فهرست مطالب mohammad dabir moghaddam

The language of the Zoroastrian religious minority (Behdinan) in Yazd features a notable role for pronominal clitics to play in the agreement system of this Iranian language, now described as “definitely endangered” by the UNESCO. Drawing on findings of language typology, the present study takes a closer look at the pronominal clitics and the syntactic roles they assume in Behdinani. To this end, this study makes use of available books and written materials which investigate and record samples of the language in question as well as consultation and specimens provided by speakers of Behdinani. Factors such as tense, transitivity and modality as well as manifestation of direct/indirect object as pronominal elements determine and shape agreement system in the language of Zoroastrians in Yazd. This research finds four of the five patterns introduced by Comrie (1978) and elaborated on in Dabir-Moghaddam (2013a) in the agreement system of Behdinani language.

This study aims to find the most suitable type of oral narrative for assessing the transitivity system used by hearing-impaired students studying in ordinary schools with their hearing counterparts.

Three types of oral narratives, including personal narration, storytelling, and story improvisation were collected. The participants were eighteen hearing-impaired students (selected as an available sample) along with eighteen hearing students. Oral narratives were transcribed and analyzed using Halliday's transitivity system framework. And data analysis was carried out using SPSS 26 and based on the normality of the data in each of the transitivity indicators, two-independent samples t-tests and U Mann-Whitney tests were conducted.

Findings revealed that all three types of oral narratives of hearing-impaired students contained transitivity indicators lower than average, this difference was significant for processes (p=0.047) and participants (p=0.029) in improvisation, and for circumstances only in Personal narrative (p=041). However, in the total three types of narratives, the median difference between the two groups is significant in all transitivity indices (p= 0.24, p=0.022, and p=0.001 for processes, participants, and circumstances respectively).

In light of the results of this research, the storytelling task, which is the most widely used form of assessment in communication disorders, cannot capture the narrative weaknesses of hearing-impaired students enrolled in regular schools, and it is necessary to use more spontaneous narrative tasks such as personal narration and improvisation of narrative in evaluating and rehabilitating these children.

The emergence and spread of the new coronavirus known as COVID-19, which has affected various aspects of life in human societies since early 2020, has also been widely reflected in various media around the world and has led to the emergence of discourses, a significant portion of which is based on metaphor. Our aim in this research is to examine the role of conceptual metaphors in creating a culture of fear in the discourse surrounding the coronavirus with a cognitive and critical approach. The research, based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff, 1993; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999) and within the framework of critical metaphor analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004), seeks to answer two fundamental questions: 1. How do metaphors contribute to the formation of a culture of fear regarding the coronavirus? 2. What function do metaphors play in shaping COVID-19 discourse and the culture of fear?Since the appearance of COVID-19 and its global spread, studies have been conducted on various dimensions of the disease. Linguistic researchers have also studied the conceptualization of the disease and its reflection in media. Mozaheb and Shahiditabar (2020) have found that the most common source domains used in Iranian online media for conceptualizing the coronavirus are: enemy, barrier, path, movement, crisis, fortress, physical experiences, and body parts. Yalsharzeh and Monsefi (2020) have found that the Ministry of Health in Iran has used Concepts based on the religious-revolutionary ideology and the Iran-Iraq war to confront the coronavirus. Javid and Rahimian (2021) have examined the differences in the metaphorical conceptualization of the coronavirus in the headlines of two Iranian newspapers, Etemad and Iran, and found that metaphorical domains such as vehicle, human, animal, disaster, obstacle, sword, object, commodity, competition, living being, force, place, war, event, game, and opportunity were common in both newspapers. At the global level, numerous studies have been conducted on the linguistic dimensions of the coronavirus discourse. Wicke and Bolognesi (2020) have examined the conceptualization of the coronavirus and the discussion of its pandemic on Twitter and found that the words and terms related to the "war" conceptual domain play a significant role in shaping the discourse of the coronavirus. Chaiuk and Dunaievska (2020) have shown that British newspapers, using metaphorical interpretations, have depicted the coronavirus as a deadly creature which is approaching Britain and will engulf the country like a tsunami.

The research data consists of excerpts from the titles or texts of news published on the Hamshahri newspaper's website during a four-month period from the beginning of February 2020 to the end of June 2020, in which the coronavirus has been conceptualized by war metaphors. These metaphorical expressions, obtained through keyword search (such as corona, COVID, COVID-19, virus, pandemic), amount to 350 cases and have been analyzed based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) and within the framework of critical metaphor analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004).

