mohammad hossein mokhtari

Knowing the natural characteristics of each region, especially identifying the climate classification, plays an important role in planning and optimal use of resources. In determining the climate, data such as temperature and precipitation can be used for the zoning of climates; However, due to the fact that some areas do not have terrestrial synoptic stations, satellite data is used, which will be received at any time, place and without cost. The purpose of this research is to investigate the climate classification of Iran with satellite data, which was checked in accordance with the climate of De martonne and during the years 2016 to 2019, and in it, the MODIS sensor satellite products, LST indices, NDVI and GPM images from TRMM satellite were used. The TVDI index was calculated from the combination of the two mentioned indices. The parameters used in the De martonne climate map include the average temperature and annual precipitation, which were used as the inputs of the satellite De martonne due to the close relationship they showed with the satellite data used. In the Pearson correlation analysis between average parameters, precipitation with GPM and TVDI were in correlation of 0.52 and 0.56, respectively, and meteorological temperature and LST were in correlation of 0.90. The results of these data stated that between the De martonne method of weather station data and the De martonne relationship obtained from satellite data, the minimum correlation was rp=0.55 and the maximum rp=0.89 and the resulting zoning map From the maximum correlation, it showed Kappa=0.90; The highest climate level in both classifications belongs to the dry climate at about 70% and the lowest level is the Mediterranean climate with less than 5%

In recent years, addressing of climate change effects in the development of adaptation plans with natural hazards mitigation has been on the agenda of many institutions. Hence, effective planning requires the examination of both current and projected climate change scenarios. To investigate past and future climatic parameters, researchers usually use observations and theoretical models. General Circulation Models (GCMs) based on the physical sciences are the most reliable theoretical methods, that available for simulating the climatic parameters. The main purpose of the study is to project temperature, radiation and precipitation parameters in the northwest of Yazd town and evaluate their impact on climate change.

This research took place at Center of Iran, which is situated in the northwest of Yazd town. The minimum and maximum temperature in this region is -3.5 and 36 degrees Celsius with an average annual precipitation of 48.81 mm.In this research, the parameters of precipitation, minimum, maximum and average temperature and radiation, over the northwest of Yazd town in the base period (2001-2020) with three general circulation models (GFDL-CM3, CMCC-CM and MRI-CGCM3) from the CMIP5 series, under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 were simulated and predicted using the LARS-WG6 model for an 80-year period in future (2021-2100). Then, by evaluating statistics such as Coefficient Of Determination (R^2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Mean Square Error (MSE), the best model in the region was determined to project future climate parameters.

Evaluation of the LARS-WG 6.0 performance in modeling and Prediction daily climate parameters for the northwest of Yazd Province was perfect (R^2=0.996). According to the results, the highest increase in temperature in the base period (2001-2020) was related to 2018, which had the minimum, maximum and average annual values of 14.2, 31.1 and 22.6 degrees Celsius, respectively. Also, based on both Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios, the temperature will increase in the future until the year 2100, and the amount of this increase in RCP8.5 is greater than in RCP4.5. The amount of temperature increase in both scenarios in the GFDL-CM3 model is higher than the other two models, and the MRI-CGCM3 model has the lowest increase in annual temperature compared to the other two models. The average temperature changes among 1.1- 4.3 °C (RCP4.5) and 2.6- 6.7 °C (RCP8.5). In project the temperature parameter, the MRI-CGCM3 and CMCC-CM models are respectively introduced as the best models with NRMSE<20%.In the future, radiation will decrease in the winter season but increase in the summer season. The highest amount of radiation both in the base and future period in both radiative forcing scenarios is related to the months of June and July. Radiation amount modeling in the RCP8.5 is lower than the RCP4.5, and in the GFDL-CM3 model is higher than the MRI-CGCM3 model, and this model is also higher than the CMCC-CM model. Average precipitation in the future has a variable trend. The total average precipitation in the future varies from -17.82 (GFDL-CM3) to +17.23 (MRI-CGCM3) and +34.07 (CMCC_CM) mm in RCP4.5 and from -18.04 (GFDL-CM3) to +14.37 (MRI-CGCM3) and +35.94 (CMCC_CM) mm for RCP8.5. In the projection of precipitation and radiation parameters, the GFDL-CM3 model is introduced as the best model with the lowest error indicators.

According to the obtained results, with the increase of temperature and radiation in the summer season and Decrease in Precipitation in future, the climate of northwest of Yazd town will be warmer than the base period in the future. The possible consequences of this situation in the future include an increase in evapotranspiration and water stress, lack of vegetation cover and bareness of the soil surface, a decrease in soil water and groundwater recharge, an increase in wind speed and the creation of dust storms. That these changes with high human effects of cause the amount with increase in drought and the area of deserts in the region. And these conditions will lead to the destruction of ecosystems and settlements. Therefore, the results of this study can be used in planning related to the management of natural resources such as water resources. Also, the obtained results are valuable in climatic and meteorological studies and can help water resources planners and managers.

