific promoter (e.g. CMV early promoter) for driving the downstream gene. This may be a disadvantage due to uncontrollable nature of gene expression. In addition, considering the potentials of recently introduced stem cells as reservoirs and their potential to differentiate to other cell lines, uncontrolled expression may have unknown outcomes. To make gene therapy of hemophilia more resembling to the nature, we supposed f8 promoter might be a good candidate for driving downstream f8 coding sequence. To test our hypothesis, we designed and constructed a DNA construct by PCR, which harbors EGFP coding sequence downstream to mouse f8 promoter and transfected it to a mouse hepatoma cell line. Transfection was assayed qualitatively by fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescence was detected in transfected cells a sign of presence of EGFP. f8 promoter can drive expression of downstream genes, a capability which and may have potential to be used in gene therapy of hemophilia. A conclusion that should be examined by further studies.

Considering the importance of cell migration in cell therapy protocols and the necessity to understand this issue better. This study was administred to evaluate the homing possibility of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells in the irradiated and non-irradiated rats’ bone marrow. Human umbilical cord blood was collected and after isolation and cell counting, 5 × 10 6 cells were injected to tail veins of 13 groups (1 healthy and 12 irradiated group) of adult rats. In defined time gaps after injection, transplanted rats were sacrificed and their bone marrow cells were collected. Then, the DNA of these collected cells was extracted and was amplified by PCR using specific primers for human STS. Finally, PCR products were analyzed on gel electrophoresis. PCR results for irradiated and non-irradiated rats in all groups were negative which implied that human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells did not home in bone marrow of transplanted rats. Our results suggest that human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells are unable to home in rat's bone marrow after intra-venous injection. This might be the result of trapping of cells into other organs or unknown conditions of cells physiology for migration and homing.

The aim of this study was optimization of the PolyFect gene delivery method of pcDNA3.1 expression vector transfected with the mouse pdx-1 gene in three different kinds of mesenchymal stem cells and Hepa cells as well as comparison of transfection efficiency leading to expression of the mentioned gene in the cell types used. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, C57 mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, human synovium derived mesenchymal stem cells and Hepa cells were used in this study. After culturing of the mentioned cells, mouse pdx-1 gene were transfected into them using the Qiagen PolyFect kit. 72 hours later, the cells were treated with anti-mouse Pdx-1 antibody and immunocytochemically analyzed using a fluorescent inverted microscope. Transfection conditions were optimized in each of these cells by changing different lipofection parameters such as DNA concentration, PolyFect reagent concentration and cell density. The results demonstrated that for transfection of these cells, the best concentrations of DNA and PolyFect reagent are 400 ng/µL and 6000 ng/µL respectively. For maximum transfection efficiency, the best cell density in 12-well plates was 105 cells in Hepa cells, 1.3×105 cells in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, 1.5×105 cells in human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells and 105 cells in C57 mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Under the mentioned optimized conditions, the maximum efficiency of transfection was determined to be 50% for Hepa cells, 40% for rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, 21% for human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells and 10% for C57 mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. These findings implicate that the most important factor extremely influencing transfection efficiency in mesenchymal stem cells is the cell derivation origin. Results of this study can be used in basic and clinical studies dealing with gene therapy in mesenchymal stem cells.

Considering the increasing use of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from various sources in the clinic, the basic studies needed to evaluate proliferation, differentiation and other biological characteristics of them done. In the present study, efficiency and power differentiation in five different categories mesenchymal stem cells are compared with each other. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rabbits, rats, C57 mice, chicken and mesenchymal stem cells derived from human knee synovium tissue were cultured with a density of 5000 cells/cm2 in 12-chamber dishes. After the cells reached the appropriate level of growth, specific differentiation inducers were added. 21 days later, differentiation of all stem cells to adipocyte, osteocyte and chondrocyte were evaluated and compared using specific staining methods. Our results indicated that all five mesenchymal stem cells were able to differentiate into osteocyte, adipocyte and chondrocyte. Moreover, the highest potentials for differentiation to adipocyte and osteocyte and chondrocyte were seen in mesenchymal stem cells derived from chicken bone marrow and human synovium, respectively. In this study, differences in the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from different tissues and species were observed that could be caused by small differences in their environment in vivo. Understanding these differences can lead to more effective use of these cells in the clinic.