The research findings indicate that the conceptual domain of war is one of the most commonly used metaphorical domains to describe the coronavirus. In the discourse of the Hamshahri newspaper, the conceptual metaphor ‘corona is the enemy’ has played a central and fundamental role in conceptualizing the coronavirus and related issues and events. This conceptual metaphor entails multiple metaphorical implications, including the following:- Medical centers are the front line of the war against the enemy; Medical staff (doctors, nurses, etc.) are the soldiers (fighters, warriors); The highest responsible authority is the commander of the war;Medical interventions and activities are military operations;  Recovery from the coronavirus is defeating the enemy.

In response to the first question, it must be said that metaphors always highlight some aspects of reality while hide others. What is highlighted in the metaphors of war is the critical nature of the conditions and the intensity of the existential damage that is inflicted on society. Additionally, the necessity of unity and earnest effort to combat the disease is another aspect that is highlighted in this metaphor. Therefore, war metaphors make the audience feel so fearful and anxious that they perceive their ordinary and daily life as a dangerous battle with a deadly enemy, which they may encounter at any time and place.In response to the second question, it should be noted that war metaphors have both cognitive and persuasive functions and, in addition to rationality, they influence the emotions of the audience. The metaphor 'Coronavirus is the enemy' uses various concepts from the war domain, which is a familiar and experienced concept for Iranians, and by employing religious elements that are also prevalent in the discourse of imposed war (such as martyrdom, sacrifice, jihad), it serves the dual functions of argumentation and emotion, accompanying the rationality and emotions of the audience.

Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects its patients' cognitive functions and different levels of language. Discourse is one of these levels that is severely affected by this disease. In this research, 11 schizophrenic patients and 11 healthy individuals were compared using the interpersonal metafunction in Halliday’s systemic functional grammar. To collect data, we used The Persian Aphasia Battery, Western Aphasia Battery, Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, the story “Frog, where are you?” and questions such as “tell one of your good and bad memory, talk about Nowruz, etc.”. We employed SPSS software to analyze the data.  The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the speech of patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy people in terms of the use of items such as polarity, modality, past and present tenses, declarative, WH-interrogatives and imperative speech functions, subject, complement and circumstantial adjuncts. However, no significant difference was found in the use of future tense, yes/no interrogatives and suggestion speech functions. According to the findings of this research and in line with previous studies, interpersonal speech systems can be used to provide a profile of the intensity of emotional and social disorders and incoherent speech in schizophrenic patients.

In the present study, the subject of “passive voice in Persian language” has been analyzed and studied in a minimalist approach Bowers (2010; 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program, in which the shortcomings of the previous theories have been eliminated and the most important achievement is to provide the universal order of merge; An arrangement that, according to Bowers, can be used to organize the merge process in different languages. In this article, with reference to the linguistic data extracted from “the corpus of syntactic dependency of Persian language”, while showing how this universal order of merge works; we will examine a part of the corpus with the label “passive sentences”. Also, by using Bowers’ latest theoretical framework, which is also effective in Persian, we analyze the active constructions that are present in the corpus as a passive sentence. Determining the syntactic position of noun phrases according to their distinct semantic roles, the position of by-phrase in passive sentences, examining the floating quantifier category and differentiating in the way of merging of predicate sentences and passive sentences in Persian are the results of this research in the framework of the minimalist program.

This research tried to investigate a specific case of pronominal enclitic (eš/aš) in colloquial Persian based on functional approach. Two novels including a total of 56,500 words and the data on the internet were used as corpus. A corpus of 110 sentences with the desired structure were extracted. The investigation revealed that the reference of pronominal enclitic is the common and assumed knowledge of interlocutors which might be represented as a proposition in the discourse or activated by an element in the language. The pronominal enclitic is structurally a presupposition trigger and adjuncts (rastaš, haqiqataš, vaqeiataš) are discourse markers. The reference enclitic holds old information and is a specified definite. The predicate following enclitic holds new information and is a specified indefinite. This predicate contains focal information. The third person singular enclitic appears both as an adjunct and as a clause at the beginning of the sentence and can be omitted. Their semantic and pragmatic function is truth assertion.