The smallness and dispersion of agricultural land in our country prevent the optimal use of water and soil resources, putting at risk the food security of the nation. The religious beliefs of the whole require that structural changes in the process of economic development be based on their religious beliefs. Therefore, this research paper will explain the necessity of integrating and removing social barriers associated with the theory of Martyr Sadr, who was a jurist who mastered the political and governmental systems. With a document analysis research method, this study finds that some small land owners hinder integration by citing inheritance laws and the principle of private property. The social phenomenon generated by their social actions prevents implementation at the community level. According to the theory of Shahid Sadr, the government can eliminate the corruption of previous policies in the presence of the Al-Faragh region theory based on the interests of the Muslim community. To revoke the private ownership of small lands based on the "harmless rule" and curb the inheritance law while making changes in its implementation.

 The aim of this research is the future projection of climatic elements over the northwest Yazd province using RCP scenarios.

 This study uses simulating the climate variables, namely, precipitation and average temperature of Yazd province in the baseline period (2001-2020), by using the LARS-WG6.0 model and four models of CMIP5, for three possible emission scenarios (such as RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5). By introducing the best model, it uses downscaling the climate variables for the future 2026-2055 and 2071- 2100.

 According to the results, BCC-CSM1-1 and NorESM1-M models are introduced as the best models in projecting the mentioned variables with low error and acceptable NRMSE. The most significant increase in the temperature variable will occur in the period 2100-2071 and RCP8.5, so the temperature in the NorESM1-M model increases from 1.13 to 3.93 degrees Celsius in scenarios 2.6 and 8.5, respectively. The amount of rainfall in 2071-2100 will decrease compared to 2055-2026, and in some stations, it will increase or decrease compared to the average of the base period.

 In future periods, the temperature will increase in the region and the greatest increase in RCP8.5. Precipitation in the future fluctuates so that it will have the most remarkable changes in RCP2.6.

Innovation:

 In this research, for future projection of climatic elements over the northwest Yazd province using GCM-CMIP5 models and RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5). After analyzing the error statistics, we chose BCC-CSM1-1 and NorESM1-M models to project future temperature and rainfall and better understand the region's climate. Therefore, the results of this study can be applied to regional planning, including meteorology, water resource management, and combating desertification.

The effect of urban thermal islands due to intersections with major environmental challenges of the 21st century is one of the most important studies on environmental phenomena, and in this regard, the study of the land surface temperature gives a clear perspective of the thermal islands in cities, which, according to the warm and dry climate of Yazd, examines the status and factors affecting the land surface temperature in this city seem to be necessary. This research, using the spectrally and spatially fused image of Landsat-8, for August 2020, and using machine learning algorithms, tries to model the changes in land surface temperature by calculating different parameters related to urban land perspective. Based on the results of this study, the spectral-spatial fusion of Landsat-8 with Sentinel-2 by Pan sharpening, increased 10.7% of the overall accuracy and 16.5% of the Kappa coefficient in the classification of this image. The study also showed that most neighboring parameters associated with land cover are ranked 1 to 11 of influencing the land surface temperature of Yazd city. In this area, the proximity to bare lands in the radius of 100, 50, and 150 meters ranked 1 to 3 of the most important parameters affecting the land surface temperature respectively. This study showed that the change in land cover arrangement could affect the land surface temperature and changing the bare lands to the built-up areas, up to 1.1°C, to vegetation, up to 2.1°C, and changing 30% of bare land to vegetation, up to 1.6°C can reduce the average land surface temperature in Yazd. Also, this study showed that two different models of vegetation simulation in Yazd city showed that the "land-sparing " model could reduce the average land surface temperature in Yazd by 1.3° and the "land-sharing" model by 1.4°C.

Desertification, as the third most important global challenge in the 21st century, leaves complex and diverse effects, including the reduction of food security and human health, drought, and severe and extensive dust storms. desertification risk assessment provides the possibility of planning and management to prevent and its control in the future. Various scientific studies have been conducted to evaluate and zoning desertification in different parts of the world, which has led to the presentation of many quantitative techniques. Among them, the MICD model (based on wind erosion) was selected for the northwest region of Yazd and based on that, a quantitative and qualitative map of the current state of desertification was prepared.. In this research, first, with the baseline studies was determined the map of the smallest desert homogenous units in the region was determined, and then in each of them, the indicators were scored and the risk of desertification was evaluated. Based on the obtained results, the research area was classified into 5 classes: calm, low, moderate, severe, and peak. More than 90% of the research area is in the severe and moderate class of desertification, so the severe and moderate classes include 68.8% and 26.13% of the area, respectively. The highest and the lowest desertification score are related to sand dunes and rock masses with numerical values of 26.9 and 5.6, respectively, and the qualitative class of peak and low.