The Pashto language is classified as a (subject-object-verb) or (SOV) language, and it is one of the post-position languages. This language is lexical-based in independent, coordinating, and dependent clauses (subject-object-verb). Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan and even in India. It is the official and national language of Afghanistan. Most people of Afghanistan speaks Pashto. The aim of the present research is to present an analysis of the Aspect system in Pashto language. The method adopted in this article is based on Smith's (1997) bipartite theory. In this regard, a wide body of simple and compound verbs will be analyzed to analyze the types of situational Aspect in Pashto language. The main questions of research are how the Aspect is represented in Pashto language and what are its characteristics. The results of research show that there are five types of situational expressions in this dialect which both indicate external events and are dependent to syntactic calculations. Pashto language has perfective and non-perfective aspect in past and present tenses. Aspect which is called “aṛx” in Pashto, is internal time of Verb and Show perfective and non-perfectives of an action. In Pashto language the aspect is shown with affixes and accent transfer of syllables.

In this article, the agreement and case systems of Pashto (the Standard dialect of Afghanistan) were examined with the purpose of determining its typological features. To achieve this goal, a grammatical study of agreement and case systems was performed, and the role of these two systems in determining the type of Pashto language was examined. The Pashto language has both agreement and case systems. According to the agreement and case systems in the non-past tense, Pashto is known as a nominative-accusative language. However, in the past tense, due to the agreement and case systems, it is called ergative -absolutive. Therefore, the Pashto language is neither completely nominative-accusative nor unanimously ergative -absolutive. Languages that have such a feature are called split type. in compound verbs, three types of agreement were introduced, including the agreement of the compound verb with the subject, agreement of the compound verb with the object, and simultaneous agreement of the compound verb with both subject and object. This type of agreement was detected in the future tense, present perfect imperative verbs, as well as interrogative, exclamatory, and vocative verbs in the present perfect tense.

Causative constructs are one of the most important issues in language that have a fundamental role in the human mental system in all languages ​​of the world. In this article, the Causative structure of the Pashai language is investigated. Syntactically and semantically causative constructions constitute the scope of this article. Although causative construction has been described and interpreted in different ways in the languages ​​of the world, but has not been attention to this issue in the language of Pashai. The general purpose of this research is to explain the causative constructs in the language of Pashai.. The framework of this research is according to the article on the Causative structure Persian language of Dabir Moghaddam (1988/2020), which is published in the Journal of Linguistics. The pashai text of this research uses the North American phonetic alphabet.

The present study intends to examine how political discourse employs nominalization to describe events and occurrences and for what specific purposes. The research aims to explore how actions and reactions are foregrounded and backgrounded in the ideological representation of texts. To achieve this goal, the speeches of the ex-presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States, subsequent to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, have been selected for critical discourse analysis.The first stage of data analysis involves identifying and analyzing 508 clauses. The second phase examines the use of nominalization metaphors in the coverage of developments surrounding the nuclear agreement during the period from the US withdrawal from the agreement to Iran's fifth step in reducing its JCPOA commitments. To demonstrate the role of nominalization in the various representations of a single event in rival discourse media, two domestic and two foreign media outlets are examined. The data in this section also includes eight news titles from the above-mentioned media outlets in five specific time periods, in which a significant development surrounding the JCPOA has taken place. The results indicate that nominalization metaphors are not used to eliminate the agent from the center of attention, but rather to highlight their own actions. Rival discourses use these highlights to elicit their own desired meaning to the audience, both in the arrangement of the speeches of the two presidents and in the coverage of political developments surrounding the nuclear agreement by the media.

Abstract All languages in the world have conditional sentences that behave differently in the conditioning process. That is, the classification of conditional construction has been done in different ways in languages. Conditional construction are linguistic expressions consisting of dependent clause and base clause, one of which is called condition clause and the other is result clause. The subject of this article, according on the typological approach, examines the structural features of condition clauses and linkers of condition in the language of Pashai in the Pashai language, the common pattern conditioning is coming/Ɂæɟæ/linker namely//Ɂæɟær /in Persian, but there is other linker words that form conditional sentences in the language of the Pashai. The first part of the article examines the unmarked construction of conditional sentences in Pashai language And in the second part, will be discussed the about the marked conditional sentences, it means lexical and semantic, The data presented in this article is like this, the text of Pashai language become phonetic, the examples has also been translated.

The purpose of the present research is to study consonant adjacency restrictions at the derivation boundary in Persian words. This research shows that to what extent consonant adjacency can be affected by place of articulation, manner of articulation and voice feature. In this research 1362 derivative words with consonant sequence are extracted from Moshiri dictionary (1388). The frequency of sequences and the frequency of each consonant in each of the places in sequence is presented. The results show that consonants are appeared in consonant sequences with a significant difference in frequency. Fricative- nonfricative sequences have the most frequency and nasal-nasal sequences have the least frequency. Comparing the frequency of consonants in first and second placement in sequence shows that all 23 consonants in Persian can appear at the first place in sequence in derivation boundary but only 12 consonants can appear at the second placement. Of the 198 types of sequences, 54% are the same in the respect of voice feature, while 46% are different in that respect. So the tendency towards voice homogeneity feature is slightly greater than heterogeneity in voice. Voicing status does not show a significant change according to the first and second placement of the sequence.

Referring to novel concepts for which there are no simple equivalents, speakers of languages often resort to predicates with two or more components. This phenomenon is so widely used in some languages that in Persian, for instance, new simple predicates are hardly added to the lexicon and the commonly used simple predicates in spoken and writing Persian do not appear to exceed a few hundred. This study concentrates on different types of complex predicates in the Dari language spoken by the Zoroastrians (Behdinan) of Yazd (in central Iran) and different features of each type. It takes advantage of a number of published works on Behdinani language, as well as instances directly collected from native speakers of that language. This study particularly focuses on the influence of syntactic-semantic factors on the inflection of complex predicates; such factors include tense, main or modal status of the predicate, and transitivity of the predicate as a whole as well as its verbal component alone. The findings of this study further underline the need for an unfettered, interactional perspective to the study of language which can shed light and facilitate investigation into the interaction between factors and elements from different modules of grammar.

The Persian Narrative Discourse Test (PNDT), a tool for clinically evaluating the discourse of Persian-spoken children and adults, with and without special needs, has provided no measure to evaluate the story grammar. The present research was made to standardize the story grammar test to clinically evaluate Persian-spoken people’s narrative discourse, having communication disorders.

To evaluate the narrative using the Likert Scale, this study applied a five-level questionnaire to measure the clarity of the elements for four narrative sections in Thorndyke’s hierarchical model. Six linguists and six speech and language pathologists were consulted to determine if the proposed questions would encompass the observed behavioral range (story grammar), be easily understood and applicable for all examiners, and ensure that the questionnaire would have a high content validity indicator, according to the experts’ opinion. To specify differential validity, the story grammar was evaluated for both story retelling and improvised narrative creation assignments made by two groups of elementary students, with and without hearing disorders, in regular elementary schools. The reliability was examined as intra-rater and extra-rater.

In the setting and theme sections, no significant variation was observed between the average scores of hearing and hearing-impaired groups to create a narrative or retell a story, but in the sections of episodes (P<0.001) and resolution (P<0.001), the hearing group’s scorers were significantly higher than hearing-impaired one.

The validity and reliability of the Thorndyke -based test revealed that it is an effective tool for the clinical evaluation of story order.

Qashqai Turkic is one of the southwestern​​ (Oghuz) Turkic languages which is spoken in the south of Iran. The intense and long-term linguistic contact of Qashqai Turkic with Persian has caused profound changes in its original characteristics at all language levels and its convergence with Persian language is increasing day by day. In this research, in the framework of the code-copying model introduced by Lars Johanson, the syntactic changes occured in this language as a result of contact with Persian have been studied. Changes in causation strategies, strategies for expressing modality, expressing the verb "have", deletion of genitive case marker of the possessor in a genitive-possessive construction, change in the expression of copula and existential verbs, investigation of evidentiality, investigation of newly made compound "belä+possessive suffix", change of verb government of postposition in some verbs, investigation of the presence of Persian Ezafe, Persian indefinite article and Kurdish definite article in Qashqai Turkic, deletion of the interrogative enclitic -mI and change in order of adjective and indefinite article (bir) are the items that have been studied in this study. In this research, in addition to re-evaluating the claims of previous research about syntactic changes in Qashqai Turkic, new achievements have also been introduced by investigating and analyzing a written corpus consisting of seven story books and relying on the statistics obtained from this investigation.