In theology, originality and deviation of holy scripts has engaged minds and dialogs of the researchers of this field for centuries. Wholeness and originality of a holy book has an imperative part for validity of the religion and its acceptance by the followers. Although, according to the Quran and Hadith, the preceding religions are explicitly titled expired and following them is prohibited, nevertheless, discussion and proofing of the script deviations can influence the current followers of the religions, as well as the Muslims who do not believe in expiration of the religions, to accept or deny following the religion. With investigations into the Quran, Hadiths of the Fourteen Infallibles, and opinions of Shia and Sunni Interpreters, it is concluded that the scripts known today as Old and New Testament or Bible, has been subjected to various verbal and semantic distortions. Additionally, the argument is supported by rationality and reasoning based on document and content validity criticism, such as document cohesion and coherence analysis, validity of the scriptures and number of document versions; as well as comparison of the versions and their consistency or inconsistency, contrast and contradiction in a single version, courteousness towards God and the Prophets, irrationality of many sentences and... .

Land surface temperature is considered a key parameter in the physic processes of land surface at all scales of local to global. In this study, the relationship between land surface temperature with vegetation and soil surface moisture in land uses of Zahak plain of Sistan area was investigated. In order to, Landsat TM (1987), TM (2001) and OLI (2018) satellite imagery were used. After the preprocessing and image processing steps, the extraction of land use maps was performed based on the monitored classification method and through maximum probability algorithm for a period of 30 years. Also, land surface temperature was evaluated statistically by separate window method and the relationship between land surface temperature with vegetation and soil moisture. The results showed that the accuracy of classification by maximum probability method through geomorphic facts data, TM and OLI images in terms of kappa coefficient of 0.89, 0.95 and 0.84, respectively, based on the overall accuracy of 91.8, 96.45 and 87.89% was obtained. During 1987, 2001 and 2018, average of the land surface temperature indices were 38.13, 45.73 and 41.14 ° C, the normalized difference vegetation index was -0.11, -0.13 and -0.16, and the normalized difference moisture index was estimated 0.64, 0.63 and 0.58. The relationship between land surface temperature and normalized difference of vegetation index was no correlative. The correlation between land surface temperature and the normalized difference of humidity index was also inverted and negative. Plant regeneration and growth was decreased owing to factors including hydrological drought and Climatic conditions due to reduced rainfall, rising air temperature and Dust storms. Therefore, due to the lack of suitable vegetation, vegetation is not effective in reducing the surface temperature of the study area.

Vegetation distribution modeling, as a tool that uses statistical methods and GIS, plays an important role in examining the complex relationships between plant community distribution and influential environmental variables. These models are based on data on the presence and absence of species and their correlation with environmental variables and on the hypothesis that environmental factors control the distribution of plant species. One of the objectives of this study was to present a model for predicting the habitat distribution of plant species and to prepare a map for predicting their relative distribution by the logistic regression method. In this study, random sampling method was used to sample vegetation and soil in Molla Fahleh watershed area of Firoozabad, Fars province,. At each sampling point, 4 soil samples were taken from two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm. Soil physical and chemical parameters along with physiographic factors (slope, slope direction and elevation) were recorded for each sample. Habitat distribution modeling was performed by logistic regression method using SPSS software for major plant species in the region. According to the results, soil texture, organic matter, clay content, lime content, acidity, slope and height have the underlying role in the distribution of the studied species. The results show that the logistic regression method is able to provide an accurate prediction model most of the plant species in the area.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Mullah Fahleh of Firoozabad region of Fars province. The standard vegetation index data of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, the precipitation data and Palmer index, which are available as a remote sensing product, were extracted for 1992 to 2020 from the Google Earth Engine. Markov chain method was used to predict future vegetation changes. Using data from 1992 and 2002, the model was first run for 2020 and based on its acceptable performance (the kappa index of 75%), prediction was extended to 2030. The results showed an improving trend in vegetation status, so that the dense cover will increase from 4% in the initial period to 19% in 2030. The results of this study can help rangeland managers in the region to better exploit the region's natural resources and prevent the destruction of this ecosystem.

Improving the performance of relay systems using patterns such as power allocation requires access to instantaneous channel coefficients . extraction of this information is always prone to errors and this error increases the undesirable portions of the received signal in the receiver , in addition to disrupting the relay system optimization pattern . the Fixed and variable Gain relays , according to the type of operation , have different effect on the estimation error of channel coefficients . in this paper , with a detailed examination of the effect of the estimation error of channel coefficients according to the pattern of estimation , suitable power allocation is proposed to reduce the effects of undesirable segments in the Fixed and variable Gain operation. Reference papers in this matter for power allocation always use second - order statistical data but in this paper , the estimated coefficients will be used . due to the complexity of the performance of the variable gain relay in control of the interference channel effect in two-way relay , the closed form for power allocation is presented.

The expansion of urbanization has increased the scale and intensity of thermal islands in cities. Investigating how cities are affected by these thermal islands plays an important role in the future planning of cities. For this purpose, this study examines and predicts the effect of land cover (LC) changes in the three classes of LC including urban areas, barren lands, and vegetation on land surface temperature (LST) in the city of Yazd during the last 30 years using Landsat 5 and 8 images. This study also examines the effect of the ratio of proximity to the barren land and vegetation classes during this period to examine how the recorded LST is affected by the mentioned ratio.

The LC maps of Yazd city were extracted using a supervised Artificial Neural Network classifier for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Terrestrial data, google earth, and ground truth maps were used to derive training data. The LST of Yazd was obtained from the thermal band of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8. After that, the LST was classified into six available classes, including 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, and 41-46°C which has shown that the four last classes play an important role in LST changes in Yazd city during last 30 years. To evaluate the effects of the proximity of barren land and vegetation LC classes on the LST recorded by the sensor, firstly the proximity ratio was calculated in 5×5 kernels for all image pixels. Then the mean of LST was derived based on this ratio of barren and vegetation lands.

The results of this study showed that in Yazd city, from 1990 to 2020, the area of the urban area has grown 91.5 % (33.6 km2) over the last 30 years. Barren and vegetation land, have negative growth in the area over the same period. From 1990 to 2020, barren lands in Yazd experienced a growth -79.4% (21.3 km2), which the sharp growth of urban areas justifies this negative growth in barren lands. Vegetation classes in Yazd from 1990 to 2020, have experienced a growth -68.5% (12.2 km2). The average ground temperature of this city has been constantly increasing during these 30 years. By 2020, the city of Yazd, reaching an average of 38.1°C compared to 29.2°C in 1990, has experienced a 30.4% increase in its average LST. The temperature classes of this city have also moved towards warmer temperature classes in these 30 years. As the main part of the LST area of Yazd, in 1990, in the first place, the class of 26-30 °C with 47 km2 and at the second place the class of 31-35 °C with 26.4 km2 are classified. In 2000, in a reverse trend, the main LST class was 31-35°C with 52.8 km2 as the first place and the 26-30°C class with 20 km2 as the second place. With an increased class, the LST class of 36-40 °C for both 2010 and 2020 with 40.2 and 63 km2 respectively has been recorded as the largest LST class. The LST class of 31-35 °C has been recorded as the second LST class of both years with 33.2 and 9.7 km2, respectively. The difference between these two years is in the growth -70.7% (23.5 km2) of the class area of 31-35°C and the increase of 10.3% (0.8 km2) of the hottest class of the statistical period, 41-46°C, in 2020, compared to 2010. The results of this study also showed that the highest average temperature in all year was recorded for barren lands at 37.3°C. Also, a positive correlation (mean correlation 0.95) was shown between the proximity to barren land cover and the mean LST. However, the sharp upward trend of urban areas in the whole statistical period (91.5% with 33.6 km2) as the second class with the highest average LST after the barren lands with an average of 34.1 °C versus a downward trend of 79.4% (21.3 km2) of barren lands has increased the average LST over a statistical period of 30 years. It is because the decrease of 68.5% (12.2 km2) of vegetation areas as an LC class with the lowest average LST (32.2°C) in the same period, neutralized the effect of decreasing barren lands and intensified the trend of increasing the LST. Meanwhile, a negative correlation (mean correlation -0.97) was established between the ratio of proximity to vegetation and the average LST. The results of forecasting land cover changes in 2030 in the city of Yazd indicate that in a process similar to previous periods, the class of urban areas will increase. This growth will not be significant compared to 2020, with 1.6% (1.1 km2). However, a significant decrease in green areas (vegetation) by -19.6% (1.1 km2) in the same period, along with a slight decrease in barren lands -1.8% (0.1 km2) will cause the earth’s surface to become warmer, and the area of LST classes will be increased by the year. Accordingly, the main area of the LST class in 2030 for the city of Yazd, as in 2020, is forecasted 36-40°C with 58.2 km2 (-7.6% growth compared to 2020). But the dramatic growth of the hottest class of LST over the statistical period (41-46°C) with 166.3% (14.3 km2) growth as the second major class of LST in this year (2030), as well as the negative and dramatic growth of the relatively cooler class 31-35°C with -97.9 % (9.5 km2) in this year indicates the warmer ground surface temperature in 2030.