This presentation will introduce the state-of-the-art in Biolinguistics, and the philosophical, theoretical, and descriptive issues that challenge Biolinguistics’s foundations will be mentioned. The current study will benefit from the author’s published articles both in English and Persian and his books published and in press in  Persian to discuss the following topics : (a)  Left periphery in the Minimalist Program and its implications for the theory of language in general and syntax- pragmatics interface in particular, (b) Word order/ constituent order peculiarities of Ancient, Middle, and Modern Iranian Languages undermine the current assumptions in Biolinguistics, and (c) Split alignment is a hallmark of the majority of the Iranian Languages ( past and present). The most common grammatical tool to encode some grammatical functions in these languages is Indexation/agreement. In these languages, three syntactic domains have been grammaticalized (the CP- domain, the VP- domain, and the PP+ V- domain) to host the pronominal clitics, which index the grammatical subject of past tense (transitive) verbs. This topic is interesting because the pronominal clitics are mobile within the relevant syntactic domain, which is grammaticalized by a particular language. Their mobility is sensitive to Information Structure, most specifically focus marking. This study will argue that these observations suggest a strong interdependence (not merely interface) between the syntax module and the information structure, namely the pragmatics module. This presentation will benefit from the findings in items (a)-(c) to argue in favor of a model of language with philosophical, theoretical, and analytic underpinnings which the Biolinguistics Program is not equipped with.

As you know, in typology, languages are categorized on the basis of morphological, syntactic, and semantic features. These categories help linguistics to introduce language universals. This article aims to determine the word order typology in Standard Arabic. Standard Arabic is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech throughout the Arab world. The results of the article are of importance in teaching Persian to Arab students. In this article, word-order of the Standard Arabic is analyzed on the basis of the 25 typological correlations (Dryer 1992 and Dabirmoghaddam 2014). The results suggest that Standard Arabic, in comparison to African, Eurasia languages and other languages, which Dryer indicated them in his article, has 20, 22 and 23 correlations of strong VO languages; and also, has 12, 8 and 8 correlations of strong OV languages. Thus, Standard Arabic has a tendency towards strong VO languages.

On 14 July 2015, Iran and six world powers (including the United States) after two years of negotiations, achieved a deal on Iran`s nuclear program. This deal which is famous as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), was the end point of several years of international sanctions against Iran. The present study is an analysis of different representations of the nuclear deal by presidents of Iran and the United States. This paper is an attempt to apply Halliday`s functional model in explanation of ideological representations. The analysis compares and contrasts the transitivity structure in the first official statement of the presidents of Iran and the United States after agreement. The results of the analysis show that while Obama concentrates on doings, Rouhani focuses on attributing and identifying. Some participants are foregrounded and some are backgrounded. Speakers by using persuasive techniques, try to have a positive self-representation and negative other-representation.

The present study aims to analyze the Transitivity Metaphors in the listening module of the TOEFL books. In this regard, the present study with a qualitative content analysis method investigated three official iBT TOEFL books (including fourteen tests, and each test includes six texts in the form of conversation and lecture). First, we identified each clause of these 84 texts. Then, Transitivity Metaphors were extracted, analyzed and compared in terms of type and frequency. The results indicated that: 1. Transitivity metaphors entail a higher frequency in lecture texts (68%). 2. Two processes have the highest frequency in metaphorical and incongruent meaning: material processes (38%) and relational process (28%), respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed Transitivity Grammatical Metaphors are significantly more frequent in the lecture section. So, applying more lecture texts in the listening parts makes TOEFL tests more efficient to measure communicative and metaphorical competence of volunteers

In this paper, the description of word order typological parameters has been provided based on the 24 correlation pairs of Dryer (1992) and in line with the Typology of Iranian Languages (Dabir-Moghaddam, 1392). This variant belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language is spoken in the village [xɑnik], locally called [xunek]. The village [xɑnik] is located 25 kilometers from Gonabad on the border of Razavi and South Khorasan provincesand it is one of the many Khaniks in the Southern Khorasan and it is surrounded by mountains. Khanik is inside a valley. It is settled in a valley all surrounded by a mountainous area called [siyæh koh] which means Black Mountain. The Black Mountains has been intersected by this valley. Numerous small valleys end up in this valley and every each of these valleys has one to five springs of water. In total, there are almost 38 springs of water in this valley. According to Health Ministry of Gonabad, it has the population of 196 people, mainly old people. Rate of birth is zero. There are only 4 students. The youngest person is 7 and the oldest man and woman are 94 and 95 respectively. Consequently, it is an endangered language.
Methodology, literature and the