The results of this study indicate that in 30 years in Yazd city, the decrease in vegetation in the first place, along with the increase in urban areas in the second place, has caused an increase in LST. Thus, the vegetation class reduces the LST due to its cooling effect considering its water content. In this study, it was shown that by taking all factors into account, the reduction of barren lands will lead to a decrease in LST, and also increasing urban areas with a lower impact factor than barren lands will increase the LST. However, the decrease in the area of green lands (vegetation) in recent years, along with the sharp increase in the area of urban areas has caused an increase in LST. Increasing the proximity to vegetation by creating green areas by increasing the ratio of vegetation in the vicinity of different LC and also reducing the area of barren lands, can be a good solution to deal with the impact of urbanization in recent years on ground surface temperature.

The weather fluctuations are important influential factors on vegetation cover. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify elements of climate changes including temperature and precipitation, and its effect on vegetation changes in Sefidkuh protected area located in Lorestan province using Landsat satellite images. So, at first the climate was determined and zoned based on de Martonne climatic index using temperature and rainfall data of 9 synoptic stations in the Lorestan province for a term of 17 years from 2000 to 2017. Then, vegetation index was computed and zoned using ETM+ images of Landsat 7 satellite in 2004 and OLI images of Landsat 8 in 2017 and finally, the relationship between climate change and vegetation was investigated. According to the results of this study and based on the de Martonne climatic index, the highest level of the area (7737.8 ha) was related to semiarid class with good cover in 2004. On the other hand, the lowest level was related to very humid class with weak cover (0.7 ha) and very humid class with excellent cover (4.5 hectare). But, these classifications have been changed, and the lowest level is related to the excellent cover (4,4169 hectares). In fact, the area of vegetation with good and excellent cover has decreased from 2017 to 2004 (from approximately 37000 to 14000 ha), and the climate of study area has changed to semi-dry.

From challenging and controversial issues, the issue is the age of people in the enjoyment of social and political rights, as well as criminal liability, with no single procedure in this regard. In terms of maturity and the age of criminal responsibility, the two terms are different, yet related. In Article 91 Alongside growth, the courage of intellectuals under the age of 18 has been voiced in the context of the criminal responsibility of adolescents, which implies a dramatic development in juvenile criminal responsibility, which in terms of recognition of the growth and perfection of criminals under the age of 18 years of jurisprudential basis has it. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the question of how well the growth and perfection are and what is the basis? Which initially explains the concept of growth and perfection, and it is proved that growth is not exclusively dedicated to a specific civilian concept and can be generalized to non-financial issues, including criminal affairs, since through the former or at least the unity of the criterion and the spatial , Growth is also conditional on criminal responsibility, and age is 18 years old for growth, and the growth of a person must be established for criminal responsibility; for this claim, while explaining the meanings, the narrations and precedence analogy are cited in the issue of growth and perfection.

Agricultural lands under pistachio crop are expanded in the Bahadoran area due to the high profitability of production. Therefore, accurate estimation of pistachio water requirements and efficient use of water is essential where water resources are insufficient. This study evaluates the performance of METRIC in estimating pistachio evapotranspiration in a semi-arid region. The satellite images utilized in this study were consisting of three clouds free LANDSAT TM5 data acquired on 28 April 2010, 17 Jul 2010, and 2 Aug 2010. These images in Tagged Image File Format were downloaded from the U.S. Geological Survey Global Visualization Viewer website. Geometric correction of images was performed by collecting 20 numbers of well-dispersed ground control points. First-order polynomial transformation with nearest neighbor resampling method was applied to each image to fit the image coordinate to the coordinate of ground control points. The accuracy of the geo-referencing was evaluated by calculation of root mean square error and it was controlled to be less than half the size of the original pixel. Then two other scenes were co-registered based on this image and a subset of interest areas was generated from image scenes. Radiometric and atmospheric calibration was performed first by converting original digital numbers to radiance. Results and METRIC estimates the average ET for the image on April 28, July 17, and August 2 at 2.9, 4.2, and 3.1 mm per day, respectively.