The data in this study has been collected through recording the voice of old and illiterate people in the village. Then the audio data was segmented and morphemic and interlinear glosses were provided with all the examples. And finally the description and explanation of the data were provided in the adapted theoretical framework. The description of word order typological parameters has been provided based on the 24 correlation pairs of Dryer (1992) mentioned in his article Greenbergian word order correlations. In order to provide an explanation for the existence of the pairs of X and Y on the level of NPs and Clauses and their correlations with OV and VO types, Dryer (1992) introduces HDT and HTC theories. However, he finally provides the Branching Direction Theory (BDT) as an alternative to these theories. According to BDT verb patterners are phrasal (branching) categories. That is, a pair of elements X and Y will employ the order XY significantly more often among VO languages than among OV languages if and only if X is a nonphrasal category and Y is a phrasal category (Dryer, 1992: 109).

The 24 parameters of word order mentioned in Dryer (1992) and his Branching Direction Theory (BDT) and their correlations with the occurrence of object and verb in Khaniki language has been analyzed intensively in this part and the result is as follows.  Khaniki is a strong verb-final and verb-initial language in the World genera and EURASIAN language genera in parameters 10, 11, 16, 17, 23.In the parameters 4, 5, 12, 18 in the World genera and EURASIAN genera, Khaniki has all the 4 possibilities.In the parameters 6, 7, 22 in the World and EURASIAN genera, Khaniki is a weak verb-initial language but a strong verb-final.In the parameters 1, 3, 8, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24 in the World and EURASIAN genera, Khaniki is a strong verb-initial language but a weak verb-final.In the parameters 2, 9, 15, 19 Khaniki does not behave as a uniform language in regard to typological parameters in the two types of verb-final and verb-initial languages in both genera. For example, in parameter 2, it is a weak verb-initial and verb-final in EURASIAN genera but a strong verb-initial and verb-final in the World genera. In parameter 9, it is a strong verb-initial and weak verb-final in EURASIAN genera but a strong verb-initial and verb-final in the World genera. In parameter 15, it is a weak verb-initial and verb-final in EURASIAN genera but a weak verb-initial and strong verb-final in the World genera.Not regarding the common typological parameters in the two types of verb-final and verb-initial languages in group (a) and (b), the statistical difference in group (c) with 8 strong verb initial parameters and in group (d) with 3 strong verb-final parameters is 5 in the World and EURASIAN genera. On the other hand, with regard to group (e), it can be said that in total, Khaniki in 5 parameters in EURASIAN genera and 4 parameters in the World genera has a tendency toward verb-initial languages. In comparison to other Iranian languages such as Shahmirzadi, Tati and Taleshi, Khaniki is a left-branching or first-head language in parameters 1, 3, 9 and therefore this language is in line with many Iranian languages in this regard including modern Persian. Khaniki is different from modern Persian in terms of word order typology just in parameter 5. Khaniki just like modern Persian uses an auxiliary verb to show the future tense.

Khaniki language is spoken in the village [xɑnik], locally called [xunek]. This variant (of language) belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language, as well as many other Iranian languages, is an endangered language. The audio data of this study was segmented and morphemic and interlinear glosses were provided with all the examples. After analyzing the data, in order to determine the typological parameters of Khaniki language in regard to word order typology in the adopted theoretical framework, based on the 24 correlation pairs of Dryer (1992), we came up with two tables. One of the tables shows the situation of Khaniki language compared to the World language genera and the other table reveals the position of this language compared to EURASIAN language genera. The data shows that Khaniki has 12 parameters of strong verb-final languages and 18 parameters of strong verb-initial languages in comparison to EURASIAN groups of languages (genera). This language also has 15 parameters of strong verb-final languages and 20 parameters of strong verb-initial languages in comparison to the world language genera. This language just like many other Iranian languages is a mixed-type language and it reinforces the fact that mixed-type can be a separate type itself.