One of the most important topics in the contemporary world is the necessity of interaction and dialogue among religions, which promotes human aims in this world. According to the Holy Quran, this is only possible in the light of logical, intellectual and theoretical understanding. To transfer achievements of such dialogue is of supreme importance. The use of reasoning and its communication is emphasized by God and issued as a command to the Prophet of Islam. According to the importance of the topic, this research aims to study the Opportunities and challenges for the transfer of dialogue achievements among religions to the society. There are some points to consider in communicating such achievements to the society: Religions differ in the sense that some religions due to the circumstances become concerned with persons and individuals rather than pay attention to the social demands. Globalization as a key matter can play a role in the communication of inter-religious achievements since religious values are rooted in human and natural values. Such values function and spread better in a global world. More evident and common topics shared by all religions include human honor, kindness, forgiveness and friendship, peace and benevolence, guidance and so on that might be employed for communicating the achievements of dialogue among religions to the society. Of course, the variety and extent of the number of religions no doubt becomes an opportunity for the human community when the dialogue among religions and the communication and transfer of its achievements might deepen the understanding and insight in the society.

Unity is one of the most important principles and values emphasized by the Quran and the Infallible Imams. Islamic unity in the contemporary era is considered as an inevitable necessity in determining the fate of Muslims in the political, cultural and social arenas, which provides the flourishing and development of the Islamic Ummah; therefore, it deserves to be considered by the Religions and governmental elites and intellectual thinkers of the Islamic world. The jurists and scholars of the Islamic Denominations of the country also emphasized that the division between the Islamic Denominations causes the enemies of Islam to be benefitted by this division, saying that maintaining unity is more necessary in the current situation and Islamic unity in the Islamic Republic of Iran should be a model for Islamic unity in the region in order to keep the Islamic World safe from the conspiracies of the axes of evil. Due to the importance of the subject, the present article uses the exploratory-analytical method to identify and explain the obstacles to Islamic unity with an emphasis on the views of scholars of Islamic Denominations. It is worth mentioning that in order to identify the components of the research, 35 scholars of Islamic Denominations were interviewed and their views on the obstacles to Islamic unity were obtained. After extracting the key points in their views, the components were aggregated and modified and 12 components were used as the basis. These components were again presented to the research experts and then analyzed by a two-item test in SPSS software. Then, all of the components were discussed and explained.

The orientation of interpretive and linguistinc studies in the present age and especially after the linguistic turn, has differed in some resprects from the past tradition of linguistics in homogeneuos sciences such as Usul al-Fiqh and classical hermoneutics. In this article, with a comparative view, the issue of “impossibility of episteme” to the scared texts in philosophical hermeunetics science (from Gadamer's point of view) and Usul al-Fiqh science (from Mirza Qomi's point of view) with emphasis on the issue of obstruction of knowledge and episteme has been studied. In Usul al-Fiqh science, with the above said point of view, with emphasis on “certitue as to speeches of Quran for the case of presence in the revelation time”, “dissimilarity of Quran to human writings”, “non-obliging to burdensome duty”, “circle and arc of conjectures” and “distinctiveness of the meaning of the purpose not the appearances of the Book”, the pssibility of knowledge and understanding of Quran have been questioned; On the other hand, in the philosophical hermeunetics, by offering arguments such as “the interference of presuppositions”, “Dasein's time interval”, “author-orienting understanding”, “reconstruction of the hermeunetical past and experince”, “hermeneutic circle and fusion of horizons”, “the principle of absoluteness”, “inseperability of understanding and language” have refused the pssibility of episteme in another way. The present areticle, with a systematic view, has attempted to judge and evaluate the foundations and reasons of this denial in the three “semantical”, “intellectual-philosophical (ontological, epistemological, methodological)” and “historical and contextual” areas.

Surface soil moisture is one of the important variables in hydrological processes that affects the exchange of water and energy flow in relationship between land surface and atmosphere. Precise assessment of spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture is crucial for numerous environmental studies. Recent technological advances in satellite remote sensing indicates that the soil moisture can be measured using remote sensing methods. The purpose of this study is to estimate biophysical indices and evapotranspiration using SEBAL algorithm and to present soil moisture index using principal component regression method in the east of Bakhtegan Lake, Fars province. For this purpose, five Landsat 8 satellite images for March, April, May and June 2017 were selected and initially corrected. Meteorological data of Marvdasht synoptic station was used to execute SEBAL algorithm. Soil moisture index was modeled using biophysical indices such as albedo, net radiation flux, soil heat flux, evapotranspiration, and etc. by using principal component regression. TVDI index was used to validate the model. The coefficient of determination (R2) and F index are equal to 0.966 and 1651581.9, respectively, which indicates the high efficiency of the model to obtain soil moisture index for each pixel in different areas with different conditions and diverse vegetation. In addition to temperature and vegetation, other biophysical indicates of the region that affect the soil moisture should be taken into account.

The subsurface dam is considered a way to store and utilize subsurface flow in dry and warm areas. In this study, the appropriate locations for constructing a subsurface dam in an Abouzeidabad plain were pinpointed using remote sensing and geophysical methods. To this end, topography, slope, lithology, land use, stream density, fault density, and qanat density information layers were provided. In providing these layers, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Landsat 8 satellite images were used. Due to the importance of alluvial formations in the reservoir volume of the subsurface dam, the lithology layer in the form of a geology map subject was made to separate the formations suitable for the dam storage. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to compare and evaluate the layers and substrates. A final map of location priorities for the construction of a subsurface dam was then developed using the results from the AHP method. After identifying three locations of high priority (4 to 5), the geophysical data were collected from these locations using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method to determine the bedrock position and alluvium thickness in each cross-section. Using the obtained data and hydrological information of the area, discharge capacity was calculated for each of the identified locations. At the most appropriate location, a subsurface dam with 311 meters length and 17 meters depth was proposed to reach the discharge capacity of over 4.35 million cubic meters, which is considerable for supplying the water demands of downstream regions including Badroud and Abouzeidabad.

The problem of dreams is an important problem discussed by philosophers throughout history. In ancient Greece, Aristotle wrote an independent essay on dreams, and Muslim philosophers have tied the problem of dreams with prophethood. The philosophical reflections of Avicenna, as the greatest philosopher in the Islamic world, on the matter are of utmost importance. He discusses dreams in terms of his account of the existence of the soul, its immateriality, and its faculties, particularly the imagination. On the other hand, Aristotle deals with dreams and their nature in terms of perception and the imaginative faculty. The main question in this paper is to elaborate and consider the accounts of dreams provided by these two philosophers. The paper seeks to uncover the distinctions and commonalities between the two, and the impact Aristotle had on Avicenna’s account of dreams. The method is a comparative study of the two philosophers from the point of view of philosophy and the history of philosophy. The paper concludes that Avicenna has contributed great subtleties in his account of soul and dreams, although he was influenced by Aristotle.

Heritage and modernity are among the most challenging and perhaps the most sensitive issues of the last two hundred years of the Islamic world, around which different and sometimes contradictory, extremist, and deviant readings and approaches have been formed. Undoubtedly, this issue is one of the common and frequent topics in the intellectual discourse of the Arab world and has attracted the attention of many thinkers. Hassan Hanafi (1935) is a thinker, theorist, and one of the most prominent contemporary religious modernists. His project of heritage reconstruction is one of the great projects in the Arab Islamic world. Hanafi launched a project to rethink and rebuild the legacy of the past to resolve the crises and challenges of the Islamic-Arab world. This present descriptive-analytical study aims to review and critique Hassan Hanafi’s heritage reconstruction project. The study addresses the following questions: What is the definition of heritage from Hanafi’s point of view? What are the components of the Hanafi’s heritage reconstruction project? What are Hanafi’s intellectual foundations in this project? What is the Hanafi approach to this project? What are heritage readings? This study uses two articles of Nasrullah Aghajani as benchmarks. The results show that according to Hanafi, heritage reconstruction is made in special ways, some of which involve language and words, some refer to meanings and concepts, and some to the very nature of objects and subjects.

Modernity in the Arab world began from the moment the Arab thinker realized that the Westerners were ahead of him and that he was still lagging behind. The beginning of this moment is mentioned in the attack of Napoleon Bonaparte in the late 18th century. That is, modernity did not originate from the context of an internal cultural revolution. Some see it as a moment of cultural invasion and the spread of Western colonialism in the Arab world. Modernity allowed the Arab intellect to discover itself, its shortcomings, and its space. The clash between the Islamic and Western systems took place during Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798, which led to their confrontation and affected the people. The issue of heritage and modernity is one of the most important challenging issues in contemporary Arab thought in the 1970s, especially if we look at the vast amount of writings, researches, and seminars that have dealt with this subject. Hassan Hanafi (born 1935, Cairo) was a thinker, theorist, and one of the most prominent contemporary Egyptian religious modernists. He was an Islamic theorist, a graduate of the French Sorbonne University, and taught and researched in many universities in Arab countries. He had the middle ground between fundamentalism and secular currents. Hanafi became famous for his Islamic leftist views and the intellectual project called ‘heritage reconstruction’. Hanafi works in the three areas of reconstruction of Islamic heritage, western studies, and the recognition of issues related to the contemporary reality of Muslims.