Aspect has always been one of the interesting subjects for many studies in different scientific fields. This notion is neglected and sometimes confused with other grammatical categories such as tense and mood in the early works on Persian language. Using a descriptive-analytical method, in this study, Aspect in Persian is investigated thoroughly, based on the theoretical assumptions of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) (Hengeveld and Mackenzie, 2008). FDG, with its typological basis, and multilayered mode of description of formulation and encoding operations will permit more reliable comparisons of language systems. The results of the present study show that in Persian there are some distinctions between quantitative and qualitative aspects which belong to two different layers inside the representational level. The qualitative aspects which deal with the frequency of occurrence of an event have no operator in Persian and their notion is mainly conveyed by using quantifiers in the modifier slot of an SOA layer. On the other hand, for different types of qualitative aspects (phasal distinctions and perfective-imperfective) except for the continuative/durative aspect, there are specific operators in the Configurational Property layer. This paper shows how these facts can be accounted for within the Functional Discourse Grammar approach to analyzing Aspect in Persian language in order to propose a uniform description of the ways of representing aspectual notions.

The present research aims to explain the ideological biased representations of political developments in specific news media. This is a descriptive-analytic research, which analyzes the data with combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. To do so, two domestic media (the website of IRI News Network and Press TV) as representatives of the discourse of the Islamic Republic and two foreign media (the website of the Voice of America Persian News Network and English BBC) as representatives of the Western side in the period from the American exit from the JCPOA agreement to the final step by Iran in reducing its nuclear commitments. The data were analyzed by utilizing the theoretical principles of the critical discourse and the theoretical framework of Halliday in functional linguistics. The results of the linguistic study of the news titles in these media show that each discourse tries to blame the other side for the failure of JCPOA. This ideological approach is confirmed by a linguistic analysis of the news titles of the rival discourses. Moreover, on behalf of their relevant discourses, these media try to highlight their positive measures and attribute plausible features to their own discourse. In this way, they highlight certain acts and actors to marginalize others, and sometimes they give directions to their audiences with partial or biased information.

Possession is a universal concept. It can be syntactically represented as one of the two major varieties: Attributive or Predicative. Attributive possession is encoded as a noun phrase containing the possessor and the possesee, while predicative possession is encoded as a sentence. In the present study, predicative possession construction in Rashti Gilaki was investigated with a cognitive approach. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. A total of 420 sentences were gathered via native Gilaki speakers, all of which verified by other native speakers of the same variety, as well as the data already created in Rastorgueva et. al. (2012). The theoretical framework of the present study is Stassen (2009) in which four major categories are introduced for encoding predicative possession including Locational, With-possessive, Topic possessive and "Have" possessive. The existence of the Locational variety, as well as With-possessives and "Have" possessives were confirmed, while no evidence for the existence of Topic possessives could be found. "Have" possessives occurred more frequently than the other two varieties, making up the overall majority of the data. As a result, it can be considered the main strategy for encoding predicative possession in the Rasht variety of Gilaki.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the syntactic merging process of the middle constructions in Persian within the minimalist framework proposed by Bowers (2010, 2018). Within this framework, Bowers analyzed the merging of active, middle and passive sentences based on the two categories of 'Predication' and 'Transitivity'. It is worth mentioning that in his latest works, Bowers (2010, 2018) has replaced the transitive phrase (TrP) by 'voice' with its core features intact. The voice category used in Bowers (2010) is a generalization of the transitivity category previously proposed by Bowers (2002). In general, this category enters into a "matching relationship" with objects. Bowers (2018) in his approach calls this node a role of "transitive voice" which is represented as (Vtr). In fact, Bowers goes back from a more general interpretation of this node to a more detailed one. These changes are merely in the name of syntactic nodes and have no effect on the syntactic properties of transitive nodes, because it is evident that Bowers still knows transitive active constructions, middles and passives, including the transitivity category, and unergative and unaccusative constructions without this category

Halliday’s systemic functional grammar is one of the most important theories in text analysis and language cognition. Although all literary genres use language, the function of language in dramatic texts is different from the other genres. As drama and dramatic text are indispensable to literature, a more accurate understanding of dramatic language can be achieved by studying the language of dramatic texts within the framework of Halliday’s systemic functional grammar (SFG). The distinguishing features of dramatic language from non-dramatic one can be found by employing Halliday’s quantitative method, notably through interpersonal meta-function. In this study, the authors analyze the mood and tense in five famous contemporary Persian plays within the framework of SFG. We consider the frequency and percentage of the occurrence of mood types and finite forms in each play as a parameter for recognizing dramatic language and comparing it with non-dramatic language. According to the findings of this article, the use of interrogative mood in dramatic texts is more than non-dramatic texts, and the dominant tense in dramatic texts is present tense with a frequency much higher than narrative texts.