The present study critiques Hanafi’s heritage reconstruction project using a descriptive-analytical approach. Articles have already been written on Hanafi’s intellectual foundations, methodology, and Western studies project. We can even refer to numerous and noteworthy articles (e.g. Nasrullah Aghajani and his book entitled Islam and Modernity in Egypt).  The two studies of Aghajani have been considered in this study as benchmarks of criticizing Hanafi’s heritage reconstruction: ‘Islamic heritage in the grip of modernity: a critique of Hassan Hanafi's approach in the reconstruction of Islamic heritage’ and ‘the methodology of Hassan Hanafi's intellectual system’.

In Aghajani’s first study, the issue of modernization and ways of modernizing heritage, which is considered in the present study, is mentioned. But the project of heritage reconstruction and its components and readings, the difference between modernity and innovation, and other issues raised in the present, have not been considered by Aghajani. In the second study, Hanafi’s methodology including the epistemological and non-epistemological fields affecting his intellectual system is stated and only influential people and schools are mentioned and Hanafi’s reconstruction project is not discussed.
Hanafi presented a project called ‘heritage reconstruction’ to solve the contemporary crises of the Islamic-Arab world, which is one of his most important intellectual projects based on conceptualization. He refers to the legacy of spiritual data left over from the history of Islam in the fields of traditional epistemology. He believes the tradition itself must be achieved by suspending existing interpretations. Hanafi has a utilitarian view of the Islamic tradition that should be reconstructed in that part of the Islamic tradition. This view is in line with the conditions of the Islamic world. Hanafi describes the Islamic heritage phenomenologically according to Husserl's phenomenology.

Wild goat (Capra aegagrus) as the most vulnerable species is one of the mountainous mammals whose population has declined due to the destruction of the habitat at the national and international levels. This study was aimed to determine the suitably potential habitat area for wild goat in Bafgh protected area using multi-layer perceptron neural network. A total of 196 points including presence (111 points) and absence (85 point) of the species were collected in fieldwork. 18 variables such as slope, geographical aspect, elevation above sea level, rocky regions, mean temperatures, vegetation types, water resources, inhabited and uninhabited villages, and roads (dirt and asphalt) were used to determine the suitability of habitats. Results showed that Juniperus excelsa -Amygdalus scoparia vegetation type (11.23%), slope steepness (10.42%), distance to south direction (10.15%), distance to Cousinia desertii-Artemisia sieberi-Zygophyllum eurypterum vegetation type (9.9 %), elevation above sea level (9.63%), and distance to water source (9.09%) are the most effective variables in habitat suitability evaluation in the Kouh-e-Bafgh protected area. The model output efficiency of 0.97 was achieved in this study. Based on the results, 36% of the protected area was evaluated as the suitable for wild goat habitat. Results also reveald that by reducing the distance to the roads the suitability of habitats is reduced. Therefore, this study suggests that human activities close to the potentially suitable area is suggested to be avoided.

The proof of seddiqin is the title of the proof in which the essence of the necessary existence is proved regardless of the specific being of the beings in the system of existence. Ibn Sina first chose this title for the new interpretation of the proof that Fārābi had previously given. This proof is the best and most concise philosophical and intellectual one presented to prove the essence of God. In this proof, with reliance on the existence itself, the Necessary Being is proved, so that none of the Divine actions, such as movement and occurrence, are taken as the middle term. Mullā Ṣadrā presented this proof in a different way, considering the flaws in that of Ibn Sina. After that, Sabziwārī, due to the many preliminaries that were stated in Mullā Ṣadrā's, tried to express the proof in a different way. He has presented three expressions of the proof, some of which are based on logical impossibility of vicious circle and unending chain of causes and the causeds, and some of them are shorter than Mullā Ṣadrā`s proof and less preliminaries have been used in it. After expressing Sabziwarī's different expressions, the author tries to analyze and examine them.

Soil moisture controls many processes in the climate and is considered as a very important variable in the ecosystem and a basic parameter of the environment. It directly influences the life of plants, animals and microorganisms and plays a major role in the energy exchange between air and soil. The purpose of this study is to estimate the surface moisture of soil using the temperature indicators of the earth surface and the inertia of apparent heat. Therefore, MODIS images were used in Mortazie area of Yazd province in two different time periods, one from Feb, 8, 2018 to Feb, 14, 2018 and the other in the summer from July, 4, 2018 to July, 9, 2018. Also, the temperature-vegetation drought index, mostly used in previous research on soil moisture was applied to evaluates results. The apparent thermal inertia was obtained from images of morning and evening modes from Terra and Aqua satellites. A linear relationship was established between the temperature-vegetation drought index and the apparent heat inertia on specific days. The RMSE and R2 were found to be 0.15 and 0.86 on July, 7, 2018 and 0.18 and 0.76 on Feb, 9, 2018 respectively. The overall results showed a linear and direct relationship between the apparent thermal inertia and the TVDI surface moisture index.